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Liu M, Li Y, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Wang G. Maize nicotinate N-methyltransferase interacts with the NLR protein Rp1-D21 and modulates the hypersensitive response. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:564-579. [PMID: 33675291 PMCID: PMC8035639 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Most plant intracellular immune receptors belong to nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. The recognition between NLRs and their corresponding pathogen effectors often triggers a hypersensitive response (HR) at the pathogen infection sites. The nicotinate N-methyltransferase (NANMT) is responsible for the conversion of nicotinate to trigonelline in plants. However, the role of NANMT in plant defence response is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the maize ZmNANMT, but not its close homolog ZmCOMT, an enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, suppresses the HR mediated by the autoactive NLR protein Rp1-D21 and its N-terminal coiled-coil signalling domain (CCD21 ). ZmNANMT, but not ZmCOMT, interacts with CCD21 , and they form a complex with HCT1806 and CCoAOMT2, two key enzymes in lignin biosynthesis, which can also suppress the autoactive HR mediated by Rp1-D21. ZmNANMT is mainly localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and either localization is important for suppressing the HR phenotype. These results lay the foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of NANMTs in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Ya‐Jie Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yu‐Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Guan‐Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
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He F, Shi YJ, Mi JX, Zhao KJ, Cui XL, Chen LH, Yang HB, Zhang F, Zhao Q, Huang JL, Wan XQ. Genome-Wide Investigation of the NF-X1 Gene Family in Populus trichocarpa Expression Profiles during Development and Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4664. [PMID: 33925110 PMCID: PMC8124260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplar are planted extensively in reforestation and afforestation. However, their successful establishment largely depends on the environmental conditions of the newly established plantation and their resistance to abiotic as well as biotic stresses. NF-X1, a widespread transcription factor in plants, plays an irreplaceable role in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Although the whole genome sequence of Populus trichocarpa has been published for a long time, little is known about the NF-X1 genes in poplar, especially those related to drought stress, mechanical damage, insect feeding, and hormone response at the whole genome level. In this study, whole genome analysis of the poplar NF-X1 family was performed, and 4 PtrNF-X1 genes were identified. Then, bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR were applied to analyze the gene structure, phylogeny, chromosomal localization, gene replication, Cis-elements, and expression patterns of PtrNF-X1genes. Sequence analysis revealed that one-quarter of the PtrNF-X1 genes did not contain introns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all NF-X1 genes were split into three subfamilies. The number of two pairs of segmented replication genes were detected in poplars. Cis-acting element analysis identified a large number of elements of growth and development and stress-related elements on the promoters of different NF-X1 members. In addition, some PtrNF-X1 could be significantly induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and abscisic acid (ABA), thus revealing their potential role in regulating stress response. Comprehensive analysis is helpful in selecting candidate NF-X1 genes for the follow-up study of the biological function, and molecular genetic progress of stress resistance in forest trees provides genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Correspondence: (F.H.); (X.-Q.W.); Tel.: +86-176-8377-7884 (F.H.); +86-138-8163-4583 (X.-Q.W.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xue-Qin Wan
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.-J.S.); (J.-X.M.); (K.-J.Z.); (X.-L.C.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-B.Y.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.); (J.-L.H.)
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van den Berg N, Swart V, Backer R, Fick A, Wienk R, Engelbrecht J, Prabhu SA. Advances in Understanding Defense Mechanisms in Persea americana Against Phytophthora cinnamomi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:636339. [PMID: 33747014 PMCID: PMC7971113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.636339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana) is an economically important fruit crop world-wide, the production of which is challenged by notable root pathogens such as Phytophthora cinnamomi and Rosellinia necatrix. Arguably the most prevalent, P. cinnamomi, is a hemibiotrophic oomycete which causes Phytophthora root rot, leading to reduced yields and eventual tree death. Despite its' importance, the development of molecular tools and resources have been historically limited, prohibiting significant progress toward understanding this important host-pathogen interaction. The development of a nested qPCR assay capable of quantifying P. cinnamomi during avocado infection has enabled us to distinguish avocado rootstocks as either resistant or tolerant - an important distinction when unraveling the defense response. This review will provide an overview of our current knowledge on the molecular defense pathways utilized in resistant avocado rootstock against P. cinnamomi. Notably, avocado demonstrates a biphasic phytohormone profile in response to P. cinnamomi infection which allows for the timely expression of pathogenesis-related genes via the NPR1 defense response pathway. Cell wall modification via callose deposition and lignification have also been implicated in the resistant response. Recent advances such as composite plant transformation, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses as well as genomics and transcriptomics will complement existing molecular, histological, and biochemical assay studies and further elucidate avocado defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlani van den Berg
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Velushka Swart
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert Backer
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alicia Fick
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Raven Wienk
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juanita Engelbrecht
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S. Ashok Prabhu
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Juery C, Concia L, De Oliveira R, Papon N, Ramírez-González R, Benhamed M, Uauy C, Choulet F, Paux E. New insights into homoeologous copy number variations in the hexaploid wheat genome. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20069. [PMID: 33155760 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bread wheat is an allohexaploid species originating from two successive and recent rounds of hybridization between three diploid species that were very similar in terms of chromosome number, genome size, TE content, gene content and synteny. As a result, it has long been considered that most of the genes were in three pairs of homoeologous copies. However, these so-called triads represent only one half of wheat genes, while the remaining half belong to homoeologous groups with various number of copies across subgenomes. In this study, we examined and compared the distribution, conservation, function, expression and epigenetic profiles of triads with homoeologous groups having undergone a deletion (dyads) or a duplication (tetrads) in one subgenome. We show that dyads and tetrads are mostly located in distal regions and have lower expression level and breadth than triads. Moreover, they are enriched in functions related to adaptation and more associated with the repressive H3K27me3 modification. Altogether, these results suggest that triads mainly correspond to housekeeping genes and are part of the core genome, while dyads and tetrads belong to the Triticeae dispensable genome. In addition, by comparing the different categories of dyads and tetrads, we hypothesize that, unlike most of the allopolyploid species, subgenome dominance and biased fractionation are absent in hexaploid wheat. Differences observed between the three subgenomes are more likely related to two successive and ongoing waves of post-polyploid diploidization, that had impacted A and B more significantly than D, as a result of the evolutionary history of hexaploid wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Juery
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Lorenzo Concia
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, 91405, France
- Current address: Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Romain De Oliveira
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Nathan Papon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | | | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Frédéric Choulet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Etienne Paux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
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Wang Y, Wang P, Guo Y, Huang S, Chen Y, Xu L. prPred: A Predictor to Identify Plant Resistance Proteins by Incorporating k-Spaced Amino Acid (Group) Pairs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:645520. [PMID: 33553134 PMCID: PMC7859348 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.645520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To infect plants successfully, pathogens adopt various strategies to overcome their physical and chemical barriers and interfere with the plant immune system. Plants deploy a large number of resistance (R) proteins to detect invading pathogens. The R proteins are encoded by resistance genes that contain cell surface-localized receptors and intracellular receptors. In this study, a new plant R protein predictor called prPred was developed based on a support vector machine (SVM), which can accurately distinguish plant R proteins from other proteins. Experimental results showed that the accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, MCC, and AUC of prPred were 0.935, 1.000, 0.806, 1.000, 0.893, 0.857, and 0.948, respectively, on an independent test set. Moreover, the predictor integrated the HMMscan search tool and Phobius to identify protein domain families and transmembrane protein regions to differentiate subclasses of R proteins. prPred is available at https://github.com/Wangys-prog/prPred. The tool requires a valid Python installation and is run from the command line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansu Wang
- School of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- School of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Information and Computer Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
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56
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Wang J, Han M, Liu Y. Diversity, structure and function of the coiled-coil domains of plant NLR immune receptors. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:283-296. [PMID: 33205883 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) perceive pathogen avirulence effectors and activate defense responses. Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors are classified into coiled-coil (CC)-containing and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-containing NLRs. Recent advances suggest that NLR CC domains often function in signaling activation, especially for induction of cell death. In this review, we outline our current understanding of NLR CC domains, including their diversity/classification and structure, their roles in cell death induction, disease resistance, and interaction with other proteins. Furthermore, we provide possible directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meng Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
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Ge C, Wang YG, Lu S, Zhao XY, Hou BK, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wang GF. Multi-Omics Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Network and the Function of ZmUGTs in Maize Defense Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:738261. [PMID: 34630489 PMCID: PMC8497902 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.738261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Maize is one of the major crops in the world; however, diseases caused by various pathogens seriously affect its yield and quality. The maize Rp1-D21 mutant (mt) caused by the intragenic recombination between two nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, exhibits autoactive hypersensitive response (HR). In this study, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in Rp1-D21 mt compared to the wild type (WT). Genes involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) were enriched among the DEGs. The salicylic acid (SA) pathway and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were induced at both the transcriptional and metabolic levels. The DAMs identified included lipids, flavones, and phenolic acids, including 2,5-DHBA O-hexoside, the production of which is catalyzed by uridinediphosphate (UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT). Four maize UGTs (ZmUGTs) homologous genes were among the DEGs. Functional analysis by transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that ZmUGT9250 and ZmUGT5174, but not ZmUGT9256 and ZmUGT8707, partially suppressed the HR triggered by Rp1-D21 or its N-terminal coiled-coil signaling domain (CCD21). None of the four ZmUGTs interacted physically with CCD21 in yeast two-hybrid or co-immunoprecipitation assays. We discuss the possibility that ZmUGTs might be involved in defense response by regulating SA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yi-Ge Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shouping Lu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Bing-Kai Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peter J. Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Guan-Feng Wang
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Luan QL, Zhu YX, Ma S, Sun Y, Liu XY, Liu M, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wang GF. Maize metacaspases modulate the defense response mediated by the NLR protein Rp1-D21 likely by affecting its subcellular localization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:151-166. [PMID: 33107667 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants usually employ resistance (R) genes to defend against the infection of pathogens, and most R genes encode intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. The recognition between R proteins and their cognate pathogens often triggers a rapid localized cell death at the pathogen infection sites, termed the hypersensitive response (HR). Metacaspases (MCs) belong to a cysteine protease family, structurally related to metazoan caspases. MCs play crucial roles in plant immunity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and the link between MCs and NLR-mediated HR are not clear. In this study, we systematically investigated the MC gene family in maize and identified 11 ZmMCs belonging to two types. Further functional analysis showed that the type I ZmMC1 and ZmMC2, but not the type II ZmMC9, suppress the HR-inducing activity of the autoactive NLR protein Rp1-D21 and of its N-terminal coiled-coil (CCD21 ) signaling domain when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. ZmMC1 and ZmMC2 physically associate with CCD21 in vivo. We further showed that ZmMC1 and ZmMC2, but not ZmMC9, are predominantly localized in a punctate distribution in both N. benthamiana and maize (Zea mays) protoplasts. Furthermore, the co-expression of ZmMC1 and ZmMC2 with Rp1-D21 and CCD21 causes their re-distribution from being uniformly distributed in the nucleocytoplasm to a punctate distribution co-localizing with ZmMC1 and ZmMC2. We reveal a novel role of plant MCs in modulating the NLR-mediated defense response and derive a model to explain it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Luan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Shijun Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
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Harris JM, Balint-Kurti P, Bede JC, Day B, Gold S, Goss EM, Grenville-Briggs LJ, Jones KM, Wang A, Wang Y, Mitra RM, Sohn KH, Alvarez ME. What are the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1354-1365. [PMID: 33106084 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-20-0229-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.The past few decades have seen major discoveries in the field of molecular plant-microbe interactions. As the result of technological and intellectual advances, we are now able to answer questions at a level of mechanistic detail that we could not have imagined possible 20 years ago. The MPMI Editorial Board felt it was time to take stock and reassess. What big questions remain unanswered? We knew that to identify the fundamental, overarching questions that drive our research, we needed to do this as a community. To reach a diverse audience of people with different backgrounds and perspectives, working in different areas of plant-microbe interactions, we queried the more than 1,400 participants at the 2019 International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions meeting in Glasgow. This group effort resulted in a list of ten, broad-reaching, fundamental questions that influence and inform our research. Here, we introduce these Top 10 unanswered questions, giving context and a brief description of the issues. Each of these questions will be the subject of a detailed review in the coming months. We hope that this process of reflecting on what is known and unknown and identifying the themes that underlie our research will provide a framework to use going forward, giving newcomers a sense of the mystery of the big questions and inspiring new avenues and novel insights.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Harris
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, U.S.A
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh NC, and Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, U.S.A
| | - Jacqueline C Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Scott Gold
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Georgia, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605-2720, U.S.A
| | - Erica M Goss
- Plant Pathology Department and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Laura J Grenville-Briggs
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kathryn M Jones
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, U.S.A
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Raka M Mitra
- Biology Department, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, U.S.A
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology and School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Maria Elena Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
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60
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Deng Y, Ning Y, Yang DL, Zhai K, Wang GL, He Z. Molecular Basis of Disease Resistance and Perspectives on Breeding Strategies for Resistance Improvement in Crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1402-1419. [PMID: 32979566 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases are major factors responsible for substantial yield losses worldwide, which affects global food security. The use of resistance (R) genes is an effective and sustainable approach to controlling crop diseases. Here, we review recent advances on R gene studies in the major crops and related wild species. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying R gene activation and signaling, and susceptibility (S) gene-mediated resistance in crops are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we propose some new strategies for R gene discovery, how to balance resistance and yield, and how to generate crops with broad-spectrum disease resistance. With the rapid development of new genome-editing technologies and the availability of increasing crop genome sequences, the goal of breeding next-generation crops with durable resistance to pathogens is achievable, and will be a key step toward increasing crop production in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Keran Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Linden KJ, Callis J. The ubiquitin system affects agronomic plant traits. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13940-13955. [PMID: 32796036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a single vascular plant species, the ubiquitin system consists of thousands of different proteins involved in attaching ubiquitin to substrates, recognizing or processing ubiquitinated proteins, or constituting or regulating the 26S proteasome. The ubiquitin system affects plant health, reproduction, and responses to the environment, processes that impact important agronomic traits. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: induction of flowering, seed size, and pathogen responses. Specifically, we review how the ubiquitin system affects expression of genes or abundance of proteins important for determining when a plant flowers (focusing on FLOWERING LOCUS C, FRIGIDA, and CONSTANS), highlight some recent studies on how seed size is affected by the ubiquitin system, and discuss how the ubiquitin system affects proteins involved in pathogen or effector recognition with details of recent studies on FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 and SUPPRESSOR OF NPR CONSTITUTIVE 1, respectively, as examples. Finally, we discuss the effects of pathogen-derived proteins on plant host ubiquitin system proteins. Further understanding of the molecular basis of the above processes could identify possible genes for modification or selection for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J Linden
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and the Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Judy Callis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and the Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Zhu YX, Ge C, Ma S, Liu XY, Liu M, Sun Y, Wang GF. Maize ZmFNSI Homologs Interact with an NLR Protein to Modulate Hypersensitive Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2529. [PMID: 32260554 PMCID: PMC7177559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide binding, leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) proteins are the major class of resistance (R) proteins used by plants to defend against pathogen infection. The recognition between NLRs and their cognate pathogen effectors usually triggers a rapid localized cell death, termed the hypersensitive response (HR). Flavone synthase I (FNSI) is one of the key enzymes in the flavone biosynthesis pathway. It also displays salicylic acid (SA) 5-hydroxylase (S5H) activity. A close homolog of FNSI/S5H displays SA 3-hydroxylase (S3H) activity. Both FNSI/S5H and S3H play important roles in plant innate immunity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the relationship between S5H and S3H with the NLR-mediated HR are not known in any plant species. In this study, we identified three genes encoding ZmFNSI-1, ZmFNSI-2 and ZmS3H that are significantly upregulated in a maize line carrying an autoactive NLR Rp1-D21 mutant. Functional analysis showed that ZmFNSI-1 and ZmFNSI-2, but not ZmS3H, suppressed HR conferred by Rp1-D21 and its signaling domain CCD21 when transiently expressed in N. benthamiana. ZmFNSI-1 and ZmFNSI-2 physically interacted with CCD21. Furthermore, ZmFNSI-1 and ZmFNSI-2 interacted with HCT, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis pathway, which can also suppress Rp1-D21-mediated HR. These results lay the foundation for the further functional analysis of the roles of FNSI in plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.-X.Z.); (C.G.); (S.M.); (X.-Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.)
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Li P, Lu YJ, Chen H, Day B. The Lifecycle of the Plant Immune System. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 39:72-100. [PMID: 33343063 PMCID: PMC7748258 DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2020.1757829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system responsible for surveillance, perception, and the activation of defense. Plant immunity requires multiple signaling processes, the outcome of which vary according to the lifestyle of the invading pathogen(s). In short, these processes require the activation of host perception, the regulation of numerous signaling cascades, and transcriptome reprograming, all of which are highly dynamic in terms of temporal and spatial scales. At the same time, the development of a single immune event is subjective to the development of plant immune system, which is co-regulated by numerous processes, including plant ontogenesis and the host microbiome. In total, insight into each of these processes provides a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that govern plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we will discuss the "lifecycle" of plant immunity: the development of individual events of defense, including both local and distal processes, as well as the development and regulation of the overall immune system by ontogenesis regulatory genes and environmental microbiota. In total, we will integrate the output of recent discoveries and theories, together with several hypothetical models, to present a dynamic portrait of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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