51
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Tejada-Casado C, Hernández-Mesa M, Monteau F, Lara FJ, Olmo-Iruela MD, García-Campaña AM, Le Bizec B, Dervilly-Pinel G. Collision cross section (CCS) as a complementary parameter to characterize human and veterinary drugs. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1043:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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52
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Development and validation of an open screening method for doping substances in urine by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1042:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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53
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Behbahani P, Qomi M, Ghasemi N, Tahvildari K. Ephedrine Analysis in Real Urine Sample via Solvent Bar Microextraction Technique Coupled with HPLC-UV and Chemometrics. CURR PHARM ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412913666170613093620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Ephedrine, an alpha/beta-adrenergic agonist, is one of the most common doping
agents not only among athletes but also the ordinary people, therefore its detection at low trace levels
with a sensitive and cost effective method has become a priority to investigate many analytical
methods.
Objective:
In this work, solvent bar microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC-UV) was used for extraction and determination of ephedrine at low trace levels from urine
samples at optimum condition.
Methods:
In this study, a designed experiment was carried out using solvent bar microextraction technique,
which has been proved to be a green method. This method requires three phases consisting of a
donor phase with an alkaline pH, an acceptor phase with an acidic pH, and organic solvent to impregnate
the pores of the hollow fiber. The obtained results were used for estimating the optimum ranges for
each parameter, analyzing the effect of different parameters, simultaneously.
Results:
Under optimized circumstances, the preconcentration factor was 129. The calibration curves
represented good linearity for urine sample with coefficient estimations higher than 0.9991. The limit of
detection and quantitation for ephedrine were 16.7 µg L-1 and 50 µg L-1, respectively. The relative standard
deviations of analysis were 3.5% within a day (n=3) and 4.1% between days (n=9).
Conclusion:
According to the results and previous studies, it can be concluded that the preconcentration
factor for ephedrine was the best result ever reported considering selectivity and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persia Behbahani
- Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Qomi
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Kambiz Tahvildari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
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54
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Olesti E, Rodríguez-Morató J, Gomez-Gomez A, Ramaekers JG, de la Torre R, Pozo OJ. Quantification of endogenous neurotransmitters and related compounds by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 192:93-102. [PMID: 30348434 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are signaling molecules, playing key roles in neuronal communications in the brain. Drug induced changes in neurotransmitters and other brain metabolite concentration may be used to characterize drugs according to their targeted metabolomics profile. Here, we report the development and validation of a straightforward liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of 16 endogenous small polar compounds in rat plasma and brain homogenates. The method enables the quantification of the neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine and adenosine, as well as choline, glutamine, acetylcarnitine, carnitine, creatine, creatinine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. After optimizing the sample preparation, chromatographic and spectrometric conditions, the method was successfully validated using the standard addition approach and a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) with an amide column. The method was shown to be linear (r > 0.99) as all the compounds were within the ±25% values of intra and inter-day precision and accuracy acceptance. A matrix effect was corrected with the use of 10 isotopically labelled internal standards and the compound stability was evaluated for all compounds. Relevant exaltation of choline (in plasma) and creatinine (in brain) were solved with -20 °C conditions. The applicability of the method was tested by evaluating brain alterations in the concentrations of neurotransmitters and related compounds after the administration of two psychostimulant drugs of abuse (cocaine and methylenedioxypyrovalerone) to rats. A neuro-metabolic fingerprint of each drug was obtained that reflected their pharmacological profile. Altogether, this methodology presents a valuable targeted metabolomics tool for basic and clinical research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulàlia Olesti
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Rodríguez-Morató
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03/028), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alex Gomez-Gomez
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes G Ramaekers
- Experimental Psychopharmacology Unit, Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03/028), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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55
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Dmitrieva EV, Temerdashev AZ, Azaryan AA, Gashimova EM. Determination of Andarine (S-4), a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, and Ibutamoren (MK-677), a Nonpeptide Growth Hormone Secretagogue, in Urine by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass-Spectrometric Detection. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818070031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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56
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Garí M, González-Quinteiro Y, Bravo N, Grimalt JO. Analysis of metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in human urine from urban and agricultural populations (Catalonia and Galicia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:526-533. [PMID: 29220776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isotope dilution solid phase extraction UPLC-MS/MS has been used to develop a robust and rapid methodology for the determination of eight specific metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in human urine. The use of methanol:acetone (25:75v/v) affords an improvement in extraction efficiency in comparison to these individual solvents. The use of synthetic urine improves selectivity and limits of detection for the calibration straight lines. The method provides detection limits of 14-69pg/ml and 18-19pg/ml for the organophosphate and pyrethroid metabolites, respectively. Urine analyses of these metabolites in urban non-occupationally exposed individuals and farm workers shows that ingestion of these pesticides occurred in both populations. The concentrations of organophosphate pesticide metabolites in the latter were twofold than those from non-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Garí
- Department of Earth and Ocean Dynamics, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yolanda González-Quinteiro
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Bravo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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57
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Abstract
Urine is a biological matrix that contains hundreds of metabolic end products which constitute the urinary metabolome. The development and advances on LC-MS/MS have revolutionized the analytical study of biomolecules by enabling their accurate identification and quantification in an unprecedented manner. Nowadays, LC-MS/MS is helping to unveil the complexity of urine metabolome, and the results obtained have multiple biomedical applications. This review focuses on the targeted LC-MS/MS analysis of the urine metabolome. In the first part, we describe general considerations (from sample collection to quantitation) required for a proper targeted metabolic analysis. In the second part, we address the urinary analysis and recent applications of four relevant families: amino acids, catecholamines, lipids and steroids.
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58
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Truong QK, Mai XL, Lee JY, Rhee J, Vinh D, Hong J, Kim KH. Simultaneous determination of 14 oral antihyperglycaemic drugs in human urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Arch Pharm Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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59
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High resolution full scan liquid chromatography mass spectrometry comprehensive screening in sports antidoping urine analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:10-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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60
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Alcántara-Durán J, Moreno-González D, Beneito-Cambra M, García-Reyes JF. Dilute-and-shoot coupled to nanoflow liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of drugs of abuse and sport drugs in human urine. Talanta 2018; 182:218-224. [PMID: 29501143 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a sensitive nanoflow liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry screening method has been developed for the determination of multiclass drugs of abuse and sport drugs in human urine. 81 drugs belonging to different multiclass pharmaceuticals were targeted. The method is based on the use of a nanoLC column (75 µm × 150 mm, 3 µm particle size and 100 Å pore) with the nanospray emitter tip integrated so that dead volumes are significantly minimized. Data acquisition method included both full-scan and all ion fragmentation experiments using an Orbitrap analyser (Q-Exactive) operated in the positive ionization mode. To increase laboratory throughput, a dilute-and-shoot methodology has been tested and proposed, based solely on direct urine dilution without further sample workup. Matrix effects were evaluated, showing a negligible effect for all studied compounds when a dilution 1:50 was implemented. Despite this high-dilution factor, limits of quantification were still satisfactory, with values below 5 µg L-1 in most cases, being lower than their minimum required performance limits correspond established by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Therefore, the use of the dilute-and-shoot method with the enhanced sensitivity provided by nanoflow LC setup could be useful tool for the determination of studied compounds in drug testing, thus increasing laboratory performance, because a minimum sample treatment steps are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Alcántara-Durán
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - David Moreno-González
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Miriam Beneito-Cambra
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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61
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Kočová Vlčková H, Pilařová V, Svobodová P, Plíšek J, Švec F, Nováková L. Current state of bioanalytical chromatography in clinical analysis. Analyst 2018; 143:1305-1325. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic methods have become popular in clinical analysis in both routine and research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Kočová Vlčková
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - V. Pilařová
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - P. Svobodová
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - J. Plíšek
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - F. Švec
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - L. Nováková
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
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62
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Tejada-Casado C, Moreno-González D, del Olmo-Iruela M, García-Campaña AM, Lara FJ. Coupling sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the therapeutic monitoring of benzimidazoles in animal urine by dilute and shoot. Talanta 2017; 175:542-549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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63
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Moreno-González D, Krulišová M, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM. Determination of tetracyclines in human urine samples by capillary electrophoresis in combination with field amplified sample injection. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:608-615. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Moreno-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Markéta Krulišová
- Charles University; Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- Charles University; Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ana M. García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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64
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Li XS, Li S, Kellermann G. A simple dilute and shoot approach incorporated with pentafluorophenyl (PFP) column based LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous determination of trimethylamine N-oxide and trimethylamine in spot urine samples with high throughput. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1067:61-70. [PMID: 29017075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Determination of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and trimethylamine (TMA) in biological and environmental samples has drawn great attention recently due to their increasing association with human health and disease. It remains a challenge to simultaneously quantify TMAO and TMA in a simple, fast and cost-effective manner due to pre-analytical and analytical constraints. For the first time, we describe a dilute and shoot approach combined with LC-MS/MS detection for the simultaneous measurement of the analytes in spot urine samples with high throughput. Compared to the existing methods, the merits of the proposed assay include the use of a simple dilute and shoot approach (100-fold), small sample volume (10μL), short LC run on a PFP column (4.0min) and multi-analyte MS detection without sample cleanup, derivatization, evaporation and a HILIC column. Dilution, LC and MS parameters were optimized in detail. Method validation yielded a wide linearity for TMAO (1.0-400μg/mL) and TMA (0.025-10μg/mL) with a respective limit of quantitation of 1.0 and 0.025μg/mL. The quantitation was not affected by 41 major urinary components, structurally-related drugs and metabolites. The intra- and inter-day assay precisions were ≤3.6% and recoveries were 93.3%-103.3% for spiked quality control samples. The clinical utility of the alternative spot urine sampling approach compared to conventional 24h urine collection was supported by a significant correlation between the two sampling strategies (n=20, p<0.0001, r=0.757-0.862; slope=0.687-1.170) and no statistical difference in day-to-day biological variability (n=20). The applicability and reliability of the assay was verified by the assessment of reference intervals in a cohort of 118 healthy people. The proposed assay would be beneficial for the rapid and accurate determination of the increasingly important TMAO and TMA demanded in clinical, environmental, pharmaceutical and nutritional fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shu Li
- Pharmasan Labs, Inc., 373 280th Street, Osceola, WI 54020, USA
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65
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Moreno-González D, Alcántara-Durán J, Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Matrix-effect free quantitative liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis in complex matrices using nanoflow liquid chromatography with integrated emitter tip and high dilution factors. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1519:110-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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66
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Olesti E, Farré M, Papaseit E, Krotonoulas A, Pujadas M, de la Torre R, Pozo ÓJ. Pharmacokinetics of Mephedrone and Its Metabolites in Human by LC-MS/MS. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1767-1778. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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67
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Determination of selected endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids and ratios in urine by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and isotope pattern deconvolution. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1515:172-178. [PMID: 28803647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) method for the determination of selected endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) in urine by UHPLC-MS/MS has been developed using the isotope pattern deconvolution (IPD) mathematical tool. The method has been successfully validated for testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone and etiocholanolone, employing their respective deuterated analogs using two certified reference materials (CRM). Accuracy was evaluated as recovery of the certified values and ranged from 75% to 108%. Precision was assessed in intraday (n=5) and interday (n=4) experiments, with RSDs below 5% and 10% respectively. The method was also found suitable for real urine samples, with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) below the normal urinary levels. The developed method meets the requirements established by the World Anti-Doping Agency for the selected steroids for Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) measurements, except in the case of androsterone, which is currently under study.
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68
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Judák P, Grainger J, Goebel C, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. DMSO Assisted Electrospray Ionization for the Detection of Small Peptide Hormones in Urine by Dilute-and-Shoot-Liquid-Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1657-1665. [PMID: 28425052 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The mobile phase additive (DMSO) has been described as a useful tool to enhance electrospray ionization (ESI) of peptides and proteins. So far, this technique has mainly been used in proteomic/peptide research, and its applicability in a routine clinical laboratory setting (i.e., doping control analysis) has not been described yet. This work provides a simple, easy to implement screening method for the detection of doping relevant small peptides (GHRPs, GnRHs, GHS, and vasopressin-analogues) with molecular weight less than 2 kDa applying DMSO in the mobile phase. The gain in sensitivity was sufficient to inject the urine samples after a 2-fold dilution step omitting a time consuming sample preparation. The employed analytical procedure was validated for the qualitative determination of 36 compounds, including 13 metabolites. The detection limits (LODs) ranged between 50 and 1000 pg/mL and were compliant with the 2 ng/mL minimum detection level required by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for all the target peptides. To demonstrate the feasibility of the work, urine samples obtained from patients who have been treated with desmopressin or leuprolide and urine samples that have been declared as adverse analytical findings were analyzed. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Judák
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Janelle Grainger
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Catrin Goebel
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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69
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Weththasinghe SA, Waller CC, Fam HL, Stevenson BJ, Cawley AT, McLeod MD. Replacing PAPS: In vitro phase II sulfation of steroids with the liver S9 fraction employing ATP and sodium sulfate. Drug Test Anal 2017. [PMID: 28635171 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro technologies provide the capacity to study drug metabolism where in vivo studies are precluded due to ethical or financial constraints. The metabolites generated by in vitro studies can assist anti-doping laboratories to develop protocols for the detection of novel substances that would otherwise evade routine screening efforts. In addition, professional bodies such as the Association of Official Racing Chemists (AORC) currently permit the use of in-vitro-derived reference materials for confirmation purposes providing additional impetus for the development of cost effective in vitro metabolism platforms. In this work, alternative conditions for in vitro phase II sulfation using human, equine or canine liver S9 fraction were developed, with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and sodium sulfate in place of the expensive and unstable co-factor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), and employed for the generation of six representative steroidal sulfates. Using these conditions, the equine in vitro phase II metabolism of the synthetic or so-called designer steroid furazadrol ([1',2']isoxazolo[4',5':2,3]-5α-androstan-17β-ol) was investigated, with ATP and Na2 SO4 providing comparable metabolism to reactions using PAPS. The major in vitro metabolites of furazadrol matched those observed in a previously reported equine in vivo study. Finally, the equine in vitro phase II metabolism of the synthetic steroid superdrol (methasterone, 17β-hydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstan-3-one) was performed as a prediction of the in vivo metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumudu A Weththasinghe
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Han Ling Fam
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bradley J Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Adam T Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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70
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Screening of over 100 drugs in horse urine using automated on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for doping control. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1490:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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71
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Gałęzowska G, Cieszynska-Semenowicz M, Okrągła E, Szychowska K, Wolska L. Progress in Analytical Techniques for Determination of Urine Components. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1281826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gałęzowska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Emilia Okrągła
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szychowska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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72
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Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Screening and confirmation of a glycerol-positive case. Drug Test Anal 2016; 7:1009-13. [PMID: 26695488 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University (UGent), Technologiepark 30, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University (UGent), Technologiepark 30, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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73
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Valese AC, Molognoni L, de Sá Ploêncio LA, de Lima FG, Gonzaga LV, Górniak SL, Daguer H, Barreto F, Oliveira Costa AC. A fast and simple LC-ESI-MS/MS method for detecting pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey with full validation and measurement uncertainty. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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74
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Marcos J, Pozo OJ. Current LC-MS methods and procedures applied to the identification of new steroid metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:41-56. [PMID: 26709140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study of the metabolism of steroids has a long history; from the first characterizations of the major metabolites of steroidal hormones in the pre-chromatographic era, to the latest discoveries of new forms of excretions. The introduction of mass spectrometers coupled to gas chromatography at the end of the 1960's represented a major breakthrough for the elucidation of new metabolites. In the last two decades, this technique is being complemented by the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition of becoming fundamental in clinical steroid determinations due to its excellent specificity, throughput and sensitivity, LC-MS has emerged as an exceptional tool for the discovery of new steroid metabolites. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the current LC-MS procedures used in the quest of novel metabolic products of steroidal hormones and exogenous steroids. Several aspects regarding LC separations are first outlined, followed by a description of the key processes that take place in the mass spectrometric analysis, i.e. the ionization of the steroids in the source and the fragmentation of the selected precursor ions in the collision cell. The different analyzers and approaches employed together with representative examples of each of them are described. Special emphasis is placed on triple quadrupole analyzers (LC-MS/MS), since they are the most commonly employed. Examples on the use of precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan and theoretical selected reaction monitoring strategies are also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Marcos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Toxicology Department, Labco Diagnostics, Verge de Guadalupe 18, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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75
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Helfer AG, Michely JA, Weber AA, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. LC-HR-MS/MS standard urine screening approach: Pros and cons of automated on-line extraction by turbulent flow chromatography versus dilute-and-shoot and comparison with established urine precipitation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1043:138-149. [PMID: 27381570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive urine screening for drugs and metabolites by LC-HR-MS/MS using Orbitrap technology has been described with precipitation as simple workup. In order to fasten, automate, and/or simplify the workup, on-line extraction by turbulent flow chromatography and a dilute-and-shoot approach were developed and compared. After chromatographic separation within 10min, the Q-Exactive mass spectrometer was run in full scan mode with positive/negative switching and subsequent data dependent acquisition mode. The workup approaches were validated concerning selectivity, recovery, matrix effects, process efficiency, and limits of identification and detection for typical drug representatives and metabolites. The total workup time for on-line extraction was 6min, for the dilution approach 3min. For comparison, the established urine precipitation and evaporation lasted 10min. The validation results were acceptable. The limits for on-line extraction were comparable with those described for precipitation, but lower than for dilution. Thanks to the high sensitivity of the LC-HR-MS/MS system, all three workup approaches were sufficient for comprehensive urine screening and allowed fast, reliable, and reproducible detection of cardiovascular drugs, drugs of abuse, and other CNS acting drugs after common doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Helfer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Julian A Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Armin A Weber
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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76
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Chan SH, Lee W, Asmawi MZ, Tan SC. Chiral liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method development for the detection of salbutamol in urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1025:83-91. [PMID: 27232053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A sequential solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed and validated using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for the detection and quantification of salbutamol enantiomers in porcine urine. Porcine urine samples were hydrolysed with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia and then subjected to a double solid-phase extraction (SPE) first using the Abs-Elut Nexus SPE and then followed by the Bond Elut Phenylboronic Acid (PBA) SPE. The salbutamol enantiomers were separated using the Astec CHIROBIOTIC™ T HPLC column (3.0mm×100mm; 5μm) maintained at 15°C with a 15min isocratic run at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min. The mobile phase constituted of 5mM ammonium formate in methanol. Salbutamol and salbutamol-tert-butyl-d9 (internal standard, IS) was monitored and quantified with the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method showed good linearity for the range of 0.1-10ng/mL with limit of quantification at 0.3ng/mL. Analysis of the QC samples showed intra- and inter-assay precisions to be less than 5.04%, and recovery ranging from 83.82 to 102.33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Hay Chan
- Usains Biomics Laboratory Testing Services Sdn. Bhd., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Suite 016 Ground Floor, Eureka Complex, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Warren Lee
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Zaini Asmawi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Soo Choon Tan
- Usains Biomics Laboratory Testing Services Sdn. Bhd., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Suite 016 Ground Floor, Eureka Complex, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia; Institute for Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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77
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Doping control analysis of 46 polar drugs in horse plasma and urine using a 'dilute-and-shoot' ultra high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry approach. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:41-49. [PMID: 27180888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The high sensitivity of ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) allows the identification of many prohibited substances without pre-concentration, leading to the development of simple and fast 'dilute-and-shoot' methods for doping control for human and equine sports. While the detection of polar drugs in plasma and urine is difficult using liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction as these substances are poorly extracted, the 'dilute-and-shoot' approach is plausible. This paper describes a 'dilute-and-shoot' UHPLC-HRMS screening method to detect 46 polar drugs in equine urine and plasma, including some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, sympathomimetics, anti-epileptics, hemostatics, the new doping agent 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR), as well as two threshold substances, namely dimethyl sulfoxide and theobromine. For plasma, the sample (200μL) was protein precipitated using trichloroacetic acid, and the resulting supernatant was diluted using Buffer A with an overall dilution factor of 3. For urine, the sample (20μL) was simply diluted 50-fold with Buffer A. The diluted plasma or urine sample was then analysed using a UHPLC-HRMS system in full-scan ESI mode. The assay was validated for qualitative identification purpose. This straightforward and reliable approach carried out in combination with other screening procedures has increased the efficiency of doping control analysis in the laboratory. Moreover, since the UHPLC-HRMS data were acquired in full-scan mode, the method could theoretically accommodate an unlimited number of existing and new doping agents, and would allow a retrospectively search for drugs that have not been targeted at the time of analysis.
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78
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Periat A, Kohler I, Thomas A, Nicoli R, Boccard J, Veuthey JL, Schappler J, Guillarme D. Systematic evaluation of matrix effects in hydrophilic interaction chromatography versus reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1439:42-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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79
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Marcos J, Renau N, Valverde O, Aznar-Laín G, Gracia-Rubio I, Gonzalez-Sepulveda M, Pérez-Jurado LA, Ventura R, Segura J, Pozo OJ. Targeting tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1434:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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80
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Nanita SC, Kaldon LG. Emerging flow injection mass spectrometry methods for high-throughput quantitative analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:23-33. [PMID: 26670771 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Where does flow injection analysis mass spectrometry (FIA-MS) stand relative to ambient mass spectrometry (MS) and chromatography-MS? Improvements in FIA-MS methods have resulted in fast-expanding uses of this technique. Key advantages of FIA-MS over chromatography-MS are fast analysis (typical run time <60 s) and method simplicity, and FIA-MS offers high-throughput without compromising sensitivity, precision and accuracy as much as ambient MS techniques. Consequently, FIA-MS is increasingly becoming recognized as a suitable technique for applications where quantitative screening of chemicals needs to be performed rapidly and reliably. The FIA-MS methods discussed herein have demonstrated quantitation of diverse analytes, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, environmental contaminants, and endogenous compounds, at levels ranging from parts-per-billion (ppb) to parts-per-million (ppm) in very complex matrices (such as blood, urine, and a variety of foods of plant and animal origin), allowing successful applications of the technique in clinical diagnostics, metabolomics, environmental sciences, toxicology, and detection of adulterated/counterfeited goods. The recent boom in applications of FIA-MS for high-throughput quantitative analysis has been driven in part by (1) the continuous improvements in sensitivity and selectivity of MS instrumentation, (2) the introduction of novel sample preparation procedures compatible with standalone mass spectrometric analysis such as salting out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) with volatile solutes and NH4(+) QuEChERS, and (3) the need to improve efficiency of laboratories to satisfy increasing analytical demand while lowering operational cost. The advantages and drawbacks of quantitative analysis by FIA-MS are discussed in comparison to chromatography-MS and ambient MS (e.g., DESI, LAESI, DART). Generally, FIA-MS sits 'in the middle' between ambient MS and chromatography-MS, offering a balance between analytical capability and sample analysis throughput suitable for broad applications in life sciences, agricultural chemistry, consumer safety, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Nanita
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE, 19714, USA.
| | - Laura G Kaldon
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
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81
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Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Leuenberger N, Baume N, Robinson N, Saugy M, Veuthey JL. Analytical Strategies for Doping Control Purposes: Needs, Challenges, and Perspectives. Anal Chem 2015; 88:508-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Nicoli
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Baume
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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82
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Vanden Bussche J, Marzorati M, Laukens D, Vanhaecke L. Validated High Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach for Metabolomic Fingerprinting of the Human Gut Phenotype. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10927-34. [PMID: 26451617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fecal samples are an obvious choice for metabolomic approaches, since they can be obtained noninvasively and allow one to study the interactions between the gut microbiota and the host. The use of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap HRMS) in this field is unique. Hence, this study relied on Orbitrap HRMS to develop and validate a metabolic fingerprinting workflow for human feces and in vitro digestive fluids. After chemometric sample extraction optimization, an aqueous dilution appeared necessary to comply to the dynamic range of the MS. The method was proven "fit-for-purpose" through a validation procedure that monitored endogenous metabolites in quality control samples, which displayed in both matrices an excellent linearity (R(2) > 0.990), recoveries ranging from 93% to 105%, and precision with coefficients of variation (CVs) < 15%. Finally, feces from 10 healthy individuals and 13 patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease were subjected to metabolomic fingerprinting. 9553 ions were detected, as well as differentiating profiles between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis by means of (orthogonal) partial least-square analysis ((O)PLS)-DA (discriminate analysis) models. Additionally, samples from the dynamic gastrointestinal tract simulator (SHIME (Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem) platform) were analyzed resulting in 6446 and 5010 ions for the proximal and distal colonic samples, respectively. Supplementing SHIME feed with antibiotics resulted in a significant shift (P < 0.05) of 27.7% of the metabolites from the proximal data set and 34.3% for the distal one. As a result, the presented fingerprinting approach provided predictive modeling of the gastrointestinal metabolome in vivo and in vitro, offering a window to reveal disease related biomarkers and potential insight into the mechanisms behind pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Debby Laukens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University , Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University , Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
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83
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Esposito S, Bracacel E, Nibbio M, Speziale R, Orsatti L, Veneziano M, Monteagudo E, Bonelli F. Use of 'dilute-and-shoot' liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry in preclinical research: application to a DMPK study of perhexiline in mouse plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 118:70-80. [PMID: 26517851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of perhexiline and the simultaneous detection of perhexiline metabolites in C57bl/6 mice plasma. Only 5 μL of plasma was used for analysis. Pretreatment was limited to a 100-fold dilution ('dilute-and-shoot'). The analyte was detected by high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap™ technology). Three scan events were performed over the entire chromatogram. Targeted single ion monitoring with data dependent acquisition was employed for perhexiline quantitation and confirmation, while full scan was used to perform untargeted detection of perhexiline phase I and phase II circulating metabolites. The calibration curve was linear (r(2)=0.990) ranging from 0.305 ng/mL (LLOQ) to 10000 ng/mL. Matrix effect was limited to 6.1%. The method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of perhexiline in mouse plasma and the results obtained were compared to a standard sample preparation method based on protein precipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MRM mode) detection. The new approach provided comparable results in terms of pharmacokinetics parameters estimate with a high sensitivity, additional information on perhexiline circulating metabolites and a low consumption of biological sample. The combination of the 'dilute-and-shoot' approach together with HRMS targeted and untargeted detection represents a suitable alternative to classic bioanalytical approaches in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Esposito
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Elena Bracacel
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Nibbio
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Speziale
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Orsatti
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Veneziano
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Edith Monteagudo
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Bonelli
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
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84
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Schlittenbauer L, Seiwert B, Reemtsma T. Matrix effects in human urine analysis using multi-targeted liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1415:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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85
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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86
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Raro M, Ibáñez M, Gil R, Fabregat A, Tudela E, Deventer K, Ventura R, Segura J, Marcos J, Kotronoulas A, Joglar J, Farré M, Yang S, Xing Y, Van Eenoo P, Pitarch E, Hernández F, Sancho JV, Pozo ÓJ. Untargeted metabolomics in doping control: detection of new markers of testosterone misuse by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015. [PMID: 26200763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of untargeted metabolomics for the discovery of markers is a promising and virtually unexplored tool in the doping control field. Hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap (Q Exactive) mass spectrometers, coupled to ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography, are excellent tools for this purpose. In the present work, QTOF and Q Exactive have been used to look for markers for testosterone cypionate misuse by means of untargeted metabolomics. Two different groups of urine samples were analyzed, collected before and after the intramuscular administration of testosterone cypionate. In order to avoid analyte losses in the sample treatment, samples were just 2-fold diluted with water and directly injected into the chromatographic system. Samples were analyzed in both positive and negative ionization modes. Data from both systems were treated under untargeted metabolomic strategies using XCMS application and multivariate analysis. Results from the two mass spectrometers differed in the number of detected features, but both led to the same potential marker for the particular testosterone ester misuse. The in-depth study of the MS and MS/MS behavior of this marker allowed for the establishment of 1-cyclopentenoylglycine as a feasible structure. The putative structure was confirmed by comparison with synthesized material. This potential marker seems to come from the metabolism of the cypionic acid release after hydrolysis of the administered ester. Its suitability for doping control has been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Raro
- †Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- †Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Rubén Gil
- †Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Andreu Fabregat
- ‡Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Tudela
- §DoCoLab, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- §DoCoLab, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Rosa Ventura
- ‡Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,∥Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- ‡Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,∥Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marcos
- ‡Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,∥Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- ‡Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,⊥Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- ⊥Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magi Farré
- #Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germnans Trias I Pujol-IGTP and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheng Yang
- ○National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1, An Ding Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanyi Xing
- ○National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1, An Ding Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- #Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germnans Trias I Pujol-IGTP and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- †Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- †Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan Vicente Sancho
- †Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Óscar J Pozo
- ‡Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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87
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Jank L, Martins MT, Arsand JB, Campos Motta TM, Hoff RB, Barreto F, Pizzolato TM. High-throughput method for macrolides and lincosamides antibiotics residues analysis in milk and muscle using a simple liquid-liquid extraction technique and liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS). Talanta 2015; 144:686-95. [PMID: 26452878 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A fast and simple method for residue analysis of the antibiotics classes of macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin and spiramycin) and lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin) was developed and validated for cattle, swine and chicken muscle and for bovine milk. Sample preparation consists in a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with acetonitrile, followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS), without the need of any additional clean-up steps. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column and a mobile phase composed by acidified acetonitrile and water. The method was fully validated according the criteria of the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Validation parameters such as limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, repeatability, specificity, reproducibility, decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) were evaluated. All calculated values met the established criteria. Reproducibility values, expressed as coefficient of variation, were all lower than 19.1%. Recoveries range from 60% to 107%. Limits of detection were from 5 to 25 µg kg(-1).The present method is able to be applied in routine analysis, with adequate time of analysis, low cost and a simple sample preparation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Jank
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - PPGQ, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário - LANAGRO/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Magda Targa Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - PPGQ, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bazzan Arsand
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - PPGQ, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário - LANAGRO/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tanara Magalhães Campos Motta
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário - LANAGRO/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - PPGQ, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário - LANAGRO/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - PPGQ, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tânia Mara Pizzolato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - PPGQ, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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88
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Dong Y, Yan K, Ma Y, Wang S, He G, Deng J, Yang Z. A Sensitive Dilute-and-Shoot Approach for the Simultaneous Screening of 71 Stimulants and 7 Metabolites in Human Urine by LC–MS-MS with Dynamic MRM. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1528-35. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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89
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Mol HG, Zomer P, García López M, Fussell RJ, Scholten J, de Kok A, Wolheim A, Anastassiades M, Lozano A, Fernandez Alba A. Identification in residue analysis based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: Experimental evidence to update performance criteria. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 873:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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90
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Monfort N, Martínez L, Bergés R, Segura J, Ventura R. Screening method for stimulants in urine by UHPLC-MS/MS: identification of isomeric compounds. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:819-30. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Monfort
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Laura Martínez
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Bergés
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF; Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF; Barcelona Spain
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91
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Nováková L, Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Nicoli R, Saugy M, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for screening of doping agents. I: Investigation of mobile phase and MS conditions. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:637-646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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92
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Waller CC, McLeod MD. A simple method for the small scale synthesis and solid-phase extraction purification of steroid sulfates. Steroids 2014; 92:74-80. [PMID: 25286236 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfates are a major class of steroid metabolite that are of growing importance in fields such as anti-doping analysis, the detection of residues in agricultural produce or medicine. Despite this, many steroid sulfate reference materials may have limited or no availability hampering the development of analytical methods. We report simple protocols for the rapid synthesis and purification of steroid sulfates that are suitable for adoption by analytical laboratories. Central to this approach is the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for purification, a technique routinely used for sample preparation in analytical laboratories around the world. The sulfate conjugates of sixteen steroid compounds encompassing a wide range of steroid substitution patterns and configurations are prepared, including the previously unreported sulfate conjugates of the designer steroids furazadrol (17β-hydroxyandrostan[2,3-d]isoxazole), isofurazadrol (17β-hydroxyandrostan[3,2-c]isoxazole) and trenazone (17β-hydroxyestra-4,9-dien-3-one). Structural characterization data, together with NMR and mass spectra are reported for all steroid sulfates, often for the first time. The scope of this approach for small scale synthesis is highlighted by the sulfation of 1μg of testosterone (17β-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one) as monitored by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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93
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Comparative evaluation of seven different sample treatment approaches for large-scale multiclass sport drug testing in urine by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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94
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Methods for urine drug testing using one-step dilution and direct injection in combination with LC–MS/MS and LC–HRMS. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2229-44. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of LC combined with MS made it possible to design analytical methods for urine drug testing based on the very simple concept of diluting urine with an internal standard as the sole preparation procedure prior to instrumental analysis. The number of publications using this method design increased after the development of high-efficiency LC based on sub-2 μm particles. The success of this method design for drug testing, doping control and toxicological investigations of urine is now well documented and comprise both screening and confirmation methods. The nondiscriminating nature of this method design makes it even more attractive in combination with high-resolution MS for multicomponent target and general unknown analysis applications.
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95
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Tudela E, Deventer K, Geldof L, Van Eenoo P. Urinary detection of conjugated and unconjugated anabolic steroids by dilute-and-shoot liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:95-108. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tudela
- Ghent University (UGent); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Technologiepark 30 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Ghent University (UGent); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Technologiepark 30 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Lore Geldof
- Ghent University (UGent); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Technologiepark 30 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University (UGent); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Technologiepark 30 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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