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Zhang W, Tian F, Song A, Hu Y. Research on a Visual Electronic Nose System Based on Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041188. [PMID: 29652805 PMCID: PMC5948887 DOI: 10.3390/s18041188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light absorption gas sensing technology has the characteristics of massive parallelism, cross-sensitivity and extensive responsiveness, which make it suitable for the sensing task of an electronic nose (e-nose). With the performance of hyperspectral resolution, spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS) can present absorption spectra of the gas in the form of a two dimensional (2D) interferogram which facilitates the analysis of gases with mature image processing techniques. Therefore, a visual e-nose system based on SHS was proposed. Firstly, a theoretical model of the visual e-nose system was constructed and its visual maps were obtained by an experiment. Then the local binary pattern (LBP) and Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) were used for feature extraction. Finally, classification algorithms based on distance similarity (Correlation coefficient (CC); Euclidean distance to centroids (EDC)) were chosen to carry on pattern recognition analysis to verify the feasibility of the visual e-nose system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Sha Pingba, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Fengchun Tian
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Sha Pingba, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - An Song
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Sha Pingba, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Youwen Hu
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Sha Pingba, Chongqing 400044, China.
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Abu-Khalaf N, Zaid AN, Jaradat N, AlKilany A, Abu Rumaila B, Al Ramahi R, Shweiki S, Nidal S, Surakhi N. The Taste of Commercially Available Clarithromycin Oral Pharmaceutical Suspensions in the Palestinian Market: Electronic Tongue and In Vivo Evaluation. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020454. [PMID: 29401675 PMCID: PMC5855094 DOI: 10.3390/s18020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: The taste of oral liquid dosage forms is a crucial factor that impacts paediatric patient compliance. The electronic tongue (ET) is an emerging tool that could be useful in taste assessment in order to minimize the involvement of humans in such evaluations. Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the taste of commercially available clarithromycin (CM) oral pharmaceutical suspensions in the Palestinian market. Method: Commercially available CM suspensions (the brand Klacid® and two generic K1 and K2) were assayed using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Then, the taste of these products was assessed using alpha-astree ET. In addition, an in vivo taste assessment was conducted on paediatric patients by a hedonic panel test. Moreover, volunteering community pharmacists were asked to rank the taste of these three products according to their experience from the best to the worst. Results: All suspension products had a CM concentration not less than 98% of the label amount. The ET results coupled with the principal component analysis (PCA) showed a very clear discrimination of the samples with different distances between groups (p-values < 0.001). Suspensions were in the following order in terms of taste: Klacid® > K1 > K2. Moreover, The pattern discrimination index between (K1 and Klacid®), (K1 and K2) and (Klacid® and K2) were 8.81%, 65.75%, and 71.94%, respectively which suggests that K1 and Klacid® are the most similar preparations in terms of taste. Interestingly, these results were in excellent agreement with the pharmacist ranking and patient acceptance test. Conclusions: The evaluated preparations showed significantly different taste within the order of Klacid® > K1 > K2, as suggested by both the ET and in vivo results. Moreover, our results confirm the capability of alpha-astree ET in the taste assessment of oral suspensions and in predicting volunteer responses, which highlights its beneficial use as an in vitro taste assessment tool and as an alternative to human-based taste evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaf Abu-Khalaf
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie (PTUK), Tulkarm B.O.Box, Palestine.
| | - Abdel Naser Zaid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus B.O.Box 7, Palestine.
| | - Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus B.O.Box 7, Palestine.
| | - Alaaldin AlKilany
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus B.O.Box 7, Palestine.
- School of Pharmacy, Jordan University, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Basima Abu Rumaila
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie (PTUK), Tulkarm B.O.Box, Palestine.
| | - Rowa Al Ramahi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus B.O.Box 7, Palestine.
| | - Shrouq Shweiki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus B.O.Box 7, Palestine.
| | - Safaa Nidal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus B.O.Box 7, Palestine.
| | - Nibal Surakhi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus B.O.Box 7, Palestine.
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Plant Pest Detection Using an Artificial Nose System: A Review. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020378. [PMID: 29382093 PMCID: PMC5855517 DOI: 10.3390/s18020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews artificial intelligent noses (or electronic noses) as a fast and noninvasive approach for the diagnosis of insects and diseases that attack vegetables and fruit trees. The particular focus is on bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, and insect damage. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from plants, which provide functional information about the plant's growth, defense, and health status, allow for the possibility of using noninvasive detection to monitor plants status. Electronic noses are comprised of a sensor array, signal conditioning circuit, and pattern recognition algorithms. Compared with traditional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques, electronic noses are noninvasive and can be a rapid, cost-effective option for several applications. However, using electronic noses for plant pest diagnosis is still in its early stages, and there are challenges regarding sensor performance, sampling and detection in open areas, and scaling up measurements. This review paper introduces each element of electronic nose systems, especially commonly used sensors and pattern recognition methods, along with their advantages and limitations. It includes a comprehensive comparison and summary of applications, possible challenges, and potential improvements of electronic nose systems for different plant pest diagnoses.
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Chang Y, Hui Z, Wang X, Qu H, Pang W, Duan X. Dual-Mode Gas Sensor Composed of a Silicon Nanoribbon Field Effect Transistor and a Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator: A Case Study in Freons. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020343. [PMID: 29370109 PMCID: PMC5855964 DOI: 10.3390/s18020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a novel dual-mode gas sensor system which comprises a silicon nanoribbon field effect transistor (Si-NR FET) and a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR). We investigate their sensing characteristics using polar and nonpolar organic compounds, and demonstrate that polarity has a significant effect on the response of the Si-NR FET sensor, and only a minor effect on the FBAR sensor. In this dual-mode system, qualitative discrimination can be achieved by analyzing polarity with the Si-NR FET and quantitative concentration information can be obtained using a polymer-coated FBAR with a detection limit at the ppm level. The complementary performance of the sensing elements provides higher analytical efficiency. Additionally, a dual mixture of two types of freons (CFC-113 and HCFC-141b) is further analyzed with the dual-mode gas sensor. Owing to the small size and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatibility of the system, the dual-mode gas sensor shows potential as a portable integrated sensing system for the analysis of gas mixtures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhipeng Hui
- China Marine Development and Research Center (CMDRC), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Hemi Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Wei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Wojnowski W, Majchrzak T, Dymerski T, Gębicki J, Namieśnik J. Portable Electronic Nose Based on Electrochemical Sensors for Food Quality Assessment. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122715. [PMID: 29186754 PMCID: PMC5750822 DOI: 10.3390/s17122715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The steady increase in global consumption puts a strain on agriculture and might lead to a decrease in food quality. Currently used techniques of food analysis are often labour-intensive and time-consuming and require extensive sample preparation. For that reason, there is a demand for novel methods that could be used for rapid food quality assessment. A technique based on the use of an array of chemical sensors for holistic analysis of the sample’s headspace is called electronic olfaction. In this article, a prototype of a portable, modular electronic nose intended for food analysis is described. Using the SVM method, it was possible to classify samples of poultry meat based on shelf-life with 100% accuracy, and also samples of rapeseed oil based on the degree of thermal degradation with 100% accuracy. The prototype was also used to detect adulterations of extra virgin olive oil with rapeseed oil with 82% overall accuracy. Due to the modular design, the prototype offers the advantages of solutions targeted for analysis of specific food products, at the same time retaining the flexibility of application. Furthermore, its portability allows the device to be used at different stages of the production and distribution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wojnowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (T.M.); (T.D.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-583-486-411
| | - Tomasz Majchrzak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (T.M.); (T.D.); (J.N.)
| | - Tomasz Dymerski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (T.M.); (T.D.); (J.N.)
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (T.M.); (T.D.); (J.N.)
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Different Ways to Apply a Measurement Instrument of E-Nose Type to Evaluate Ambient Air Quality with Respect to Odour Nuisance in a Vicinity of Municipal Processing Plants. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112671. [PMID: 29156597 PMCID: PMC5712908 DOI: 10.3390/s17112671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review paper presents different ways to apply a measurement instrument of e-nose type to evaluate ambient air with respect to detection of the odorants characterized by unpleasant odour in a vicinity of municipal processing plants. An emphasis was put on the following applications of the electronic nose instruments: monitoring networks, remote controlled robots and drones as well as portable devices. Moreover, this paper presents commercially available sensors utilized in the electronic noses and characterized by the limit of quantification below 1 ppm v/v, which is close to the odour threshold of some odorants. Additionally, information about bioelectronic noses being a possible alternative to electronic noses and their principle of operation and application potential in the field of air evaluation with respect to detection of the odorants characterized by unpleasant odour was provided.
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Determination of Odour Interactions of Three-Component Gas Mixtures Using an Electronic Nose. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17102380. [PMID: 29057811 PMCID: PMC5677235 DOI: 10.3390/s17102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents an application of an electronic nose prototype comprised of six TGS-type sensors and one PID-type sensor to identify odour interaction phenomena in odorous three-component mixtures. The investigation encompassed eight odorous mixtures—toluene-acetone-triethylamine and formaldehyde-butyric acid-pinene—characterized by different odour intensity and hedonic tone. A principal component regression (PCR) calibration model was used for evaluation of predicted odour intensity and hedonic tone. Correctness of identification of odour interactions in the odorous three-component mixtures was determined based on the results obtained with the electronic nose. The results indicated a level of 75–80% for odour intensity and 57–73% for hedonic tone. The average root mean square error of prediction amounted to 0.03–0.06 for odour intensity determination and 0.07–0.34 for hedonic tone evaluation of the odorous three-component mixtures.
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Byliński H, Kolasińska P, Dymerski T, Gębicki J, Namieśnik J. Determination of odour concentration by TD-GC×GC-TOF-MS and field olfactometry techniques. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017; 148:1651-1659. [PMID: 28824205 PMCID: PMC5541126 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Field olfactometry is one of the sensory techniques used to determine odour concentration, in atmospheric air, directly in emission sources. A two-dimensional gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometer (GC×GC-TOF-MS) allows performing the chemical characterization of various groups of chemical compounds, even in complex mixtures. Application of these techniques enabled determination of odour concentration level in atmospheric air in a vicinity of the oil refinery and the neighbouring wastewater treatment plant. The atmospheric air samples were analysed during a time period extending from February to June 2016. Based on the GC×GC-TOF-MS analysis and odour threshold values, the theoretical odour concentrations were calculated and compared with the odour concentrations determined by field olfactometry technique. The investigations revealed that higher values of odour concentration were obtained with the field olfactometry technique where odour analysis was based on holistic measurement. It was observed that the measurement site or meteorological conditions had significant influence on odour concentration level. The paper also discusses the fundamental analytical instruments utilized in the analysis of odorous compounds and their mixtures. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Byliński
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Kolasińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dymerski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Wojnowski W, Majchrzak T, Dymerski T, Gębicki J, Namieśnik J. Poultry meat freshness evaluation using electronic nose technology and ultra-fast gas chromatography. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017; 148:1631-1637. [PMID: 28824203 PMCID: PMC5541116 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-1969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT To ensure that chicken meat products are safe to consume, it is important to be able to reliably determine its shelf-life. To assess the applicability of ultra-fast gas chromatography and electronic nose technology in evaluation of poultry, an analysis of the headspace of ground chicken meat samples refrigerated over a period of 7 days was performed. Chemometric techniques were used to mine additional information from a multiparametric data set. As a reference, sensory evaluation was also conducted, and several volatile chemical compounds that can potentially be used as poultry meat decomposition indicators were identified. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using both techniques to supplement the established methods of chicken meat quality assessment. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wojnowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Majchrzak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dymerski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Identification of Chinese Herbal Medicines with Electronic Nose Technology: Applications and Challenges. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17051073. [PMID: 28486407 PMCID: PMC5470463 DOI: 10.3390/s17051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the most recent works in machine olfaction as applied to the identification of Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs). Due to the wide variety of CHMs, the complexity of growing sources and the diverse specifications of herb components, the quality control of CHMs is a challenging issue. Much research has demonstrated that an electronic nose (E-nose) as an advanced machine olfaction system, can overcome this challenge through identification of the complex odors of CHMs. E-nose technology, with better usability, high sensitivity, real-time detection and non-destructive features has shown better performance in comparison with other analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although there has been immense development of E-nose techniques in other applications, there are limited reports on the application of E-noses for the quality control of CHMs. The aim of current study is to review practical implementation and advantages of E-noses for robust and effective odor identification of CHMs. It covers the use of E-nose technology to study the effects of growing regions, identification methods, production procedures and storage time on CHMs. Moreover, the challenges and applications of E-nose for CHM identification are investigated. Based on the advancement in E-nose technology, odor may become a new quantitative index for quality control of CHMs and drug discovery. It was also found that more research could be done in the area of odor standardization and odor reproduction for remote sensing.
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Electronic noses: Powerful tools in meat quality assessment. Meat Sci 2017; 131:119-131. [PMID: 28501437 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.04.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Main factors that are considered by consumers when choosing meat products are colour and aroma, of which the latter is a more reliable indicator of quality. However, a simple sensory evaluation of hedonistic qualities is often not sufficient to determine whether protein is past its shelf life, and consumption of spoiled meat can lead to serious health hazards. Some volatile compounds can be used as spoilage indicators, and so a device equipped with a sensor sensitive to particular odorants would prove useful. Unfortunately, no such single compound has yet been identified, as the changes taking place in a sample of meat during storage are contingent on numerous factors. On the other hand, a combination of volatile compounds may form a unique 'fingerprint' which can be analysed pattern recognition algorithms with an electronic nose. It can supplement established techniques of meat quality assessment by providing results that correlate well with hedonic perception in a short time and at a low cost.
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Currently Commercially Available Chemical Sensors Employed for Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in Outdoor and Indoor Air. ENVIRONMENTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/environments4010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Investigation of Air Quality beside a Municipal Landfill: The Fate of Malodour Compounds as a Model VOC. ENVIRONMENTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/environments4010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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