51
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Zhou Y, Gao X, Yuan M, Yang B, He Q, Cao J. Targeting Myc Interacting Proteins as a Winding Path in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:748852. [PMID: 34658888 PMCID: PMC8511624 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.748852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC, as a well-known oncogene, plays essential roles in promoting tumor occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis in many kinds of solid tumors and hematologic neoplasms. In tumors, the low expression and the short half-life of Myc are reversed, cause tumorigenesis. And proteins that directly interact with different Myc domains have exerted a significant impact in the process of Myc-driven carcinogenesis. Apart from affecting the transcription of Myc target genes, Myc interaction proteins also regulate the stability of Myc through acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications, as well as competitive combination with Myc. In this review, we summarize a series of Myc interacting proteins and recent advances in the related inhibitors, hoping that can provide new opportunities for Myc-driven cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhou
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Gao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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52
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Sun JX, Dou GR, Yang ZY, Liang L, Duan JL, Ruan B, Li MH, Chang TF, Xu XY, Chen JJ, Wang YS, Yan XC, Han H. Notch activation promotes endothelial quiescence by repressing MYC expression via miR-218. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:554-566. [PMID: 34589277 PMCID: PMC8463319 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
After angiogenesis-activated embryonic and early postnatal vascularization, endothelial cells (ECs) in most tissues enter a quiescent state necessary for proper tissue perfusion and EC functions. Notch signaling is essential for maintaining EC quiescence, but the mechanisms of action remain elusive. Here, we show that microRNA-218 (miR-218) is a downstream effector of Notch in quiescent ECs. Notch activation upregulated, while Notch blockade downregulated, miR-218 and its host gene Slit2, likely via transactivation of the Slit2 promoter. Overexpressing miR-218 in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) significantly repressed cell proliferation and sprouting in vitro. Transcriptomics showed that miR-218 overexpression attenuated the MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor (MYC, also known as c-myc) signature. MYC overexpression rescued miR-218-mediated proliferation and sprouting defects in HUVECs. MYC was repressed by miR-218 via multiple mechanisms, including reduction of MYC mRNA, repression of MYC translation by targeting heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1), and promoting MYC degradation by targeting EYA3. Inhibition of miR-218 partially reversed Notch-induced repression of HUVEC proliferation and sprouting. In vivo, intravitreal injection of miR-218 reduced retinal EC proliferation accompanied by MYC repression, attenuated pathological choroidal neovascularization, and rescued retinal EC hyper-sprouting induced by Notch blockade. In summary, miR-218 mediates the effect of Notch activation of EC quiescence via MYC and is a potential treatment for angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guo-Rui Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zi-Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Liang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Juan-Li Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bai Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Man-Hong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tian-Fang Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Juan-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xian-Chun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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53
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Voutsadakis IA. Mutations of p53 associated with pancreatic cancer and therapeutic implications. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2021; 25:315-327. [PMID: 34402431 PMCID: PMC8382872 DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2021.25.3.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a malignancy with rising incidence and grim prognosis. Despite improvements in therapeutics for treating metastatic pancreatic cancer, this disease is invariably fatal with survival time less than a few years. New molecular understanding of the pathogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on efforts led by The Cancer Genome Atlas and other groups has elucidated the landscape of this disease and started to produce therapeutic results, leading to the first introduction of targeted therapies for subsets of pancreatic cancers bearing specific molecular lesions such as BRCA mutations. These efforts have highlighted that subsets of pancreatic cancers are particularly sensitive to chemotherapy. The most common molecular lesions in pancreatic adenocarcinomas are mutations in an oncogene KRAS and the TP53 gene that encodes for tumor suppressor protein p53. This paper will review the landscape of pancreatic cancers, focusing on mutations of p53, a major tumor suppressor protein, in pancreatic cancers and possible therapeutic repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Algoma District Cancer Program, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada.,Section of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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54
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Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Jenkins RB. Glioma: interaction of acquired and germline genetics. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:19085-19087. [PMID: 34385404 PMCID: PMC8386538 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel H Lachance
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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55
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Coughlan AY, Testa G. Exploiting epigenetic dependencies in ovarian cancer therapy. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1732-1743. [PMID: 34213777 PMCID: PMC9292863 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer therapy has remained fundamentally unchanged for 50 years, with surgery and chemotherapy still the frontline treatments. Typically asymptomatic until advanced stages, ovarian cancer is known as “the silent killer.” Consequently, it has one of the worst 5‐year survival rates, as low as 30%. The most frequent driver mutations are found in well‐defined tumor suppressors, such as p53 and BRCA1/2. In recent years, it has become clear that, like the majority of other cancers, many epigenetic regulators are altered in ovarian cancer, including EZH2, SMARCA2/4 and ARID1A. Disruption of epigenetic regulators often leads to loss of transcriptional control, aberrant cell fate trajectories and disruption of senescence, apoptotic and proliferation pathways. These mitotically inherited epigenetic alterations are particularly promising targets for therapy as they are largely reversible. Consequently, many drugs targeting chromatin modifiers and other epigenetic regulators are at various stages of clinical trials for other cancers. Understanding the mechanisms by which ovarian cancer‐specific epigenetic processes are disrupted in patients can allow for informed targeting of epigenetic pathways tailored for each patient. In recent years, there have been groundbreaking new advances in disease modeling through ovarian cancer organoids; these models, alongside single‐cell transcriptomic and epigenomic technologies, allow the elucidation of the epigenetic pathways deregulated in ovarian cancer. As a result, ovarian cancer therapy may finally be ready to advance to next‐generation treatments. Here, we review the major developments in ovarian cancer, including genetics, model systems and technologies available for their study and the implications of applying epigenetic therapies to ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Y Coughlan
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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56
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Marinkovic T, Marinkovic D. Obscure Involvement of MYC in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Neuronal Repair. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4169-4177. [PMID: 33954904 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02406-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
MYC is well known as a potent oncogene involved in regulating cell cycle and metabolism. Augmented MYC expression leads to cell cycle dysregulation, intense cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Surprisingly, its increased expression in neurons does not induce their proliferation, but leads to neuronal cell death and consequent development of a neurodegenerative phenotype. Interestingly, while cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are placed at the opposite sides of cell division spectrum, both start with cell cycle dysregulation and stimulation of proliferation. It seems that MYC action directed toward neuron cell proliferation and neural tissue repair collides with evolutional loss of regenerative capacity of CNS neurons in order to strengthen synaptic structure, to protect our cognitive abilities and therefore character. Accordingly, there are abundant mechanisms that block its expression and action specifically in the brain. Moreover, while MYC expression in brain neurons during neurodegenerative processes is related to their death, there are obvious evidences that MYC action after physical injury is beneficial in case of peripheral nerve recovery. MYC might be a useful tool to repair brain cells upon development of neurodegenerative disease or CNS trauma, including stroke and traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, as even imperfect axonal growth and regeneration strategies will likely be of profound benefit. Understanding complex control of MYC action in the brain might have important therapeutic significance, but also it may contribute to the comprehension of development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragan Marinkovic
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Visokog Stevana 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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57
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Efficacy of combined CDK9/BET inhibition in preclinical models of MLL-rearranged acute leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 4:296-300. [PMID: 31971998 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 and bromodomain and extraterminal inhibitors are synergistic in MLL-rearranged leukemia. Multiple AML driver genes are downregulated by the combined therapy suggesting broad applicability for this subtype.
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58
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Wang W, Song F, Feng X, Chu X, Dai H, Tian J, Fang X, Song F, Liu B, Li L, Li X, Zhao Y, Zheng H, Chen K. Functional Interrogation of Enhancer Connectome Prioritizes Candidate Target Genes at Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Loci. Front Genet 2021; 12:646179. [PMID: 33815481 PMCID: PMC8017555 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.646179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying causal regulatory variants and their target genes from the majority of non-coding disease-associated genetic loci is the main challenge in post-Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) functional studies. Although chromosome conformation capture (3C) and its derivative technologies have been successfully applied to nominate putative causal genes for non-coding variants, many GWAS target genes have not been identified yet. This study generated a high-resolution contact map from epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells with two H3K27ac-HiChIP libraries and analyzed the underlying gene networks for 15 risk loci identified from the largest EOC GWAS. By combinatory analysis of 4,021 fine-mapped credible variants of EOC GWAS and high-resolution contact map, we obtained 162 target genes that mainly enriched in cancer related pathways. Compared with GTEx eQTL genes in ovarian tissue and annotated proximal genes, 132 HiChIP targets were first identified for EOC causal variants. More than half of the credible variants (CVs) involved interactions that were over 185 kb in distance, indicating that long-range transcriptional regulation is an important mechanism for the function of GWAS variants in EOC. We also found that many HiChIP gene targets showed significantly differential expressions between normal ovarian and EOC tumor samples. We validated one of these targets by manipulating the rs9303542 located region with CRISPR-Cas9 deletion and dCas9-VP64 activation experiments and found altered expression of HOXB7 and HOXB8 at 17q21.32. This study presents a systematic analysis to identify putative target genes for causal variants of EOC, providing an in-depth investigation of the mechanisms of non-coding regulatory variants in the etiology and pathogenesis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengju Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinlei Chu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongji Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Fang
- The Third Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangfang Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangchun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanrui Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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59
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Pan S, Fan M, Liu Z, Li X, Wang H. Serine, glycine and one‑carbon metabolism in cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 58:158-170. [PMID: 33491748 PMCID: PMC7864012 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/glycine biosynthesis and one‑carbon metabolism are crucial in sustaining cancer cell survival and rapid proliferation, and of high clinical relevance. Excessive activation of serine/glycine biosynthesis drives tumorigenesis and provides a single carbon unit for one‑carbon metabolism. One‑carbon metabolism, which is a complex cyclic metabolic network based on the chemical reaction of folate compounds, provides the necessary proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other biological macromolecules to support tumor growth. Moreover, one‑carbon metabolism also maintains the redox homeostasis of the tumor microenvironment and provides substrates for the methylation reaction. The present study reviews the role of key enzymes with tumor‑promoting functions and important intermediates that are physiologically relevant to tumorigenesis in serine/glycine/one‑carbon metabolism pathways. The related regulatory mechanisms of action of the key enzymes and important intermediates in tumors are also discussed. It is hoped that investigations into these pathways will provide new translational opportunities for human cancer drug development, dietary interventions, and biomarker identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Pan
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology of Henan Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Ming Fan
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology of Henan Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Zhangnan Liu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology of Henan Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Correspondence to: Dr Huijuan Wang or Dr Xia Li, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology of Henan Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Correspondence to: Dr Huijuan Wang or Dr Xia Li, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology of Henan Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
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60
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Amjadi-Moheb F, Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H. Insights into the Links between MYC and 3D Chromatin Structure and Epigenetics Regulation: Implications for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1925-1936. [PMID: 33472888 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYC is embedded in the transcriptional oasis of the 8q24 gene desert. A plethora of genomic elements has roles in MYC aberrant expression in cancer development by interacting with transcription factors and epigenetics regulators as well as altering the structure of chromatin at the MYC locus and tissue-specific long-range enhancer-promoter contacts. Furthermore, MYC is a master regulator of several human cancers by modulating the transcription of numerous cancer-related genes through epigenetic mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the three-dimensional genomic organization around MYC and the role of epigenetic machinery in transcription and function of MYC as well as discusses various epigenetic-targeted therapeutic strategies in MYC-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amjadi-Moheb
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Alireza Paniri
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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61
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Zhou X, Wang J, Patel J, Valentine M, Shao Y, Newman S, Sioson E, Tian L, Liu Y, Brady SW, Flasch D, Ma X, Liu Y, Paul R, Edmonson MN, Rusch MC, Li C, Baker SJ, Easton J, Zhang J. Exploration of Coding and Non-coding Variants in Cancer Using GenomePaint. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:83-95.e4. [PMID: 33434514 PMCID: PMC7884056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GenomePaint (https://genomepaint.stjude.cloud/) is an interactive visualization platform for whole-genome, whole-exome, transcriptome, and epigenomic data of tumor samples. Its design captures the inter-relatedness between DNA variations and RNA expression, supporting in-depth exploration of both individual cancer genomes and full cohorts. Regulatory non-coding variants can be inspected and analyzed along with coding variants, and their functional impact further explored by examining 3D genome data from cancer cell lines. Further, GenomePaint correlates mutation and expression patterns with patient outcomes, and supports custom data upload. We used GenomePaint to unveil aberrant splicing that disrupts the RING domain of CREBBP, discover cis activation of the MYC oncogene by duplication of the NOTCH1-MYC enhancer in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and explore the inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity at EGFR in adult glioblastomas. These examples demonstrate that deep multi-omics exploration of individual cancer genomes enabled by GenomePaint can lead to biological insights for follow-up validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jaimin Patel
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Marc Valentine
- Cytogenetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Edgar Sioson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Liqing Tian
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Samuel W Brady
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Diane Flasch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robin Paul
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael C Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chunliang Li
- Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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62
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Yu W, Chen K, Ye G, Wang S, Wang P, Li J, Zheng G, Liu W, Lin J, Su Z, Che Y, Ye F, Ma M, Xie Z, Shen H. SNP-adjacent super enhancer network mediates enhanced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in ankylosing spondylitis. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 30:277-293. [PMID: 33355648 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a rheumatic disease with pathological osteogenesis that causes bony ankylosis and even deformity over time. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that are the main source of osteoblasts. We previously demonstrated that enhanced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs from AS patients (ASMSCs) is related to pathological osteogenesis in AS. However, the more concrete mechanism needs further exploration. Super enhancers (SEs) are dense clusters of stitched enhancers that control cell identity determination and disease development. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) regulate the formation and interaction of SEs and denote genes accounting for AS susceptibility. Via integrative analysis of multiomic data, including histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac), chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), SNPs and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, we discovered a transcription network mediated by AS SNP-adjacent SEs (SASEs) in ASMSCs and identified key genes, such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), interleukin 18 receptor 1 (IL18R1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP4), transportin 1 (TNPO1) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (PCSK5), which are pivotal in osteogenesis and AS pathogenesis. The SASE-regulated network modulates the enhanced osteogenic differentiation of ASMSCs by synergistically activating the PI3K-Akt, NF-kappaB and Hippo signaling pathways. Our results emphasize the crucial role of the SASE-regulated network in pathological osteogenesis in AS, and the preferential inhibition of ASMSC osteogenic differentiation by JQ1 indicates that SEs may be attractive targets in future treatment for new bone formation in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Keng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Guiwen Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, P.R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- Center for Biotherapy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Jinteng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Guan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Zepeng Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Yunshu Che
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, P.R. China
| | - Mengjun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyu Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, P.R. China
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63
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Wang Y, Li J, Li J, Li P, Wang L, Di L. An Enhancer-Based Analysis Revealed a New Function of Androgen Receptor in Tumor Cell Immune Evasion. Front Genet 2020; 11:595550. [PMID: 33343635 PMCID: PMC7738566 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.595550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by dysregulation at multiple levels, such as gene transcription. Enhancers are well-studied transcription regulators that can enhance target transcripts through DNA loop formation mediated by chromosome folding. The gain or loss of the interaction between an enhancer and its target gene has a critical effect on gene expression. In this study, we analyzed GRO-seq data to identify active enhancers from seven common cancer cell lines and studied the function of these enhancers across multiple cancer types. By constructing an "enhancer effect score" (EES), we found a significant correlation between EES and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in prostate cancer. Further analysis revealed that androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in regulating the immune checkpoint gene PVR via its enhancer. These results suggest that AR contributes to prostate cancer aggressiveness by promoting cancer cell immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lijun Di
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Tottone L, Lancho O, Loh JW, Singh A, Kimura S, Roels J, Kuchmiy A, Strubbe S, Lawlor MA, da Silva-Diz V, Luo S, Gachet S, García-Prieto CA, Hagelaar R, Esteller M, Meijerink JPP, Soulier J, Taghon T, Van Vlierberghe P, Mullighan CG, Khiabanian H, Rocha PP, Herranz D. A Tumor Suppressor Enhancer of PTEN in T-cell development and leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov 2020; 2:92-109. [PMID: 33458694 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-range oncogenic enhancers play an important role in cancer. Yet, whether similar regulation of tumor suppressor genes is relevant remains unclear. Loss of expression of PTEN is associated with the pathogenesis of various cancers, including T-cell leukemia (T-ALL). Here, we identify a highly conserved distal enhancer (PE) that interacts with the PTEN promoter in multiple hematopoietic populations, including T-cells, and acts as a hub of relevant transcription factors in T-ALL. Consistently, loss of PE leads to reduced PTEN levels in T-ALL cells. Moreover, PE-null mice show reduced Pten levels in thymocytes and accelerated development of NOTCH1-induced T-ALL. Furthermore, secondary loss of PE in established leukemias leads to accelerated progression and a gene expression signature driven by Pten loss. Finally, we uncovered recurrent deletions encompassing PE in T-ALL, which are associated with decreased PTEN levels. Altogether, our results identify PE as the first long-range tumor suppressor enhancer directly implicated in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tottone
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Olga Lancho
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jui-Wan Loh
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Amartya Singh
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Juliette Roels
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Kuchmiy
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Strubbe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew A Lawlor
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Victoria da Silva-Diz
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shirley Luo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Stéphanie Gachet
- INSERM U944 and University de Paris, Hopital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Carlos A García-Prieto
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rico Hagelaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Jean Soulier
- INSERM U944 and University de Paris, Hopital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Tom Taghon
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hossein Khiabanian
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Pedro P Rocha
- Unit on Genome Structure and Regulation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel Herranz
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Gao W, Zhang Y, Luo H, Niu M, Zheng X, Hu W, Cui J, Xue X, Bo Y, Dai F, Lu Y, Yang D, Guo Y, Guo H, Li H, Zhang Y, Yang T, Li L, Zhang L, Hou R, Wen S, An C, Ma T, Jin L, Xu W, Wu Y. Targeting SKA3 suppresses the proliferation and chemoresistance of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma via impairing PLK1-AKT axis-mediated glycolysis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:919. [PMID: 33106477 PMCID: PMC7589524 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spindle and kinetochore-associated complex subunit 3 (SKA3) is a well-known regulator of chromosome separation and cell division, which plays an important role in cell proliferation. However, the mechanism of SKA3 regulating tumor proliferation via reprogramming metabolism is unknown. Here, SKA3 is identified as an oncogene in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and high levels of SKA3 are closely associated with malignant progression and poor prognosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that SKA3 promotes LSCC cell proliferation and chemoresistance through a novel role of reprogramming glycolytic metabolism. Further studies reveal the downstream mechanisms of SKA3, which can bind and stabilize polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) protein via suppressing ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The accumulation of PLK1 activates AKT and thus upregulates glycolytic enzymes HK2, PFKFB3, and PDK1, resulting in enhancement of glycolysis. Furthermore, our data reveal that phosphorylation at Thr360 of SKA3 is critical for its binding to PLK1 and the increase in glycolysis. Collectively, the novel oncogenic signal axis "SKA3-PLK1-AKT" plays a critical role in the glycolysis of LSCC. SKA3 may serve as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target, providing a potential strategy for proliferation inhibition and chemosensitization in tumors, especially for LSCC patients with PLK1 inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Hongjie Luo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Min Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiwang Zheng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Wanglai Hu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Cui
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xuting Xue
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Bo
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, 030013, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Fengsheng Dai
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, 121001, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Dongli Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yujia Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Huina Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Huizheng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Dalian Municipal Friendship Hospital, 116100, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Linshi Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 310009, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Rui Hou
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Shuxin Wen
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China.
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, 030032, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China.
| | - Changming An
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cancer Institute and Hospital, 100021, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, 101149, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Lei Jin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 250022, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Otolaryngology, 250022, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Ministry of Health, Shandong University, 250022, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.
| | - Yongyan Wu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China.
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China.
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China.
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66
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Marinkovic D, Marinkovic T. The new role for an old guy: MYC as an immunoplayer. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3234-3243. [PMID: 33094851 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As an oncogene, myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) is implicated in the concept of "oncogene addiction," where switching off the oncogene leads to the cell cycle arrest and cell differentiation. However, recent data suggest that MYC also controls the establishment of the tumour microenvironment and that "oncogene addiction" actually has a strong immune background. Evaluation of the MYC role in the immunoediting process led to the speculation that cancer just uses and distorts the physiological mechanism by which MYC normally prevents rapidly proliferating cells from the elicitation of an autoimmune response. Concordantly, elevated levels of MYC and induction of immunosuppressive molecules are observed during the processes of growth and development, tissue repair, placenta development, and so forth, implying that MYC may be involved in saving regular physiologically proliferating cells from the immune system attack. Even more, a growing body of evidence suggests MYC involvement in the shaping of the adaptive immune response, immunological memory development, and establishment of immunotolerance. This paper offers an overview of MYC actions in the context of modulation of the immune response in pathological and physiological conditions. The determination of such a new role for a well-known oncogene opens new perspectives in biomedicine, and consequently, in the treatment of various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Marinkovic
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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67
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Zakiryanova GK, Kustova E, Urazalieva NT, Baimukhametov ET, Makarov VA, Turaly GM, Shurin GV, Biyasheva ZM, Nakisbekov NN, Shurin MR. Notch signaling defects in NK cells in patients with cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:981-988. [PMID: 33083905 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Altered expressions of proto-oncogenes have been reported during normal lymphocytes mitogenesis and in T and B lymphocytes in patients with autoimmune diseases. We have recently demonstrated a significantly decreased expression of c-kit and c-Myc in NK cells isolated from patients with cancer, which might be related to the functional deficiency of NK cells in the tumor environment. Here, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms of this new clinical phenomenon, we determined expression of c-Myc, Notch1, Notch2, p-53, Cdk6, Rb and phosphorylated Rb in NK cells isolated from the healthy donors and cancer patients. The results of our study revealed a significant down-regulation of expression of Notch receptors and up-regulation of Cdk6 expression in NK cells in cancer, while no significant changes in the expression of p53 and Rb proteins were seen. These data revealed novel signaling pathways altered in NK cells in the tumor environment and support further investigation of the origin of deregulated expression of proto-oncogenes in NK cells patients with different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Kustova
- Laboratory of Immunology, Scientific Center of Pediatric and Children Surgery, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nataliya T Urazalieva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Scientific Center of Pediatric and Children Surgery, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Emile T Baimukhametov
- Department of Oncology, Kazakh Medical University of Continuing Education, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Valeriy A Makarov
- Department of Oncosurgery, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulmariya M Turaly
- Joint Use Center, Atchabarov Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Narymzhan N Nakisbekov
- Joint Use Center, Atchabarov Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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68
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Wu Y, Yang Y, Gu H, Tao B, Zhang E, Wei J, Wang Z, Liu A, Sun R, Chen M, Fan Y, Mao R. Multi-omics analysis reveals the functional transcription and potential translation of enhancers. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2210-2224. [PMID: 32573785 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer can transcribe RNAs, however, most of them were neglected in traditional RNA-seq analysis workflow. Here, we developed a Pipeline for Enhancer Transcription (PET, http://fun-science.club/PET) for quantifying enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) from RNA-seq. By applying this pipeline on lung cancer samples and cell lines, we showed that the transcribed enhancers are enriched with histone marks and transcription factor motifs (JUNB, Hand1-Tcf3 and GATA4). By training a machine learning model, we demonstrate that enhancers can predict prognosis better than their nearby genes. Integrating the Hi-C, ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data, we observe that transcribed enhancers associate with cancer hallmarks or oncogenes, among which LcsMYC-1 (Lung cancer-specific MYC eRNA-1) potentially supports MYC expression. Surprisingly, a significant proportion of transcribed enhancers contain small protein-coding open reading frames (sORFs) and can be translated into microproteins. Our study provides a computational method for eRNA quantification and deepens our understandings of the DNA, RNA and protein nature of enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcheng Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongyan Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nantong Sixth People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baorui Tao
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhuan Wei
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aifen Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yihui Fan
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renfang Mao
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Brady SW, Liu Y, Ma X, Gout AM, Hagiwara K, Zhou X, Wang J, Macias M, Chen X, Easton J, Mulder HL, Rusch M, Wang L, Nakitandwe J, Lei S, Davis EM, Naranjo A, Cheng C, Maris JM, Downing JR, Cheung NKV, Hogarty MD, Dyer MA, Zhang J. Pan-neuroblastoma analysis reveals age- and signature-associated driver alterations. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5183. [PMID: 33056981 PMCID: PMC7560655 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric malignancy with heterogeneous clinical outcomes. To better understand neuroblastoma pathogenesis, here we analyze whole-genome, whole-exome and/or transcriptome data from 702 neuroblastoma samples. Forty percent of samples harbor at least one recurrent driver gene alteration and most aberrations, including MYCN, ATRX, and TERT alterations, differ in frequency by age. MYCN alterations occur at median 2.3 years of age, TERT at 3.8 years, and ATRX at 5.6 years. COSMIC mutational signature 18, previously associated with reactive oxygen species, is the most common cause of driver point mutations in neuroblastoma, including most ALK and Ras-activating variants. Signature 18 appears early and is continuous throughout disease evolution. Signature 18 is enriched in neuroblastomas with MYCN amplification, 17q gain, and increased expression of mitochondrial ribosome and electron transport-associated genes. Recurrent FGFR1 variants in six patients, and ALK N-terminal structural alterations in five samples, identify additional patients potentially amenable to precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Brady
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alexander M Gout
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kohei Hagiwara
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael Macias
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Heather L Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joy Nakitandwe
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Eric M Davis
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Arlene Naranjo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Children's Oncology Group Statistics & Data Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Hogarty
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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70
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Meng F, Zhang L, Ren Y, Ma Q. Transcriptome analysis reveals key signature genes involved in the oncogenesis of lung cancer. Cancer Biomark 2020; 29:475-482. [PMID: 32831194 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested potential signature genes for lung cancer, however, due to factors such as sequencing platform, control, data selection and filtration conditions, the results of lung cancer-related gene expression analysis are quite different. Here, we performed a meta-analysis on existing lung cancer gene expression results to identify Meta-signature genes without noise. In this study, functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction network, the DAVID, String, TfactS, and transcription factor binding were performed based on the gene expression profiles of lung adenocarcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer deposited in the GEO database. As a result, a total of 574 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) affecting the pathogenesis of lung cancer were identified (207 up-regulated expression and 367 down-regulated expression in lung cancer tissues). A total of 5,093 interactions existed among the 507 (88.3%) proteins, and 10 Meta-signatures were identified: AURKA, CCNB1, KIF11, CCNA2, TOP2A, CENPF, KIF2C, TPX2, HMMR, and MAD2L1. The potential biological functions of Meta-signature DEGs were revealed. In summary, this study identified key genes involved in the process of lung cancer. Our results would help the developing of novel biomarkers for lung cancer.
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71
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DNA double-strand breaks induce H2Ax phosphorylation domains in a contact-dependent manner. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3158. [PMID: 32572033 PMCID: PMC7308414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) requires a coordinated DNA Damage Response (DDR), which includes phosphorylation of histone H2Ax, forming γH2Ax. This histone modification spreads beyond the DSB into neighboring chromatin, generating a DDR platform that protects against end disassociation and degradation, minimizing chromosomal rearrangements. However, mechanisms that determine the breadth and intensity of γH2Ax domains remain unclear. Here, we show that chromosomal contacts of a DSB site are the primary determinants for γH2Ax landscapes. DSBs that disrupt a topological border permit extension of γH2Ax domains into both adjacent compartments. In contrast, DSBs near a border produce highly asymmetric DDR platforms, with γH2Ax nearly absent from one broken end. Collectively, our findings lend insights into a basic DNA repair mechanism and how the precise location of a DSB may influence genome integrity. Formation of γH2Ax serves as a checkpoint for double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. Here the authors reveal via integrated chromatin analysis that γH2Ax domains are established by chromosomal contacts with the DSB site.
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72
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Benetatos L, Benetatou A, Vartholomatos G. Enhancers and MYC interplay in hematopoiesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:471-481. [PMID: 32144465 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription requires the fine interplay between enhancers and transcription factors. Enhancers are able to activate transcription of genes involved in normal cell biology, whereas aberrant enhancer activity leads to oncogenesis. MYC is a well-established proto-oncogene involved in half of human cancers amplifying the output of its targets. The crosstalk between MYC and enhancers is known for many years since the discovery of IgH enhancer juxtaposition with MYC in high-grade lymphomas. Here, we focus mainly in the enhancers surrounding MYC in the 8q24 locus. That region comprises several enhancers that associate with other transcription factors, transmembrane receptors, and fusion genes composing complex regulatory networks aberrantly expressed in almost all types of hematological malignancies. Understanding the nature of these interactions in normal blood cells and in leukemias/lymphomas will expand MYC targeting options in the armamentarium against hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agapi Benetatou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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73
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Anauate AC, Leal MF, Calcagno DQ, Gigek CO, Karia BTR, Wisnieski F, dos Santos LC, Chen ES, Burbano RR, Smith MAC. The Complex Network between MYC Oncogene and microRNAs in Gastric Cancer: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051782. [PMID: 32150871 PMCID: PMC7084225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advancements in cancer treatments, gastric cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In this context, it is of great interest to discover new and more effective ways of treating this disease. Accumulated evidences have demonstrated the amplification of 8q24.21 region in gastric tumors. Furthermore, this is the region where the widely known MYC oncogene and different microRNAs are located. MYC deregulation is key in tumorigenesis in various types of tissues, once it is associated with cell proliferation, survival, and drug resistance. microRNAs are a class of noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate the protein translation, and which deregulation is related with gastric cancer development. However, little is understood about the interactions between microRNAs and MYC. Here, we overview the MYC role and its relationship with the microRNAs network in gastric cancer aiming to identify potential targets useful to be used in clinic, not only as biomarkers, but also as molecules for development of promising therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Anauate
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Danielle Queiroz Calcagno
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA 66075-110, Brazil; (D.Q.C.); (R.R.B.)
| | - Carolina Oliveira Gigek
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Bruno Takao Real Karia
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Fernanda Wisnieski
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Disciplina de Gastroenterologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Caires dos Santos
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Elizabeth Suchi Chen
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Rommel Rodríguez Burbano
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA 66075-110, Brazil; (D.Q.C.); (R.R.B.)
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA 66075-110, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém PA 66063-240, Brazil
| | - Marília Arruda Cardoso Smith
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-5576-4848
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74
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Jin Y, Saatcioglu F. Targeting the Unfolded Protein Response in Hormone-Regulated Cancers. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:160-171. [PMID: 32061305 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exploit many of the cellular adaptive responses to support their survival needs. One of these is the unfolded protein response (UPR), a highly conserved signaling pathway that is mounted in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Recent work showed that steroid hormones, in particular estrogens and androgens, regulate the canonical UPR pathways in breast cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa). In addition, UPR has pleiotropic effects in advanced disease and development of therapy resistance. These findings implicate the UPR pathway as a novel target in hormonally regulated cancers in the clinic. Here, we review the potential therapeutic value of recently developed small molecule inhibitors of UPR in hormone regulated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Fahri Saatcioglu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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75
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Ju X, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Wang Q. Regulation of PD-L1 expression in cancer and clinical implications in immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1-11. [PMID: 32064150 PMCID: PMC7017746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy has become an effective method for the treatment of cancers in the clinic. It has great clinical advantages and therapeutic effects in the treatment of various cancers. However, a considerable number of cancer patients currently have relatively low response rates and drug resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells will provide new insights into PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. This review will systematically review the regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 including genomic amplification, epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, translational regulation and posttranslational modification. We will also discuss PD-L1 expression regulation in clinical applications. Finally, we hope to provide new routes for PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zidi Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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76
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Watanabe K, Yokota K, Yoshida K, Matsumoto A, Iwamoto S. Kbtbd11 contributes to adipocyte homeostasis through the activation of upstream stimulatory factor 1. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02777. [PMID: 31844712 PMCID: PMC6895693 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the transcriptional regulation of Kbtbd11 in adipose tissue. To elucidate the physiological role of Kbtbd11 gene expression, adipose Kbtbd11 mRNA expression levels were estimated under various feeding states in wild-type mice. Kbtbd11 expression increased in a time-dependent manner in the adipose tissue in mice fed on chow diet, whereas the promotion of Kbtbd11 mRNA expression by refeeding was attenuated in mice fed on high-fat (HF) diet, suggesting the suppression of Kbtbd11 mRNA expression under HF diets and that changes in mRNA levels were associated with regulation of the transcription activity of Kbtbd11 by some transcription factors. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of Kbtbd11, the fragment upstream of either mouse Kbtbd11 or human KBTBD11 promoter was inserted into a luciferase vector. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that both mouse and human KBTBD11 promoter activity was increased by USF1. Direct USF1 binding to the Ebox in the Kbtbd11 promoter was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In addition, the adipocyte differentiation marker levels increased instantly in Kbtbd11-overexpressing Usf1 knockdown cells than in Usf1 knockdown cells. These results imply an association of between Kbtbd11 with Usf1 expression and suggest the involvement of Kbtbd11 in a novel adipogenesis pathway.
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77
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3D Chromosomal Landscapes in Hematopoiesis and Immunity. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:809-824. [PMID: 31422902 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation plays a profound role in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies, which is often the result of somatic mutations of chromatin regulators. Previously, these mutations were largely considered to alter gene expression in two dimensions, by activating or repressing chromatin states; however, research in the last decade has highlighted the increasing impact of the 3D organization of the genome in gene regulation and disease pathogenesis. Here, we summarize the current principles of 3D chromatin organization, how the integrity of the 3D genome governs immune cell development and malignant transformation, as well as how underlying (epi-)genetic drivers of 3D chromatin alterations might act as potential novel therapeutic targets for hematological malignancies.
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78
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Hyle J, Zhang Y, Wright S, Xu B, Shao Y, Easton J, Tian L, Feng R, Xu P, Li C. Acute depletion of CTCF directly affects MYC regulation through loss of enhancer-promoter looping. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:6699-6713. [PMID: 31127282 PMCID: PMC6648894 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous pieces of evidence support the complex, 3D spatial organization of the genome dictates gene expression. CTCF is essential to define topologically associated domain boundaries and to facilitate the formation of insulated chromatin loop structures. To understand CTCF's direct role in global transcriptional regulation, we integrated the miniAID-mClover3 cassette to the endogenous CTCF locus in a human pediatric B-ALL cell line, SEM, and an immortal erythroid precursor cell line, HUDEP-2, to allow for acute depletion of CTCF protein by the auxin-inducible degron system. In SEM cells, CTCF loss notably disrupted intra-TAD loops and TAD integrity in concurrence with a reduction in CTCF-binding affinity, while showing no perturbation to nuclear compartment integrity. Strikingly, the overall effect of CTCF's loss on transcription was minimal. Whole transcriptome analysis showed hundreds of genes differentially expressed in CTCF-depleted cells, among which MYC and a number of MYC target genes were specifically downregulated. Mechanically, acute depletion of CTCF disrupted the direct interaction between the MYC promoter and its distal enhancer cluster residing ∼1.8 Mb downstream. Notably, MYC expression was not profoundly affected upon CTCF loss in HUDEP-2 cells suggesting that CTCF could play a B-ALL cell line specific role in maintaining MYC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hyle
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shaela Wright
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Liqing Tian
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ruopeng Feng
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chunliang Li
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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79
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Gene Expression Analyses in Non Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Reveals a Role for Alternative Splicing and Tp53 Status. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10362. [PMID: 31316092 PMCID: PMC6637137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents a crucial problem for the national health care systems due to its high rates of recurrence and the consequent need of frequent follow-ups. Here, gene expression analyses in patients diagnosed as NMIBC were performed to determine those molecular pathways involved in tumor initiation, finding that both MYC and E2F are up regulated and helps to tumor initiation and progression. Our results also support an important involvement of alternative splicing events, modifying key pathways to favour bladder tumor evolution. Finally, since MDM2 showed differential exon usage, mutations in TP53 and its protein expression have been also studied in the same patients. Our data support that recurrence is epigenetically mediated and favoured by an increase protein expression of TP53, which appears more frequently mutated in advanced stages and grades, being associated to a worse prognosis. Therefore, TP53 mutational status could be used as a potential biomarker in the first stages of NMIBC to predict recurrence and prognosis.
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80
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Abstract
Cancer is fueled by the aberrant activity of oncogenic and tumor suppressive pathways. Transcriptional dysregulation of these pathways play a major role both in the genesis and development of cancer. Dysregulation of transcriptional programs can be mediated by genetic and epigenetic alterations targeting both protein coding genes and non-coding regulatory elements like enhancers and super-enhancers. Super-enhancers, characterized as large clusters of enhancers in close proximity, have been identified as essential oncogenic drivers required for the maintenance of cancer cell identity. As a result, cancer cells are often addicted to the super-enhancer driven transcriptional programs. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibitors targeting key components of super-enhancer assembly and activation have shown great promise in reducing tumor growth and proliferation in several pre-clinical tumor models. This article reviews the current understanding of super-enhancer assembly and activation, the different mechanisms by which cancer cells acquire oncogenic super-enhancers and, finally, the potential of targeting super-enhancers as future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniraja Thandapani
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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