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Estell KE, Dawson DR, Magdesian KG, Swain E, Laing ST, Siso S, Mapes S, Pusterla N. Quantitative molecular viral loads in 7 horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus-1 infection. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:689-93. [PMID: 25212737 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Data associating quantitative viral load with severity, clinical signs and survival in equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy (EHM) have not been reported. OBJECTIVES To report the clinical signs, treatment, and temporal progression of viral loads in 7 horses with naturally occurring EHM and to examine the association of these factors with survival. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS The population included 7 horses with EHM presented to the University of California, Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from May to September 2011. Horses were graded using a neurological grading scale. Daily quantitative PCR was performed on nasal secretions and whole blood. Treatment, survival, outcome and histopathology were reported. RESULTS At presentation, one horse was neurological grade 5/5, 3 were grade 4/5 and 3 were grade 3/5. All were treated with anti-inflammatory drugs, valacyclovir and management in a sling if necessary. All were infected with equine herpesvirus-1 of DNA polymerase D752 genotype. Peak viral load in nasal secretions and blood of 5 survivors ranged from 6.9 × 10(3) to 2.81 × 10(5) (median 5.11 × 10(4) ) and from 143 to 4340 gB gene copies/million eukaryotic cells (median 3146), respectively. The 2 nonsurvivors presented with grade 3/5 neurological signs and progressed to encephalopathy. Peak viral load was higher in nonsurvivors, with levels in nasal secretions of 1.9 × 10(9) and 2.2 × 10(9) and in blood of 2.05 × 10(4) and 1.02 × 10(5) gB gene copies/million eukaryotic cells. Case fatality was 2/7. CONCLUSIONS Nonsurvivors had viral loads 1000-fold higher in nasal secretions and 10-fold higher in blood than survivors. There was no relationship between severity of clinical signs at presentation and survival. Thus, encephalopathy and high viral load were negatively associated with survival in this population. Further research should be performed to determine whether high viral loads are associated with encephalopathy and poor prognosis. The Summary is available in Chinese - see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Estell
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - D R Dawson
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - K G Magdesian
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - E Swain
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - S T Laing
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - S Siso
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - S Mapes
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - N Pusterla
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, USA
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Successful control of winter pyrexias caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 in Japanese training centers by achieving high vaccination coverage. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1070-6. [PMID: 24872513 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00258-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of winter pyrexia in racehorses in two training centers (Ritto and Miho) in Japan. Until the epizootic period of 2008-2009, a vaccination program using a killed EHV-1 vaccine targeted only susceptible 3-year-old horses with low antibody levels to EHV-1 antigens. However, because the protective effect was not satisfactory, in 2009-2010 the vaccination program was altered to target all 3-year-old horses. To evaluate the vaccine's efficacy, we investigated the number of horses with pyrexia due to EHV-1 or equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) infection or both and examined the vaccination coverage in the 3-year-old population and in the whole population before and after changes in the program. The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) estimated numbers of horses infected with EHV-1 or EHV-4 or both, among pyretic horses from 1999-2000 to 2008-2009 were 105 ± 47 at Ritto and 66 ± 44 at Miho. Although the estimated number of infected horses did not change greatly in the first period of the current program, it decreased from the second period, with means (±SD) of 21 ± 12 at Ritto and 14 ± 15 at Miho from 2010-2011 to 2012-2013. Vaccination coverage in the 3-year-old population was 99.4% at Ritto and 99.8% at Miho in the first period, and similar values were maintained thereafter. Coverage in the whole population increased more gradually than that in the 3-year-old population. The results suggest that EHV-1 epizootics can be suppressed by maintaining high vaccination coverage, not only in the 3-year-old population but also in the whole population.
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Kydd JH, Case R, Minke J, Audonnet JC, Wagner B, Antczak DF. Immediate-early protein of equid herpesvirus type 1 as a target for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the Thoroughbred horse. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1783-1789. [PMID: 24836672 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) are associated with protective immunity against disease caused by equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). However, the EHV-1 target proteins for CTLs are poorly defined. This limits the development of vaccine candidates designed to stimulate strong CTL immunity. Here, classical CTL assays using lymphocytes from horses of three defined MHC class I types that experienced natural infection with EHV-1 and a modified vaccinia virus construct containing an EHV-1 gene encoding the immediate-early (IE) protein are reported. Horses homozygous for the equine leukocyte antigen (ELA)-A2 haplotype, but not the ELA-A5 haplotype, produced MHC-restricted CTL responses against the IE protein. Previously, horses homozygous for the ELA-A3 haplotype also mounted CTL responses against the IE protein. Both haplotypes are common in major horse breeds, including the Thoroughbred. Thus, the IE protein is an attractive candidate molecule for future studies of T-cell immunity to EHV-1 in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Kydd
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kennett, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Ruth Case
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kennett, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Julius Minke
- Merial SAS, R&D, 254 rue Marcel Merieux, Lyon, France
| | | | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, NY 14853, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, NY 14853, USA
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54
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Rusli ND, Mat KB, Harun HC. A Review: Interactions of Equine Herpesvirus-1 with Immune System and Equine Lymphocyte. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2014.412036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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55
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Ma G, Azab W, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesviruses type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)—Masters of co-evolution and a constant threat to equids and beyond. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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56
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Goehring L, Soboll Hussey G, Gomez Diez M, Benedict K, Maxwell L, Morley P, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M, Lunn D. Plasma D-Dimer Concentrations during Experimental EHV-1 Infection of Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1535-42. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L.S. Goehring
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO
| | - G. Soboll Hussey
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO
| | - M. Gomez Diez
- Centro de Medicina Deportiva Equina; Facultad de Veterinaria; the University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - K. Benedict
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO
| | - L.K. Maxwell
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK
| | - P.S. Morley
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO
| | | | - D.P. Lunn
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
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57
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Sonis JM, Goehring LS. Nasal Shedding of Equid Herpesvirus Type 1 and Type 4 in Hospitalized, Febrile Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Keggan A, Freer H, Rollins A, Wagner B. Production of seven monoclonal equine immunoglobulins isotyped by multiplex analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 153:187-93. [PMID: 23541920 PMCID: PMC10958203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Horses have 11 immunoglobulin isotypes: IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE, and seven IgG subclasses designated as IgG1-IgG7, each of which are distinguished by separate genes encoding the constant heavy chain regions. Immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes have different functions during the immune response and pathogen-specific isotypes can be used as indicators for immunity and protection from disease. In addition to existing monoclonal antibodies to various equine Igs, quantification of the individual isotypes requires pure isotype standards. In this report, we describe a fusion between X63-Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells and horse PBMC to create equine-murine heterohybridomas. Initial screening for Ig production was performed by ELISA. Further testing was performed by a new 5-plex fluorescent bead-based assay able to simultaneously detect equine IgM, IgG1, IgG4/7, IgG5, and IgG6. Production of IgG3 and IgE was tested by separate bead assays. Seven stable heterohybridoma clones producing monoclonal equine IgM, IgG1, IgG3, IgG4/7, IgG5, IgG6 and IgE were created. Purified Ig isotypes were then tested by SDS-PAGE. The pure, monoclonal equine Ig isotypes and the new equine Ig multiplex testing developed here are valuable tools to quantify antibody responses and to accurately determine individual isotypes concentrations in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Keggan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Heather Freer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alicia Rollins
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Perkins GA, Van de Walle GR, Pusterla N, Erb HN, Osterrieder N. Evaluation of metaphylactic RNA interference to prevent equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in experimental herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:248-56. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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60
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Kydd JH, Slater J, Osterrieder N, Lunn DP, Antczak DF, Azab W, Balasuriya U, Barnett C, Brosnahan M, Cook C, Damiani A, Elton D, Frampton A, Gilkerson J, Goehring L, Horohov D, Maxwell L, Minke J, Morley P, Nauwynck H, Newton R, Perkins G, Pusterla N, Soboll-Hussey G, Traub-Dargatz J, Townsend H, Van de walle GR, Wagner B. Third International Havemeyer Workshop on Equine Herpesvirus type 1. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:513-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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61
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Serological responses and clinical outcome after vaccination of mares and foals with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:9-16. [PMID: 22633483 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) cause infections of horses worldwide. While both EHV-1 and EHV-4 cause respiratory disease, abortion and myeloencephalopathy are observed after infection with EHV-1 in the vast majority of cases. Disease control is achieved by hygiene measures that include immunization with either inactivated or modified live virus (MLV) vaccine preparations. We here compared the efficacy of commercially available vaccines, an EHV-1/EHV-4 inactivated combination and an MLV vaccine, with respect to induction of humoral responses and protection of clinical disease (abortion) in pregnant mares and foals on a large stud with a total of approximately 3500 horses. The MLV vaccine was administered twice during pregnancy (months 5 and 8 of gestation) to 383 mares (49.4%), while the inactivated vaccine was administered three times (months 5, 7, and 9) to 392 mares (50.6%). From the vaccinated mares, 192 (MLV) and 150 (inactivated) were randomly selected for serological analyses. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to magnitude or duration of the humoral responses as assessed by serum neutralization assays (median range from 1:42 to 1:130) and probing for EHV-1-specific IgG isotypes, although neutralizing responses were higher in animals vaccinated with the MLV preparation at all time points sampled. The total number of abortions in the study population was 55/775 (7.1%), 9 of which were attributed to EHV-1. Seven of the abortions were in the inactivated and two in the MLV vaccine group (p=0.16). When foals of vaccinated mares were followed up, a dramatic drop of serum neutralizing titers (median below 1:8) was observed in all groups, indicating that the half-life of maternally derived antibody is less than 4 weeks.
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62
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Monoclonal antibodies to equine CD23 identify the low-affinity receptor for IgE on subpopulations of IgM+ and IgG1+ B-cells in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 146:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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63
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BANNAI H, TSUJIMURA K, KONDO T, NEMOTO M, YAMANAKA T, SUGIURA T, KATO T, MAEDA K, MATSUMURA T. Mitigation of Pyrexia by a Th-1-Biased IgG Subclass Response after Infection with Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in Horses Pre-Immunized with Inactivated Vaccine. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:791-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi BANNAI
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji TSUJIMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi KONDO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi YAMANAKA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takeo SUGIURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tomohiro KATO
- Racehorse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, 1028 Misono, Ritto, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Ken MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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64
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Immunological correlates of vaccination and infection for equine herpesvirus 1. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 19:235-41. [PMID: 22205656 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05522-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) induces a variety of disease manifestations, including respiratory disease, abortions, and myeloencephalopathy. Several vaccines are commercially available but could not previously be distinguished by serologic testing from infection with EHV-1 (or the closely related EHV-4). Currently available vaccines are not reliably protective against the severe manifestations of the disease, including fatal myeloencephalopathy. We determined immunological parameters that can differentiate vaccinated from previously infected animals by comparing humoral and cellular EHV-1-specific responses in clinically healthy horses 10 months after vaccination. Forty-seven horses with known histories of vaccination and infection were studied, including a group of horses that survived a severe neurological outbreak 5 years prior to vaccination. Results of serum virus neutralization (SN), serum IgG isotyping, and cytokine profiling of lymphocyte subsets were compared. IgG4/7 levels strongly correlated with virus neutralization (P < 0.0001). IgG1/3 and SN values distinguished vaccinated/outbreak-exposed (vacc/outbreak) horses from vaccinated horses (P < 0.05). EHV-1-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD4(+) (but not CD8(+)) T-cell numbers were also increased in vacc/outbreak horses, which distinguished them from vaccinated horses (P < 0.01). IFN-α secretion was similar between all groups and independent of previous exposure or vaccination. Our data suggest that IgG isotype responses to EHV-1 are more diverse under field conditions than is revealed by experimental studies and that the current modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine induces a more restricted IgG isotype response than does natural exposure to EHV-1. Since these parameters can be assessed in a high-throughput manner, they may prove useful in screening future vaccine candidates and assessing levels of protection.
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65
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Protective effects of passively transferred merozoite-specific antibodies against Theileria equi in horses with severe combined immunodeficiency. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 19:100-4. [PMID: 22038847 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05301-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Theileria equi immune plasma was infused into young horses (foals) with severe combined immunodeficiency. Although all foals became infected following intravenous challenge with homologous T. equi merozoite stabilate, delayed time to peak parasitemia occurred. Protective effects were associated with a predominance of passively transferred merozoite-specific IgG3.
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66
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Update on infectious diseases affecting the equine nervous system. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011; 27:573-87. [PMID: 22100045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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67
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Soboll Hussey G, Hussey SB, Wagner B, Horohov DW, Van de Walle GR, Osterrieder N, Goehring LS, Rao S, Lunn DP. Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant. Vet Res 2011; 42:23. [PMID: 21314906 PMCID: PMC3045331 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection remains a significant problem despite the widespread use of vaccines. The inability to generate a protective immune response to EHV-1 vaccination or infection is thought to be due to immunomodulatory properties of the virus, and the ORF1 and ORF2 gene products have been hypothesized as potential candidates with immunoregulatory properties. A pony infection study was performed to define immune responses to EHV-1, and to determine if an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant (ΔORF1/2) would have different disease and immunoregulatory effects compared to wild type EHV-1 (WT). Infection with either virus led to cytokine responses that coincided with the course of clinical disease, particularly the biphasic pyrexia, which correlates with respiratory disease and viremia, respectively. Similarly, both viruses caused suppression of proliferative T-cell responses on day 7 post infection (pi). The ΔORF1/ORF2 virus caused significantly shorter primary pyrexia and significantly reduced nasal shedding, and an attenuated decrease in PBMC IL-8 as well as increased Tbet responses compared to WT-infected ponies. In conclusion, our findings are (i) that infection of ponies with EHV-1 leads to modulation of immune responses, which are correlated with disease pathogenesis, and (ii) that the ORF1/2 genes are of importance for disease outcome and modulation of cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W, Drake Rd, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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