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Tack B, Vanaenrode J, Verbakel JY, Toelen J, Jacobs J. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review on antimicrobial resistance and treatment. BMC Med 2020; 18:212. [PMID: 32677939 PMCID: PMC7367361 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are a frequent cause of invasive infections in sub-Saharan Africa. They are frequently multidrug resistant (co-resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol), and resistance to third-generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility have been reported. Third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are often used to treat invasive NTS infections, but azithromycin might be an alternative. However, data on antibiotic treatment efficacy in invasive NTS infections are lacking. In this study, we aimed to assess the spatiotemporal distribution of antimicrobial resistance in invasive NTS infections in sub-Saharan Africa and to describe the available evidence and recommendations on antimicrobial treatment. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of all available literature on antimicrobial resistance and treatment in invasive NTS infections. We performed a random effects meta-analysis to assess the temporal distribution of multidrug resistance, third-generation cephalosporin resistance, and fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility. We mapped these data to assess the spatial distribution. We provided a narrative synthesis of the available evidence and recommendations on antimicrobial treatment. RESULTS Since 2001, multidrug resistance was observed in 75% of NTS isolates from all sub-Saharan African regions (95% confidence interval, 70-80% and 65-84%). Third-generation cephalosporin resistance emerged in all sub-Saharan African regions and was present in 5% (95% confidence interval, 1-10%) after 2010. Fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility emerged in all sub-Saharan African regions but did not increase over time. Azithromycin resistance was reported in DR Congo. There were no reports on carbapenem resistance. We did not find high-quality evidence on the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment. There were no supranational guidelines. The "Access group" antibiotics ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol and "Watch group" antibiotics ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin were recommended as the first-choice antibiotics in national guidelines or reviews. These also recommended (a switch to) oral fluoroquinolones or azithromycin. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the widespread multidrug resistance in invasive NTS infections in sub-Saharan Africa, resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility was present in all regions. There was a lack of data on the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment in these infections, and supranational evidence-based guidelines were absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Tack
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Jan Y Verbakel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaan Toelen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Woman and Child, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Pachanon R, Koide K, Kongsoi S, Nakajima C, Kapalamula TF, Suthienkul O, Suzuki Y. Interaction of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein QnrB19 with Salmonella Typhimurium DNA gyrase. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:1139-1145. [PMID: 32669211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein Qnr is an important factor in bacterial resistance to quinolones. Qnr interacts with DNA gyrase and reduces susceptibility to quinolones. The gene qnr likely spreads rapidly among Enterobacteriaceae via horizontal gene transfer. Though the vast amounts of epidemiological data are available, molecular details of the contribution of QnrB19, the predominant Qnr in Salmonella spp., to the acquisition of quinolone resistance has not yet been understood well. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the role of QnrB19 in quinolone resistance acquisition using recombinant Salmonella Typhimurium DNA gyrases and QnrB19. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recombinant QnrB19 was expressed in E. coli and purified by Ni-NTA agarose column chromatography. DNA supercoiling activities of recombinant Salmonella Typhimurium DNA gyrase were assessed with or without QnrB19 under the existence of three quinolones to measure IC50s, the concentration of each quinolone required for 50% inhibition in vitro. RESULTS The IC50s of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid against DNA gyrases were measured to be 0.30, 0.16 and 17.7 μg/mL, respectively. The addition of QnrB19 increased the IC50s of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin to be 0.81 and 0.48 μg/mL, respectively, where no effect of QnrB19 was observed on the IC50 of nalidixic acid. CONCLUSION QnrB19 was shown for the first time in vitro to have ability to grant non-classical quinolone resistance to S. Typhimurium DNA gyrase. Structural insight on quinolones in this study may contribute to investigate drugs useful for preventing the spread of plasmid carrying PMQR along with other factors associating with antimicrobial resistance in S. Typhimurium and other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruttana Pachanon
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Kentaro Koide
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | | | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Thoko Flav Kapalamula
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Orasa Suthienkul
- Center of Education and Research in EcoHealth and OneHealth, Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Global Health, Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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53
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Shen H, Chen H, Ou Y, Huang T, Chen S, Zhou L, Zhang J, Hu Q, Zhou Y, Ma W. Prevalence, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from patients with diarrhea in Shenzhen, China. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:197. [PMID: 32631309 PMCID: PMC7339465 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is one of the main causative agents of diarrhea which results in substantial disease burden. To determine the prevalence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical Salmonella isolates in Shenzhen, a 6-year surveillance study was conducted. RESULTS A total of 297 (5.7%) Salmonella strains were isolated from stool samples from 5239 patients. Among the 42 serotypes identified, serotype Typhimurium was the most common one which represented 39.7% of the isolates (118), followed by serotype Enteritidis (71, 23.9%), London (12, 4.0%), 4, 5, 12: i: - (11, 3.7%), and Senftenberg (8, 2.7%). A high frequency of resistance was found in ampicillin (70.6%), piperacillin (64.5%), tetracycline (63.5%), and streptomycin (54.3%). Resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline was observed in 95.3% of S. Typhimurium isolates; and nalidixic acid in 93.1% of S. Enteritidis isolates. Resistance to 5 or more antimicrobial agents was found in 78.8% of S. Typhimurium and 69.0% of S. Enteritidis isolates. A decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was associated with amino acid alteration in gyrA gene. Point mutations without amino acid changes were seen in gyrB, parC, and parE genes. CONCLUSIONS A broad range of serotypes are responsible for Salmonellosis in Shenzhen, with Enteritidis and Typhimurium being the most common serotypes. The high level of antibiotic resistance is of public health significance and ongoing monitoring combined with rational use of antibiotics are recommended. Point mutations in gyrA gene might play an important role in the resistance to fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Shen
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Xinhu Road 1333, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, China.,Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongli Xilu 8043, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Haochuan Chen
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongli Xilu 8043, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Yongxuan Ou
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongli Xilu 8043, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Xinhu Road 1333, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Siping Chen
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Xinhu Road 1333, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Lintao Zhou
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Yitian Road 7019, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongli Xilu 8043, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Longyuan Road 8, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Xinhu Road 1333, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Ma
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Xinhu Road 1333, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, China.
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Quijada NM, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Eiros JM, Hernández M. TORMES: an automated pipeline for whole bacterial genome analysis. Bioinformatics 2020; 35:4207-4212. [PMID: 30957837 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The progress of High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) technologies and the reduction in the sequencing costs are such that Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) could replace many traditional laboratory assays and procedures. Exploiting the volume of data produced by HTS platforms requires substantial computing skills and this is the main bottleneck in the implementation of WGS as a routine laboratory technique. The way in which the vast amount of results are presented to researchers and clinicians with no specialist knowledge of genome sequencing is also a significant issue. RESULTS Here we present TORMES, a user-friendly pipeline for WGS analysis of bacteria from any origin generated by HTS on Illumina platforms. TORMES is designed for non-bioinformatician users, and automates the steps required for WGS analysis directly from the raw sequence data: sequence quality filtering, de novo assembly, draft genome ordering against a reference, genome annotation, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), searching for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, and pangenome comparisons. Once the analysis is finished, TORMES generates and interactive web-like report that can be opened in any web browser and shared and revised by researchers in a simple manner. TORMES can be run by using very simple commands and represent a quick an easy way to perform WGS analysis. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION TORMES is free available at https://github.com/nmquijada/tormes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso M Quijada
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Jose María Eiros
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario del Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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Ding Y, Zhang Y, Huang C, Wang J, Wang X. An Endolysin LysSE24 by Bacteriophage LPSE1 Confers Specific Bactericidal Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Strains. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E737. [PMID: 32429030 PMCID: PMC7284969 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is responsible for a wide range of infections and is a constant threat to public health, particularly in light of emerging antibiotic resistance. The use of bacteriophages and phage endolysins as specific antibacterial agents is a promising strategy to control this bacterial infection. Endolysins are important proteins during the process of bacteria lysis by bacteriophages. In this study, we identify a novel endolysin, named LysSE24. LysSE24 was predicted to possess N-acetylmuramidases activity, with a molecular mass of ca. 17.4 kDa and pI 9.44. His-tagged LysSE24 was heterologously expressed and purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. LysSE24 exhibited optimal bactericidal activity against Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076 at a concentration of 0.1 μM. Salmonella population (measured by OD600 nm) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 10 min of incubation in combination with the outer membrane permeabilizer in vitro. It also showed antibacterial activity against a panel of 23 tested multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. Bactericidal activity of LysSE24 was evaluated in terms of pH, temperature, and ionic strength. It was very stable with different pH (4.0 to 10.0) at different temperatures (20 to 60 °C). Both K+ and Na+ at concentrations between 0.1 to 100 mM showed no effects on its bactericidal activity, while a high concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ showed efficacy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that exposure to 0.1 μM LysSE24 for up to 5 min caused a remarkable modification of the cell shape of Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076. These results indicate that recombinant LysSE24 represents a promising antimicrobial activity against Salmonella, especially several multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. Further studies can be developed to improve its bactericidal activity without the need for pretreatment with outer membrane-destabilizing agents by synthetic biology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.W.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Chenxi Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.W.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.W.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.)
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56
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Viegas FM, Ramos CP, Xavier RGC, Lopes EO, Júnior CAO, Bagno RM, Diniz AN, Lobato FCF, Silva ROS. Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridioides difficile in dogs fed raw meat-based diets in Brazil and their owners' motivation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231275. [PMID: 32287295 PMCID: PMC7156072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the motivations of Brazilian dog owners and their knowledge about the risks related to raw meat-based diets (RMBD) as well as to evaluate important enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and C. difficile, in feces of dogs fed different diets. The majority of the pet owners (69.3%) reported to have chosen this diet for their dogs, considering it to be more “natural”. A large number of owners declared that RMBD do not pose health risks for their animals (87.9%) or humans (98.8%), even though almost one third of the respondents (34.8%) declared having at least one individual at high risk of infection in contact with RMBD-fed dogs. Stool samples from 46 RMBD-fed dogs and 192 dogs fed commercial dry feed were collected. The present study revealed that dogs fed raw meat diets were almost 30 times more likely to be positive for Salmonella spp. than dogs on a conventional diet. Some of the serovars detected were commonly associated with human salmonellosis, such as S. Typhimurium and S. Saintpaul, and were multidrug resistant. RMBD-fed dogs were more likely to be positive for C. perfringens type A (p = 0.008) and one C. perfringens type F was isolated from these animals. Two toxigenic strains (4.3%) of C. difficile were isolated only from raw meat-fed dogs, all of which were under antibiotic therapy. These toxigenic C. difficile isolates were classified as RT106/ST54 and RT600/ST149, previously associated with infection in dogs and humans. The present work revealed that the owners have a tendency to ignore or are unaware of the risks associated with raw meat diets for dogs. Also, the higher fecal shedding of important enteropathogens in dogs fed RMBD suggests that this diet poses a risk for the animals and the people in contact with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Mello Viegas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina Pantuzza Ramos
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Gariglio Clark Xavier
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emily Oliveira Lopes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Oliveira Júnior
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata Marques Bagno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Nadia Diniz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Aoki Y, Watanabe Y, Kitazawa K, Ando N, Hirai S, Yokoyama E. Emergence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Chester in a rural area of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:580-584. [PMID: 32188802 PMCID: PMC7273606 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Japan, only one outbreak of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Chester (S. Chester) has been confirmed in 1999. We performed a single-center retrospective case review of S. Chester infections that occurred in a rural area of Japan in 2016 (n=8). Case 5 and 6 occurred in twin infants who had contact with a pet dog. The dog's stool culture was positive for S. Chester. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and cluster analysis of S. Chester strains revealed that all the isolates appeared to be derived from the same genetic clone. Emergence of Salmonella infection can be overlooked if cases are not reported to health authorities; therefore, core hospitals should play a role to alert the occurrence of public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Aoki
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahi General Hospital, 1326 I, Asahi, Chiba 289-2511, Japan.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aizawa Hospital, 2-5-1 Honjo, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8510, Japan
| | - Yudai Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Asahi General Hospital, 1326 I, Asahi, Chiba 289-2511, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kitazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahi General Hospital, 1326 I, Asahi, Chiba 289-2511, Japan
| | - Naoshi Ando
- Division of Bacteriology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona, Chuo, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hirai
- Division of Bacteriology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona, Chuo, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
| | - Eiji Yokoyama
- Division of Bacteriology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona, Chuo, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
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Liu A, Liu Y, Peng L, Cai X, Shen L, Duan M, Ning Y, Liu S, Li C, Liu Y, Chen H, Wu W, Wang X, Hu B, Li C. Characterization of the narrow-spectrum bacteriophage LSE7621 towards Salmonella Enteritidis and its biocontrol potential on lettuce and tofu. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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59
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Frickenstein AN, Jones MA, Behkam B, McNally LR. Imaging Inflammation and Infection in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010243. [PMID: 31905812 PMCID: PMC6981656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of seemingly non-specific symptoms manifest within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly in the colon, in response to inflammation, infection, or a combination thereof. Differentiation between symptom sources can often be achieved using various radiologic studies. Although it is not possible to provide a comprehensive survey of imaging gastrointestinal GI tract infections in a single article, the purpose of this review is to survey several topics on imaging of GI tract inflammation and infections. The review discusses such modalities as computed tomography, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, endoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging while looking at up-an-coming technologies that could improve diagnoses and patient comfort. The discussion is accomplished through examining a combination of organ-based and organism-based approaches, with accompanying selected case examples. Specific focus is placed on the bacterial infections caused by Shigella spp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, and inflammatory conditions of diverticulitis and irritable bowel disease. These infectious and inflammatory diseases and their detection via molecular imaging will be compared including the appropriate differential diagnostic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N. Frickenstein
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (A.N.F.); (M.A.J.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Meredith A. Jones
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (A.N.F.); (M.A.J.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bahareh Behkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Lacey R. McNally
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (A.N.F.); (M.A.J.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence:
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Liu A, Wang Y, Cai X, Jiang S, Cai X, Shen L, Liu Y, Han G, Chen S, Wang J, Wu W, Li C, Liu S, Wang X. Characterization of endolysins from bacteriophage LPST10 and evaluation of their potential for controlling Salmonella Typhimurium on lettuce. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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61
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Ed-Dra A, Filali FR, Khayi S, Oulghazi S, Bouchrif B, El Allaoui A, Ouhmidou B, Moumni M. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Genetic Diversity of Salmonella enterica Isolated from Sausages. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:56-61. [PMID: 31223497 PMCID: PMC6563686 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide, and the infection with multidrug-resistant strains can cause severe diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance, to detect the virulence genes, and to study the genetic diversity of isolated Salmonella strains using 16S rRNA sequences. For this, 34 Salmonella strains isolated from sausages were identified using biochemical and serological methods. Molecular tools were used to evaluate the presence of virulence genes (orgA, sitC, sipB, spiA, iroN, and sifA) using simplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to sequence 16S rRNA genes for phylogenetic analysis. The susceptibility to 24 selected antibiotics was also studied. The results of this study showed that all isolated Salmonella were positive for targeted virulence genes and were resistant to at least one antibiotic. However, the multidrug resistance was observed in 44% of isolated strains. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences highlighted that Salmonella isolates were divided into 3 clusters and 3 sub-clusters, with a ≥98% similarity to Salmonella enterica species. From this study, we conclude that sausages are considered as a potential source of Salmonella, which could be a major risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
- Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Fouzia Rhazi Filali
- Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRA), BP. 415, Avenue de la Victoire, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Said Oulghazi
- Cellular Genomics and Molecular Techniques of Investigations, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Brahim Bouchrif
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Hygiene of Food and Water, Pasteur Institute Morocco, 1 place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca 20100, Morocco
| | - Abdellah El Allaoui
- Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Ouhmidou
- Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules, Structures and Functions, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fes, Morocco
| | - Mohieddine Moumni
- Cellular Genomics and Molecular Techniques of Investigations, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
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62
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Prasertsee T, Chokesajjawatee N, Santiyanont P, Chuammitri P, Deeudom M, Tadee P, Patchanee P. Quantification and rep‐PCR characterization of
Salmonella
spp. in retail meats and hospital patients in Northern Thailand. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:301-309. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teerarat Prasertsee
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University Muang Thailand
| | - Nipa Chokesajjawatee
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology National Science and Technology Development Agency Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Pannita Santiyanont
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology National Science and Technology Development Agency Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University Muang Thailand
| | - Manu Deeudom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University Muang Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Tadee
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University Muang Thailand
| | - Prapas Patchanee
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University Muang Thailand
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63
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Rodrigues VCDC, de Oliveira IP, Bezerra RMN, Antunes AEC. Riscos microbiológicos de fórmulas para lactentes. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.05618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi discorrer sobre os principais perigos biológicos encontrados em fórmulas infantis a partir dos relatos da literatura, especialmente de registros de surtos. Este estudo é de cunho exploratório por meio de revisão bibliográfica, sendo utilizados como fontes de dados sites de busca científica. Dentre os principais micro-organismos causadores de doenças ligadas à ingestão de fórmulas infantis estão o Cronobacter sakazakii e a Salmonella enterica, porém outras bactérias, como Clostridium botulinum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus e Bacillus cereus, podem ser responsáveis por contaminações destas fórmulas. Visto que lactentes apresentam os sistemas imunológico e metabólico ainda em desenvolvimento, estes representam um público mais vulnerável a contaminantes, fazendo-se fundamental o oferecimento de alimentos seguros desde o processamento na indústria até a administração nas residências e unidades hospitalares.
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64
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Kaljee LM, Pach A, Garrett D, Bajracharya D, Karki K, Khan I. Social and Economic Burden Associated With Typhoid Fever in Kathmandu and Surrounding Areas: A Qualitative Study. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S243-S249. [PMID: 28973415 PMCID: PMC6226633 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a significant contributor to infectious disease mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in South Asia. With increasing antimicrobial resistance, commonly used treatments are less effective and risks increase for complications and hospitalizations. During an episode of typhoid fever, households experience multiple social and economic costs that are often undocumented. In the current study, qualitative interview data from Kathmandu and surrounding areas provide important insights into the challenges that affect those who contract typhoid fever and their caregivers, families, and communities, as well as insight into prevention and treatment options for health providers and outreach workers. When considering typhoid fever cases confirmed by blood culture, our data reveal delays in healthcare access, financial and time costs burden on households, and the need to increase health literacy. These data also illustrate the impact of limited laboratory diagnostic equipment and tools on healthcare providers' abilities to distinguish typhoid fever from other febrile conditions and treatment challenges associated with antimicrobial resistance. In light of these findings, there is an urgent need to identify and implement effective preventive measures including vaccination policies and programs focused on at-risk populations and endemic regions such as Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Kaljee
- Global Health Initiative, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Alfred Pach
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Denise Garrett
- Coalition Against Typhoid, Sabin Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Imran Khan
- Coalition Against Typhoid, Sabin Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
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65
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Subburaju N, Sankar J, Putlibai S. Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Bacteremia. Indian J Pediatr 2018; 85:800-802. [PMID: 29264826 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-017-2551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedhana Subburaju
- Department of Microbiology, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital & The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, 12-A, Nageswara Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600034, India.
| | - Janani Sankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital & The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, 12-A, Nageswara Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sulochana Putlibai
- Department of Microbiology, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital & The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, 12-A, Nageswara Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600034, India
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66
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Gut AM, Vasiljevic T, Yeager T, Donkor ON. Salmonella infection - prevention and treatment by antibiotics and probiotic yeasts: a review. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:1327-1344. [PMID: 30136920 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. The use of antibiotic drugs in treating the infection is proving less effective due to the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella, the effects of antibiotics on normal gut microflora and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, all of which bring a growing need for alternative treatments, including the use of probiotic micro-organisms. However, there are issues with probiotics, including their potential to be opportunistic pathogens and antibiotic-resistant carriers, and their antibiotic susceptibility if used as complementary therapy. Clinical trials, animal trials and in vitro investigations into the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of probiotics have demonstrated antagonistic properties against Salmonella and other enteropathogenic bacteria. Nonetheless, there is a need for further studies into the potential mechanisms, efficacy and mode of delivery of yeast probiotics in Salmonella infections. This review discusses Salmonella infections and treatment using antibiotics and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Majak Gut
- 1Institute for Sustainable Industries and Livable Cities, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Todor Vasiljevic
- 1Institute for Sustainable Industries and Livable Cities, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Thomas Yeager
- 2Institute for Sustainable Industries and Livable Cities, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Osaana N Donkor
- 1Institute for Sustainable Industries and Livable Cities, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
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67
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Duhil de Bénazé G, Desselas E, Houdouin V, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Kheniche A, Dauger S, Poncelet G, Gaschignard J, Levy M. Pneumonia with pleural empyema caused by Salmonella Typhi in an immunocompetent child living in a non-endemic country. Paediatr Int Child Health 2018; 38:227-230. [PMID: 28436267 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2017.1316938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Extra-intestinal complications of Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) infections usually occur in endemic countries and in patients with underlying risk conditions. A 14-year-old immunocompetent girl was admitted with respiratory distress owing to S. Typhi pneumonia and pleural empyema. She was a native of Ivory Coast but had lived in France for 4 years and had not travelled abroad for several years. There were no gastro-intestinal symptoms and no S. Typhi carriage was detected in her family. She recovered completely with ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin and pleural drainage was not required. An atypical presentation of S. Typhi should be considered even in settings where there are no risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Duhil de Bénazé
- a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit , Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - Emilie Desselas
- b Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit , Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - Véronique Houdouin
- c Pneumology Unit , Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - Patricia Mariani-Kurkdjian
- d Microbiology Unit , Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - Ahmed Kheniche
- e Radiology Unit , Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - Stéphane Dauger
- a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit , Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - Géraldine Poncelet
- a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit , Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - Jean Gaschignard
- b Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit , Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - Michaël Levy
- a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit , Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
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68
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Ingram JP, Tursi S, Zhang T, Guo W, Yin C, A Wynosky-Dolfi M, van der Heijden J, Cai KQ, Yamamoto M, Finlay BB, Brodsky IE, Grivennikov SI, Tükel Ç, Balachandran S. A Nonpyroptotic IFN-γ-Triggered Cell Death Mechanism in Nonphagocytic Cells Promotes Salmonella Clearance In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3626-3634. [PMID: 29654208 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine IFN-γ has well-established antibacterial properties against the bacterium Salmonella enterica in phagocytes, but less is known about the effects of IFN-γ on Salmonella-infected nonphagocytic cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and fibroblasts. In this article, we show that exposing human and murine IECs and fibroblasts to IFN-γ following infection with Salmonella triggers a novel form of cell death that is neither pyroptosis nor any of the major known forms of programmed cell death. Cell death required IFN-γ-signaling via STAT1-IRF1-mediated induction of guanylate binding proteins and the presence of live Salmonella in the cytosol. In vivo, ablating IFN-γ signaling selectively in murine IECs led to higher bacterial burden in colon contents and increased inflammation in the intestine of infected mice. Together, these results demonstrate that IFN-γ signaling triggers release of Salmonella from the Salmonella-containing vacuole into the cytosol of infected nonphagocytic cells, resulting in a form of nonpyroptotic cell death that prevents bacterial spread in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Ingram
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Sarah Tursi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ting Zhang
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Wei Guo
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111.,Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chaoran Yin
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Meghan A Wynosky-Dolfi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joris van der Heijden
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111; and
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sergei I Grivennikov
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111;
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69
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Nontyphoidal Salmonella Gastroenteritis in a Tertiary Children's Hospital in Southern China: Characteristics and Dietary Considerations. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:3097468. [PMID: 29686701 PMCID: PMC5857331 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3097468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nontyphoidal Salmonella infection is a common cause for acute bacterial gastroenteritis in children in China. There have been no reports of the prevalence of lactose intolerance or food allergies in children with nontyphoidal Salmonella infection. The aim of this study was to characterize nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis in a tertiary children's hospital and evaluate clinical presentation, lactose intolerance, and food allergies in children with prolonged nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Methods A retrospective case-series analysis was carried out in a tertiary children's hospital in Guangzhou, China. We included all infants and children who were diagnosed with nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2016. Patients' clinical features, feeding patterns, laboratory tests, and treatment outcomes were reviewed. Results A total of 142 infants and children were diagnosed with nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. 52.1% of cases occurred in infants ≤ 12 months of age and the majority (89.4%) in children younger than 3 years old. The most common symptoms were diarrhea (100%), fever (62%), and vomiting (18.3%). Salmonella Typhimurium was the predominant serotype, accounting for 82.4%. 91.5% of patients were treated with antibiotics. Forty-one (28.9%) and 9 (6.3%) children improved with a lactose-free diet and hypoallergenic formula, respectively, when diarrhea persisted for more than a week. Conclusions Salmonella Typhimurium was the predominant serotype. Most patients with nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis were younger than 3 years old. Lactose intolerance occurred frequently in children with nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis and dietary modification should be considered when diarrhea is persistent and prolonged.
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70
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Zhan C, Du J, Chen L. Salmonella osteomyelitis in a previously healthy neonate: a case report and review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:28. [PMID: 29478416 PMCID: PMC6389117 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute osteomyelitis, which is uncommon in neonates, needs to be quickly diagnosed and treated to avoid devastating sequelae. Therefore, it is important to maintain a high index of suspicion and be aware of the evolving epidemiology and of the emergence of antibiotic resistant and aggressive strains requiring careful monitoring and targeted therapy. The most frequently isolated bacterium in neonates with osteomyelitis is Staphylococcus aureus, while Salmonella is an unusual organism causing osteomyelitis and is exceedingly rare in non-sickle cell disease children. Case presentation We report an extremely rare case of neonatal osteomyelitis caused by Salmonella in a neonate, who was previously healthy. We report this case because it was caused by a rare pathogenic germ in newborns and by its non-specific presentation. Conclusions Salmonella should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of neonatal osteomyelitis. It is important to start antibiotic therapy as soon as possible and to adjust therapy in relation to the susceptibility of the bacterial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canyang Zhan
- Department of neonatology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Binsheng Road 3333, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Du
- Department of neonatology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Binsheng Road 3333, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of neonatology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Binsheng Road 3333, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
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71
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Abstract
Antibiotic therapy is not necessary for acute diarrhea in children, as rehydration is the key treatment and symptoms resolve generally without specific therapy. Searching for the etiology of gastroenteritis is not usually needed; however, it may be necessary if antimicrobial treatment is considered. The latter is left to the physician evaluation in the absence of clear indications. Antimicrobial treatment should be considered in severely sick children, in those who have chronic conditions or specific risk factors or in specific settings. Traveler’s diarrhea, prolonged diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea may also require antibiotic therapy. Depending on the severity of symptoms or based on risk of spreading, empiric therapy may be started while awaiting the results of microbiological investigations. The choice of antibiotic depends on suspected agents, host conditions, and local epidemiology. In most cases, empiric therapy should be started while awaiting such results. Empiric therapy may be started with oral co-trimoxazole or metronidazole, but in severe cases parenteral treatment with ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin might be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Bruzzese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences-Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Antonietta Giannattasio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences-Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences-Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
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72
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Chung N, Wang SM, Shen CF, Kuo FC, Ho TS, Hsiung CA, Mu JJ, Wu FT, Huang LM, Huang YC, Huang YC, Chi H, Lin HC, Liu CC. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics in hospitalized young children with acute gastroenteritis in southern Taiwan: According to major pathogens. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 50:915-922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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73
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Wen SC, Best E, Nourse C. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in children: Review of literature and recommendations for management. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53:936-941. [PMID: 28556448 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonellae are a major cause of infectious diarrhoea worldwide and can cause invasive diseases, including bacteraemia, meningitis and osteomyelitis. Young or immunocompromised children and those with underlying conditions such as sickle cell disease are particularly vulnerable to invasive disease. There has been an increase in the rate of resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella, which is associated with invasive disease and hospitalisation. The intracellular nature of non-typhoidal Salmonella protects against extracellular antibiotics and can facilitate disease relapse, particularly meningitis. Effective antimicrobial agents with good intracellular penetration include azithromycin, fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. Antibiotic treatment of non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis is only indicated if there are risk factors for invasive disease as it can prolong excretion and does not shorten the duration of gastrointestinal symptoms. Optimal choice and length of therapy for gastroenteritis and invasive disease in children is not clear. Here, we provide a review of the literature and treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ch Wen
- Infection Management and Prevention Service, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma Best
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clare Nourse
- Infection Management and Prevention Service, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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74
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Silva NFD, Magalhães JMCS, Freire C, Delerue-Matos C. Electrochemical biosensors for Salmonella: State of the art and challenges in food safety assessment. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 99:667-682. [PMID: 28858763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
According to the recent statistics, Salmonella is still an important public health issue in the whole world. Legislated reference methods, based on counting plate methods, are sensitive enough but are inadequate as an effective emergency response tool, and are far from a rapid device, simple to use out of lab. An overview of the commercially available rapid methods for Salmonella detection is provided along with a critical discussion of their limitations, benefits and potential use in a real context. The distinguished potentialities of electrochemical biosensors for the development of rapid devices are highlighted. The state-of-art and the newest technologic approaches in electrochemical biosensors for Salmonella detection are presented and a critical analysis of the literature is made in an attempt to identify the current challenges towards a complete solution for Salmonella detection in microbial food control based on electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia F D Silva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Júlia M C S Magalhães
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Freire
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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75
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Clinical features of children with nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia: A single institution survey in rural Japan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176990. [PMID: 28599007 PMCID: PMC5466273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) can cause bacterial enterocolitis. Although some children with NTS infection develop bacteremia, its clinical manifestations have not been discussed adequately. Therefore, we examined children with NTS bacteremia. We retrospectively examined the medical records of 15 patients aged less than 15 years. Salmonella spp. were detected in the blood cultures of these patients between 1991 and 2014. We divided an additional sample group of 34 patients diagnosed with an NTS infection between 2005 and 2014, into 2 groups. Group bacteremia (B) included patients in whose blood cultures Salmonella spp. were detected, and group non-bacteremia (NB) included patients in whom Salmonella infection was not detected. We compared each group using Wilcoxon test and Fisher’s exact test. The number of patients with fever, diarrhea, or abdominal pain was 15 (100%), 13 (87%), and 9 (60%), respectively, in the first sample of patients. However, vomiting and bloody stool were observed in only 5 patients (33%). More than 70% of patients exhibited a reduced white blood cell count, while C-reactive protein levels were variable in the patients. Salmonella spp. were detected via stool culture in 10 patients (67%). Diarrhea persisted for more than 4 days more frequently in group B than group NB (p = 0.004). The number of patients whose fever persisted for more than 4 days was significantly higher in group B than group NB (p = 0.030). Therefore, if NTS bacteremia is suspected, blood cultures should be collected and antibiotics should be initiated in cases with diarrhea or fever for more than 4 days. Furthermore, a negative stool culture result does not preclude the possibility of NTS bacteremia.
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76
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Faulder KE, Simmonds K, Robinson JL. The Epidemiology of ChildhoodSalmonellaInfections in Alberta, Canada. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:364-369. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Faulder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kimberley Simmonds
- Research & Innovation Branch, Ministry of Health, Alberta Health, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Joan L. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
Enteric fever is an important public-health problem in India. The clinical presentation of typhoid fever is very variable, ranging from fever with little other morbidities to marked toxemia and associated multisystem complications. Fever is present in majority of patients (>90 %) irrespective of their age group. Mortality is higher in younger children. Blood culture remains gold standard for diagnosis. Widal test has low sensitivity and specificity but may be used in second week to support the diagnosis. Emerging resistance to several antibiotics should be kept in mind when selecting antibiotics or revising the treatment. The key preventive strategies are safe water, safe food, personal hygiene, and appropriate sanitation. Vaccination is an additional effective tool for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College & Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India.
| | - Ruchika Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College & Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
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78
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Lucin T, Wood J. Case 1: Fever, Abdominal Pain in a 16-year-old Girl. Pediatr Rev 2017; 38:139. [PMID: 28250074 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2015-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tricia Lucin
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Julie Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
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79
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Complete Genome Sequence of IME207, a Novel Bacteriophage Which Can Lyse Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/5/e01015-16. [PMID: 27789630 PMCID: PMC5084854 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01015-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel lytic Salmonella bacteriophage was isolated by using Klebsiella pneumoniae as host cells. The phage’s genome was determined to be 47,564 bp and has the highest similarity to Salmonella phage E1 and Salmonella phage 64795_sal3, with coverages of 61% and 56%, respectively. Here, we announce the phage’s complete genome.
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80
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Ingram JP, Brodsky IE, Balachandran S. Interferon-γ in Salmonella pathogenesis: New tricks for an old dog. Cytokine 2016; 98:27-32. [PMID: 27773552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is the leading cause of food borne illnesses in humans. The cytokine IFN-γ has well-established antibacterial properties against Salmonella and other intracellular microbes, for example its capacity to activate macrophages, promote phagocytosis, and destroy phagocytosed microbes by free radical-driven toxification of phagosomes. But IFN-γ induces the expression of hundreds of uncharacterized genes, suggesting that this cytokine deploys additional antimicrobial strategies that await discovery. Recently, one such mechanism, mediated by a family of IFN-inducible small GTPases called Guanylate Binding Proteins (GBPs) has been uncovered. GBPs were shown to facilitate the pyroptotic clearance of Salmonella from infected macrophages by rupturing the protective intracellular vacuole this microbe forms around itself. Once this protective vacuole is lost, exposed Salmonella activates pyroptosis, which destroys the infected cell. In this review, we summarize such emerging roles for IFN-γ in restricting Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Ingram
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, United States
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, United States.
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81
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Fate BH, Steele RW. Fever in a Returning Traveler. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2016; 55:1180-2. [PMID: 26531177 DOI: 10.1177/0009922815614361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H Fate
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Russell W Steele
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Ochsner Children's Health Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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