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Larsen BM, Hrycaj SM, Newman M, Li Y, Wellik DM. Mesenchymal Hox6 function is required for mouse pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation. Development 2015; 142:3859-68. [PMID: 26450967 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in our understanding of pancreatic endocrine cell development, the function of the pancreatic mesodermal niche in this process is poorly understood. Here we report a novel role for mouse Hox6 genes in pancreatic organogenesis. Hox6 genes are expressed exclusively in the mesoderm of the developing pancreas. Genetic loss of all three Hox6 paralogs (Hoxa6, Hoxb6 and Hoxc6) leads to a dramatic loss of endoderm-derived endocrine cells, including insulin-secreting β-cells, and to mild delays and disruptions in pancreatic branching and exocrine differentiation. Ngn3-expressing pan-endocrine progenitor cells are specified normally in Hox6 mutant pancreata, but fail to mature into hormone-producing cells. Reduced expression of Wnt5a is observed in mutant pancreatic mesenchyme, leading to subsequent loss of expression of the crucial Wnt inhibitors Sfrp3 and Dkk1 in endocrine progenitor cells. These results reveal a key role for Hox6 genes in establishing Wnt mesenchymal-epithelial crosstalk in pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Larsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Steven M Hrycaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Micaleah Newman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Deneen M Wellik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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52
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Roszko I, S Sepich D, Jessen JR, Chandrasekhar A, Solnica-Krezel L. A dynamic intracellular distribution of Vangl2 accompanies cell polarization during zebrafish gastrulation. Development 2015; 142:2508-20. [PMID: 26062934 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate gastrulation, convergence and extension movements elongate embryonic tissues anteroposteriorly and narrow them mediolaterally. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is essential for mediolateral cell elongation underlying these movements, but how this polarity arises is poorly understood. We analyzed the elongation, orientation and migration behaviors of lateral mesodermal cells undergoing convergence and extension movements in wild-type zebrafish embryos and mutants for the Wnt/PCP core component Vangl2 (Trilobite). We demonstrate that Vangl2 function is required at the time when cells transition to a highly elongated and mediolaterally aligned body. vangl2 mutant cells fail to undergo this transition and to migrate along a straight path with high net speed towards the dorsal midline. Instead, vangl2 mutant cells exhibit an anterior/animal pole bias in cell body alignment and movement direction, suggesting that PCP signaling promotes effective dorsal migration in part by suppressing anterior/animalward cell polarity and movement. Endogenous Vangl2 protein accumulates at the plasma membrane of mesenchymal converging cells at the time its function is required for mediolaterally polarized cell behavior. Heterochronic cell transplantations demonstrated that Vangl2 cell membrane accumulation is stage dependent and regulated by both intrinsic factors and an extracellular signal, which is distinct from PCP signaling or other gastrulation regulators, including BMP and Nodals. Moreover, mosaic expression of fusion proteins revealed enrichment of Vangl2 at the anterior cell edges of highly mediolaterally elongated cells. These results demonstrate that the dynamic Vangl2 intracellular distribution is coordinated with and necessary for the changes in convergence and extension cell behaviors during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Roszko
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Diane S Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason R Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37130, USA
| | - Anand Chandrasekhar
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Chang R, Petersen JR, Niswander LA, Liu A. A hypomorphic allele reveals an important role of inturned in mouse skeletal development. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:736-47. [PMID: 25774014 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cilia are important for Hedgehog signaling in vertebrates and many genes that encode proteins involved in ciliogenesis have been studied for their roles in embryonic development. Null mutations in many of these genes cause early embryonic lethality, hence an understanding of their roles in postnatal development is limited. RESULTS The Inturned (Intu) gene is required for ciliogenesis and here we report a recessive hypomorphic mutation, resulting in substitution of a conserved hydrophobic residue (I813N) near the C-terminus, that sheds light on later functions of Intu. Mice homozygous for this Double-thumb (Intu(Dtm)) allele exhibit polydactyly, retarded growth, and reduced survival. There is a moderate loss of cilia in Intu(Dtm/Dtm) mutants, and Intu(I813N) exhibits compromised ability to increase ciliogenesis in cultured Intu null mutant cells. Intu(Dtm) mutants show rib defects and delay of endochondral ossification in long bones, digits, vertebrae, and the sternum. These skeletal defects correlate with a decrease in Hh signaling. However, patterning of the neural tube and planar cell polarity appear to be normal. CONCLUSIONS This hypomorphic Intu allele highlights an important role of Intu in mouse skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Chang
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Juliette R Petersen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lee A Niswander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,Center for Cellular Dynamics, Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Tsang KY, Tsang SW, Chan D, Cheah KSE. The chondrocytic journey in endochondral bone growth and skeletal dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:52-73. [PMID: 24677723 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endochondral bones of the skeleton develop from a cartilage template and grow via a process involving a cascade of chondrocyte differentiation steps culminating in formation of a growth plate and the replacement of cartilage by bone. This process of endochondral ossification, driven by the generation of chondrocytes and their subsequent proliferation, differentiation, and production of extracellular matrix constitute a journey, deviation from which inevitably disrupts bone growth and development, and is the basis of human skeletal dysplasias with a wide range of phenotypic severity, from perinatal lethality to progressively deforming. This highly coordinated journey of chondrocyte specification and fate determination is controlled by a myriad of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. SOX9 is the master transcription factor that, in concert with varying partners along the way, directs the different phases of the journey from mesenchymal condensation, chondrogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. Extracellular signals, including bone morphogenetic proteins, wingless-related MMTV integration site (WNT), fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog, and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, are all indispensable for growth plate chondrocytes to align and organize into the appropriate columnar architecture and controls their maturation and transition to hypertrophy. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, marked by dramatic volume increase in phases, is controlled by transcription factors SOX9, Runt-related transcription factor, and FOXA2. Hypertrophic chondrocytes mediate the cartilage to bone transition and concomitantly face a live-or-die situation, a subject of much debate. We review recent insights into the coordination of the phases of the chondrocyte journey, and highlight the need for a systems level understanding of the regulatory networks that will facilitate the development of therapeutic approaches for skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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55
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Galea GL, Meakin LB, Savery D, Taipaleenmaki H, Delisser P, Stein GS, Copp AJ, van Wijnen AJ, Lanyon LE, Price JS. Planar cell polarity aligns osteoblast division in response to substrate strain. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:423-35. [PMID: 25264362 PMCID: PMC4333081 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of bone to dynamic strain increases the rate of division of osteoblasts and also influences the directional organization of the cellular and molecular structure of the bone tissue that they produce. Here, we report that brief exposure to dynamic substrate strain (sufficient to rapidly stimulate cell division) influences the orientation of osteoblastic cell division. The initial proliferative response to strain involves canonical Wnt signaling and can be blocked by sclerostin. However, the strain-related orientation of cell division is independently influenced through the noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Blockade of Rho-associated coiled kinase (ROCK), a component of the PCP pathway, prevents strain-related orientation of division in osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. Heterozygous loop-tail mutation of the core PCP component van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2) in mouse osteoblasts impairs the orientation of division in response to strain. Examination of bones from Vangl2 loop-tail heterozygous mice by µCT and scanning electron microscopy reveals altered bone architecture and disorganized bone-forming surfaces. Hence, in addition to the well-accepted role of PCP involvement in response to developmental cues during skeletal morphogenesis, our data reveal that this pathway also acts postnatally, in parallel with canonical Wnt signaling, to transduce biomechanical cues into skeletal adaptive responses. The simultaneous and independent actions of these two pathways appear to influence both the rate and orientation of osteoblast division, thus fine-tuning bone architecture to meet the structural demands of functional loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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56
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González-Martín MC, Mallo M, Ros MA. Long bone development requires a threshold of Hox function. Dev Biol 2014; 392:454-65. [PMID: 24930703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Hoxd(Del(11-13)) mutant is one of the animal models for human synpolydactyly, characterized by short and syndactylous digits. Here we have characterized in detail the cartilage and bone defects in these mutants. We report two distinct phenotypes: (i) a delay and change in pattern of chondrocyte maturation of metacarpals/metatarsals and (ii) formation of a poor and not centrally positioned primary ossification center in the proximal-intermediate phalanx. In the metacarpals of Hoxd(Del(11-13)) mutants, ossification occurs postnataly, in the absence of significant Ihh expression and without the establishment of growth plates, following patterns similar to those of short bones. The strong downregulation in Ihh expression is associated with a corresponding increase of the repressor form of Gli3. To evaluate the contribution of this alteration to the phenotype, we generated double Hoxd(Del(11-13));Gli3 homozygous mutants. Intriguingly, these double mutants showed a complete rescue of the phenotype in metatarsals but only partial phenotypic rescue in metacarpals. Our results support Hox genes being required in a dose-dependent manner for long bone cartilage maturation and suggest that and excess of Gli3R mediates a significant part of the Hoxd(Del(11-13)) chondrogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Carmen González-Martín
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN., 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Moises Mallo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marian A Ros
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN., 39011 Santander, Spain; Dpto. de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
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57
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Zhu N, Qin L, Luo Z, Guo Q, Yang L, Liao D. Challenging role of Wnt5a and its signaling pathway in cancer metastasis (Review). Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:3-8. [PMID: 24944588 PMCID: PMC4061222 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a is a noncanonical signaling member of the wingless-related/mouse mammary tumor virus integration family, which is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, particularly in cancer development and metastasis. Accumulating evidence indicates that Wnt5a exhibits paradoxical effects in various types of cancer metastasis. Therefore, the Wnt5a signaling cascade in cancer metastasis appears to be complex and may depend on binding receptors, downstream effectors, exogenous inhibitors and tumor microenvironments, as well as the extracellular matrix, particularly cell/tissue-tropic contexts. The aim of the present study was to summarize the previous findings on the roles of Wnt5a and the potential mechanisms in various types of cancer metastasis. Furthermore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that Wnt5a and the involved signaling pathways may become molecular targets in the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Zhu
- Department of Urology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China ; Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Li Qin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China ; School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Luo
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Guo
- Department of Urology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Luoyan Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Duanfang Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
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