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Lässer C. Exosomes in diagnostic and therapeutic applications: biomarker, vaccine and RNA interference delivery vehicle. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:103-17. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.977250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Morhayim J, Baroncelli M, van Leeuwen JP. Extracellular vesicles: Specialized bone messengers. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:255-89. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3537] [Impact Index Per Article: 353.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Colombo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
- INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
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Zhu L, Wang K, Cui J, Liu H, Bu X, Ma H, Wang W, Gong H, Lausted C, Hood L, Yang G, Hu Z. Label-free quantitative detection of tumor-derived exosomes through surface plasmon resonance imaging. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8857-64. [PMID: 25090139 PMCID: PMC4151789 DOI: 10.1021/ac5023056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Exosomes
are endosome-derived membrane vesicles carrying proteins
and nucleic acids that are involved in cellular functions such as
intercellular communication, protein and RNA secretion, and antigen
presentation. Therefore, exosomes serve as potential biomarkers for
many diseases including cancer. Because exosomes are difficult to
enrich or purify from biofluids, quantification of exosomes is tedious
and inaccurate. Here, we present a real-time, label-free, and quantitative
method to detect and characterize tumor-derived exosomes without enrichment
or purification. Utilizing surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi)
in combination with antibody microarrays specific to the extracellular
domains of exosome membrane proteins, exosomes in tumor cell culture
medium can be quantitatively detected. We found a positive correlation
between the metastatic potential of tumor cell lines and exosome secretion.
This method provides an easy, efficient, and novel way to detect exosome
secretion and thus an avenue toward the diagnosis and prognosis prediction
of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11, Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomes as communicators in drug resistance in multiple myeloma cells. Blood 2014; 124:555-66. [PMID: 24928860 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-562439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and multiple myeloma (MM) cells performs a crucial role in MM pathogenesis by secreting growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles. Exosomes are membranous vesicles 40 to 100 nm in diameter constitutively released by almost all cell types, and they mediate local cell-to-cell communication by transferring mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins. Although BMSC-induced growth and drug resistance of MM cells has been studied, the role of BMSC-derived exosomes in this action remains unclear. Here we investigate the effect of BMSC-derived exosomes on the viability, proliferation, survival, migration, and drug resistance of MM cells, using the murine 5T33MM model and human MM samples. BMSCs and MM cells could mutually exchange exosomes carrying certain cytokines. Both naive and 5T33 BMSC-derived exosomes increased MM cell growth and induced drug resistance to bortezomib. BMSC-derived exosomes also influenced the activation of several survival relevant pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, p53, and Akt. Exosomes obtained from normal donor and MM patient BMSCs also induced survival and drug resistance of human MM cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate the involvement of exosome-mediated communication in BMSC-induced proliferation, migration, survival, and drug resistance of MM cells.
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Riches A, Campbell E, Borger E, Powis S. Regulation of exosome release from mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells - a new regulatory pathway. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1025-34. [PMID: 24462375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exosomes are small 50-100nm sized extracellular vesicles released from normal and tumour cells and are a source of a new intercellular communication pathway. Tumour exosomes promote tumour growth and progression. What regulates the release and homoeostatic levels of exosomes, in cancer, in body fluids remains undefined. METHODS We utilised a human mammary epithelial cell line (HMEC B42) and a breast cancer cell line derived from it (B42 clone 16) to investigate exosome production and regulation. Exosome numbers were quantified using a Nanosight LM10 and measured in culture supernatants in the absence and presence of exosomes in the medium. Concentrated suspensions of exosomes from the normal mammary epithelial cells, the breast cancer cells and bladder cancer cells were used. The interaction of exosomes with tumour cells was also investigated using fluorescently labelled exosomes. RESULTS Exosome release from normal human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells is regulated by the presence of exosomes, derived from their own cells, in the extracellular environment of the cells. Exosomes from normal mammary epithelial cells also inhibit exosome secretion by breast cancer cells, which occurs in a tissue specific manner. Labelled exosomes from mammary epithelial cells are internalised into the tumour cells implicating a dynamic equilibrium and suggesting a mechanism for feedback control. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a previously unknown novel feedback regulatory mechanism for controlling exosome release, which may highlight a new therapeutic approach to controlling the deleterious effects of tumour exosomes. This regulatory mechanism is likely to be generic to other tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Riches
- School of Medicine, Medical & Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, KY16 9TF Scotland, UK.
| | - Elaine Campbell
- School of Medicine, Medical & Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, KY16 9TF Scotland, UK
| | - Eva Borger
- School of Biology, Medical & Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, KY16 9TF Scotland, UK
| | - Simon Powis
- School of Medicine, Medical & Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, KY16 9TF Scotland, UK
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58
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Ouyang Y, Mouillet JF, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y. Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes - good things come in nano-packages. Placenta 2013; 35 Suppl:S69-73. [PMID: 24280233 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA gene products that commonly regulate mRNA expression by repression of translation and/or transcript decay. Whereas common and unique types of miRNAs are expressed by the placenta during pregnancy, the functions of most placental miRNA species are unknown. In addition to their intracellular silencing function, miRNAs are also released to the extracellular space and systemic circulation, where they can potentially target cells to regulate mRNA and protein expression, providing a non-hormonal means of intercellular communication that contributes to tissue homeostasis and disease pathophysiology. This review centers on extracellular miRNAs that originate in trophoblasts and that could mediate crosstalk between the feto-placental unit and the mother during pregnancy. We specifically detail the function of miRNAs from the primate-specific chromosome 19 miRNA cluster. These miRNAs are highly expressed in human placentas and in the serum of pregnant women. They are also packaged into extracellular vesicles of diverse sizes, including exosomes, and endow non-trophoblastic cells with resistance to a variety of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J-F Mouillet
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - C B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Y Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Intercellular communication by exosome-derived microRNAs in cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14240-69. [PMID: 23839094 PMCID: PMC3742242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of human cancers is a multistep process in which normal cells acquire characteristics that ultimately lead to their conversion into cancer cells. Many obstacles must be overcome for this process to occur; of these obstacles, is the ability to survive an inhospitable microenvironment. It is recognized that the intercommunication between tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment is essential to overcoming this obstacle and for the tumor to progress, metastasize and establish itself at distant sites. Exosomes are membrane-derived vesicles that have recently been recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication, as they carry lipids, proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs that can be transferred to a recipient cell via fusion of the exosome with the target cell membrane. In the context of cancer cells, this process entails the transfer of cancer-promoting cellular contents to surrounding cells within the tumor microenvironment or into the circulation to act at distant sites, thereby enabling cancer progression. In this process, the transfer of exosomal microRNAs to a recipient cell where they can regulate target gene expression is of particular interest, both in understanding the basic biology of cancer progression and for the development of therapeutic approaches. This review discusses the exosome-mediated intercellular communication via microRNAs within the tumor microenvironment in human cancers, with a particular focus on breast cancer exosomes.
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Hendrix A, De Wever O. Rab27 GTPases distribute extracellular nanomaps for invasive growth and metastasis: implications for prognosis and treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9883-92. [PMID: 23665896 PMCID: PMC3676819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rab27 family of small GTPases regulates exocytosis of distinct vesicle types including multivesicular endosomes, which results in the release of exosomes. Exosomes are nanometer-sized membrane vesicles that enclose soluble factors such as proteins and nucleic acids within a lipid bilayer and can travel toward distant tissues to influence multiple aspects of cell behavior. In our view that tumors are endocrine organs producing exosomes, Rab27 GTPases and their effector proteins are critical determinants for invasive growth and metastasis. Rab27 proteins and their effectors may serve as prognostic biomarkers or as targets for patient-tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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