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Sauteur L, Krudewig A, Herwig L, Ehrenfeuchter N, Lenard A, Affolter M, Belting HG. Cdh5/VE-cadherin promotes endothelial cell interface elongation via cortical actin polymerization during angiogenic sprouting. Cell Rep 2014; 9:504-13. [PMID: 25373898 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis requires the coordination of cell behaviors. Here, we have analyzed dynamic endothelial cell behaviors underlying sprouting angiogenesis in vivo. Two different mechanisms contribute to sprout outgrowth: tip cells show strong migratory behavior, whereas extension of the stalk is dependent upon cell elongation. To investigate the function of Cdh5 in sprout outgrowth, we generated null mutations in the zebrafish cdh5 gene, and we found that junctional remodeling and cell elongation are impaired in mutant embryos. The defects are associated with a disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cannot be rescued by expression of a truncated version of Cdh5. Finally, the defects in junctional remodeling can be phenocopied by pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization, but not by inhibiting actin-myosin contractility. Taken together, our results support a model in which Cdh5 organizes junctional and cortical actin cytoskeletons, as well as provides structural support for polymerizing F-actin cables during endothelial cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Sauteur
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alice Krudewig
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Herwig
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Lenard
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Jeon M, Zinn K. R3 receptor tyrosine phosphatases: conserved regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and tubular organ development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 37:119-26. [PMID: 25242281 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
R3 receptor tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are characterized by extracellular domains composed solely of long chains of fibronectin type III repeats, and by the presence of a single phosphatase domain. There are five proteins in mammals with this structure, two in Drosophila and one in Caenorhabditis elegans. R3 RPTPs are selective regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, and a number of different RTKs have been shown to be direct targets for their phosphatase activities. Genetic studies in both invertebrate model systems and in mammals have shown that R3 RPTPs are essential for tubular organ development. They also have important functions during nervous system development. R3 RPTPs are likely to be tumor suppressors in a number of types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mili Jeon
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, United States
| | - Kai Zinn
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
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53
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Newey SE, Tsaknakis G, Khoo CP, Athanassopoulos T, Camicia R, Zhang Y, Grabowska R, Harris AL, Roubelakis MG, Watt SM. The hematopoietic chemokine CXCL12 promotes integration of human endothelial colony forming cell-derived cells into immature vessel networks. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2730-43. [PMID: 24940843 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) prime endothelial cells to respond to "hematopoietic" chemokines and cytokines by inducing/upregulating expression of the respective chemokine/cytokine receptors. Coculture of human endothelial colony forming cell (ECFC)-derived cells with human stromal cells in the presence of VEGF and FGF-2 for 14 days resulted in upregulation of the "hematopoietic" chemokine CXCL12 and its CXCR4 receptor by day 3 of coculture. Chronic exposure to the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 in this vasculo/angiogenesis assay significantly reduced vascular tubule formation, an observation recapitulated by delayed AMD3100 addition. While AMD3100 did not affect ECFC-derived cell proliferation, it did demonstrate a dual action. First, over the later stages of the 14-day cocultures, AMD3100 delayed tubule organization into maturing vessel networks, resulting in enhanced endothelial cell retraction and loss of complexity as defined by live cell imaging. Second, at earlier stages of cocultures, we observed that AMD3100 significantly inhibited the integration of exogenous ECFC-derived cells into established, but immature, vascular networks. Comparative proteome profiler array analyses of ECFC-derived cells treated with AMD3100 identified changes in expression of potential candidate molecules involved in adhesion and/or migration. Blocking antibodies to CD31, but not CD146 or CD166, reduced the ECFC-derived cell integration into these extant vascular networks. Thus, CXCL12 plays a key role not only in endothelial cell sensing and guidance, but also in promoting the integration of ECFC-derived cells into developing vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Newey
- 1 Stem Cell Research Laboratory , Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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54
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Caviglia S, Luschnig S. Tube fusion: Making connections in branched tubular networks. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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55
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Angiogenesis in zebrafish. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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56
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Choi CK, Chen CS. Jostling for position in angiogenic sprouts: continuous rearrangement of cells explained by differential adhesion dynamics. EMBO J 2014; 33:1089-90. [PMID: 24711516 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201488452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial sprouting during angiogenesis is a highly coordinated morphogenetic process that involves polarized tip cells leading stalk cells to form new capillaries. While tip and stalk cells previously were thought to be stable and have static phenotypes within the sprout, it is becoming increasingly clear that endothelial cells undergo dynamic rearrangements. A new study using computer simulations, validated by in vitro and in vivo experimental data, now provides an explanation for these rearrangements, showing that sprouting cells are in a continuum of migratory states, regulated by differential cell-cell adhesions and protrusive activities to drive proper vascular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin K Choi
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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57
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McManus MM, Weiss KR, Hughes DPM. Understanding the role of Notch in osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 804:67-92. [PMID: 24924169 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Notch pathway has been described as an oncogene in osteosarcoma, but the myriad functions of all the members of this complex signaling pathway, both in malignant cells and nonmalignant components of tumors, make it more difficult to define Notch as simply an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. The cell-autonomous behaviors caused by Notch pathway manipulation may vary between cell lines but can include changes in proliferation, migration, invasiveness, oxidative stress resistance, and expression of markers associated with stemness or tumor-initiating cells. Beyond these roles, Notch signaling also plays a vital role in regulating tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, which are vital aspects of osteosarcoma growth and behavior in vivo. Further, osteosarcoma cells themselves express relatively low levels of Notch ligand, making it likely that nonmalignant cells, especially endothelial cells and pericytes, are the major source of Notch activation in osteosarcoma tumors in vivo and in patients. As a result, Notch pathway expression is not expected to be uniform across a tumor but likely to be highest in those areas immediately adjacent to blood vessels. Therapeutic targeting of the Notch pathway is likewise expected to be complicated. Most pharmacologic approaches thus far have focused on inhibition of gamma secretase, a protease of the presenilin complex. This enzyme, however, has numerous other target proteins that would be expected to affect osteosarcoma behavior, including CD44, the WNT/β-catenin pathway, and Her-4. In addition, Notch plays a vital role in tissue and organ homeostasis in numerous systems, and toxicities, especially GI intolerance, have limited the effectiveness of gamma secretase inhibitors. New approaches are in development, and the downstream targets of Notch pathway signaling also may turn out to be good targets for therapy. In summary, a full understanding of the complex functions of Notch in osteosarcoma is only now unfolding, and this deeper knowledge will help position the field to better utilize novel therapies as they are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madonna M McManus
- The Children's Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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58
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Eelen G, Cruys B, Welti J, De Bock K, Carmeliet P. Control of vessel sprouting by genetic and metabolic determinants. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:589-96. [PMID: 24075830 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vessel sprouting by endothelial cells (ECs) during angiogenesis relies on a navigating tip cell and on proliferating stalk cells that elongate the shaft. To date, only genetic signals have been shown to regulate vessel sprouting. However, emerging evidence indicates that the angiogenic switch also requires a metabolic switch. Indeed, angiogenic signals not only induce a change in EC metabolism but this metabolic adaptation also co-determines vessel sprouting. The glycolytic activator PFKFB3 regulates stalk cell proliferation and renders ECs more competitive to reach the tip. We discuss the emerging link between angiogenesis and EC metabolism during the various stages of vessel sprouting, focusing only on genetic signals for which an effect on EC metabolism has been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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59
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Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of the vascular system is critical for embryonic development and postnatal life. Defects in endothelial cell development and vessel formation and function lead to embryonic lethality and are important in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Here, we review the underlying molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell differentiation, plasticity, and the development of the vasculature. This review focuses on the interplay among transcription factors and signaling molecules that specify the differentiation of vascular endothelial cells. We also discuss recent progress on reprogramming of somatic cells toward distinct endothelial cell lineages and its promise in regenerative vascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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60
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Lizama CO, Zovein AC. Polarizing pathways: balancing endothelial polarity, permeability, and lumen formation. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1247-54. [PMID: 23567183 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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61
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Watt SM, Gullo F, van der Garde M, Markeson D, Camicia R, Khoo CP, Zwaginga JJ. The angiogenic properties of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their therapeutic potential. Br Med Bull 2013; 108:25-53. [PMID: 24152971 PMCID: PMC3842875 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldt031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood vessel formation is fundamental to development, while its dysregulation can contribute to serious disease. Expectations are that hundreds of millions of individuals will benefit from therapeutic developments in vascular biology. MSCs are central to the three main vascular repair mechanisms. SOURCES OF DATA Key recent published literature and ClinicalTrials.gov. AREAS OF AGREEMENT MSCs are heterogeneous, containing multi-lineage stem and partly differentiated progenitor cells, and are easily expandable ex vivo. There is no single marker defining native MSCs in vivo. Their phenotype is strongly determined by their specific microenvironment. Bone marrow MSCs have skeletal stem cell properties. Having a perivascular/vascular location, they contribute to vascular formation and function and might be harnessed to regenerate a blood supply to injured tissues. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY These include MSC origin, phenotype and location in vivo and their ability to differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells or act as vascular stem cells. In addition their efficacy, safety and potency in clinical trials in relation to cell source, dose, delivery route, passage and timing of administration, but probably even more on the local preconditioning and the mechanisms by which they exert their effects. GROWING POINTS Understanding the origin and the regenerative environment of MSCs, and manipulating their homing properties, proliferative ability and functionality through drug discovery and reprogramming strategies are important for their efficacy in vascular repair for regenerative medicine therapies and tissue engineering approaches. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Characterization of MSCs' in vivo origins and biological properties in relation to their localization within tissue niches, reprogramming strategies and newer imaging/bioengineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Watt
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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