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Seroprevalence of Bartonella Species in Patients with Ocular Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1020:33-42. [PMID: 28405890 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bartonella species, vector-borne etiologic agents of many systemic or self-limited infections, are responsible for a widening spectrum of diseases in humans, including inflammatory conditions of the eye. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is any relationship between uveitis and the evidence of Bartonella spp. infection in the serum, ocular fluid, and cataract mass in patients with intraocular inflammation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests and DNA sequencing were performed on surgery-extracted specimens of intraocular fluid and lens mass of 33 patients. Sera from 51 patients and 101 control subjects were tested for the presence of specific antibodies against Bartonella spp. Neither IgM-class antibodies against Bartonella spp. nor Bartonella spp. DNA were detected. A specific IgG-class antibody was found in 33.3% of the patients with uveitis. The rate of positive Bartonella serology was higher among the uveitis patients than that in control subjects. This high rate may in part result from unrecognized indirect mechanisms rather than the immediate presence and multiplication of Bartonella spp. in the eyeball. Nonetheless we believe that screening for Bartonella spp. should become part of the diagnostic workup in uveitis.
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52
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Sridhar J, Khan MA. Woman With Vision Loss in Left Eye. Ann Emerg Med 2016; 68:e61-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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53
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Pichi F, Srivastava SK, Levinson A, Baynes KM, Traut C, Lowder CY. A Focal Chorioretinal
Bartonella
Lesion Analyzed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:585-8. [DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20160601-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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54
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Nickerson TE, Oliveira CR, Lesser RL, Andiman WA. Macular Star and Central Visual Loss: Two Pediatric Cases. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2016; 55:496-8. [PMID: 26283218 PMCID: PMC6849471 DOI: 10.1177/0009922815601033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Deschasse C, Bielefeld P, Muselier A, Bour JB, Besancenot JF, Garcher CC, Bron AM. [Eye and cat scratch disease: A case series]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2016; 39:164-70. [PMID: 26868534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cat scratch disease is a pleiomorphic condition, sometimes with isolated ophthalmic involvement. We report the clinical observations of seven cases with ophthalmologic manifestations of cat scratch disease. OBSERVATIONS There were seven patients, with a median age of 52 years, of whom five were women and three had unilateral involvement. Six exhibited Leber's stellate neuroretinitis, an incomplete syndrome in two cases, and one associated with chorioretinal foci. One patient had isolated retinal infiltrates. The diagnosis of cat scratch disease was confirmed by Bartonella henselae serology, positive in all cases. All patients received treatment with doxycycline. Ocular complications (with optic atrophy and macular retinal pigment epithelial changes) were noted in five cases. DISCUSSION Ocular bartonellosis is an atypical clinical form. It requires a directed ancillary work-up with serology or PCR, which has the peculiarity of being highly specific if not very sensitive. Treatment is above all preventive. Antibiotics may be initiated. CONCLUSION Cat scratch disease must be excluded in the work-up of posterior uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Deschasse
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Dijon, 14, rue Paul-Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - P Bielefeld
- Service de médecine interne, CHU de Dijon, 14, rue Paul-Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - A Muselier
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Dijon, 14, rue Paul-Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - J B Bour
- Service de virologie, CHU de Dijon, 14, rue Paul-Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - J F Besancenot
- Service de médecine interne, CHU de Dijon, 14, rue Paul-Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - C C Garcher
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Dijon, 14, rue Paul-Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France; INRA, UMR1324, centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France; CNRS, UMR6265, centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France; Centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - A M Bron
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Dijon, 14, rue Paul-Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France; INRA, UMR1324, centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France; CNRS, UMR6265, centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France; Centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France.
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57
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Tolou C, Mahieu L, Martin-Blondel G, Ollé P, Matonti F, Hamid S, Benouaich X, Debard A, Cassagne M, Soler V. Posterior segment involvement in cat-scratch disease: A case series. J Fr Ophtalmol 2015; 38:974-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Kahloun R, Abroug N, Ksiaa I, Mahmoud A, Zeghidi H, Zaouali S, Khairallah M. Infectious optic neuropathies: a clinical update. Eye Brain 2015; 7:59-81. [PMID: 28539795 PMCID: PMC5398737 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s69173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different forms of optic neuropathy causing visual impairment of varying severity have been reported in association with a wide variety of infectious agents. Proper clinical diagnosis of any of these infectious conditions is based on epidemiological data, history, systemic symptoms and signs, and the pattern of ocular findings. Diagnosis is confirmed by serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction in selected cases. Treatment of infectious optic neuropathies involves the use of specific anti-infectious drugs and corticosteroids to suppress the associated inflammatory reaction. The visual prognosis is generally good, but persistent severe vision loss with optic atrophy can occur. This review presents optic neuropathies caused by specific viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Kahloun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Abroug
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ksiaa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Anis Mahmoud
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Zeghidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Zaouali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Khairallah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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60
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Lee RA, Ray M, Kasuga DT, Kumar V, Witherspoon CD, Baddley JW. Ocular bartonellosis in transplant recipients: two case reports and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:723-7. [PMID: 26146758 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cat scratch disease is caused by Bartonella henselae and usually manifests as localized lymphadenopathy and fever in immunocompetent patients. Immunocompromised patients are at risk for developing disseminated disease affecting the liver, spleen, eyes, central nervous system, and other organs. Bartonellosis is infrequently reported in solid organ transplant recipients, and published case reports usually discuss disseminated infection. Localized ocular disease with B. henselae, while well documented in immunocompetent hosts, is uncommon in immunocompromised patients. Herein, we present 2 cases of ocular bartonellosis in renal transplant patients, 1 with disseminated infection, and 1 without.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - M Ray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - D T Kasuga
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - V Kumar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - C D Witherspoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - J W Baddley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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61
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Choroidal neovascularisation as an unusual ophthalmic manifestation of cat-scratch disease in an 8-year-old girl. Int Ophthalmol 2015; 35:709-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-015-0093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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62
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Abroug N, Khairallah-Ksiaa I, Kahloun R, Khochtali S, Zaouali S, Khairallah M. Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome revealing subclinical Rickettsia conorii infection. Int Ophthalmol 2015; 35:717-9. [PMID: 26105087 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-015-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to report a case of Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome associated with subclinical Rickettsia conorii infection. We report a case of a 66-year-old male patient presented with unilateral persistent granulomatous conjunctivitis in the left eye and an ipsilateral preauricular lymphadenopathy without associated systemic features. Laboratory evaluation showed a positive indirect immunofluorescence antibody test for R. conorii. The patient received a 2-week course of oral doxycycline, with subsequent complete resolution of all his symptoms. Rickettsial disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of oculoglandular syndrome with or without associated systemic symptoms in any patient living in or returning from a specific endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Abroug
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
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63
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Chaudhry A, Chaudhry M, Papadimitriou J, Drachenberg C. Bartonella henselaeinfection-associated vasculitis and crescentic glomerulonephritis leading to renal allograft loss. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:411-7. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Chaudhry
- Department of General Surgery; Sinai Hospital of Baltimore; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - M.R. Chaudhry
- Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - J.C. Papadimitriou
- Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - C.B. Drachenberg
- Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
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64
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Anders UM, Taylor EJ, Doty DC, Martel JR, Martel JB. Neuroretinitis secondary to Bartonella henselae in the emergent setting. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:740.e1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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65
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Lezrek O, Laghmari M, Jait A, El Atiqi A, Lezrek M, Daoudi R. Neuroretinitis in ocular bartonellosis. J Pediatr 2015; 166:496-96.e1. [PMID: 25453244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Lezrek
- Department A of Ophthalmology, Mohammed V University Souissi, Faculty of Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mina Laghmari
- Department A of Ophthalmology, Mohammed V University Souissi, Faculty of Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Amina Jait
- Department A of Ophthalmology, Mohammed V University Souissi, Faculty of Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Anas El Atiqi
- Department A of Ophthalmology, Mohammed V University Souissi, Faculty of Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mounir Lezrek
- Department A of Ophthalmology, Mohammed V University Souissi, Faculty of Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rajae Daoudi
- Department A of Ophthalmology, Mohammed V University Souissi, Faculty of Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
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66
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Chastant-Maillard S, Boulouis HJ, Reynaud K, Thoumire S, Gandoin C, Bouillin C, Cordonnier N, Maillard R. Lack of transplacental transmission of Bartonella bovis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 38:41-6. [PMID: 25498979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transplacental transmission of Bartonella spp. has been reported for rodents, but not for cats and has never been investigated in cattle. The objective of this study was to assess vertical transmission of Bartonella in cattle. Fifty-six cow-calf pairs were tested before (cows) and after (calves) caesarean section for Bartonella bacteremia and/or serology, and the cotyledons were checked for gross lesions and presence of the bacteria. None of the 29 (52%) bacteremic cows gave birth to bacteremic calves, and all calves were seronegative at birth. Neither placentitis nor vasculitis were observed in all collected cotyledons. Bartonella bovis was not detected in placental cotyledons. Therefore, transplacental transmission of B. bovis and multiplication of the bacteria in the placenta do not seem likely. The lack of transplacental transmission may be associated with the particular structure of the placenta in ruminants or to a poor affinity/agressiveness of B. bovis for this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chastant-Maillard
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction (BDR), 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | - H-J Boulouis
- Université ParisEst, INRA, Anses, ENVA, UMR BIPAR, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - K Reynaud
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction (BDR), 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Thoumire
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction (BDR), 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Gandoin
- Université ParisEst, INRA, Anses, ENVA, UMR BIPAR, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Bouillin
- Université ParisEst, INRA, Anses, ENVA, UMR BIPAR, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - N Cordonnier
- ENVA, Histology - Histopathology, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - R Maillard
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 03, France; Université ParisEst, INRA, Anses, ENVA, UMR BIPAR, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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67
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Gajula V, Kamepalli R, Kalavakunta JK. A star in the eye: cat scratch neuroretinitis. Clin Case Rep 2014; 2:17. [PMID: 25356231 PMCID: PMC4184768 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Neuroretinitis is one of the atypical presentations of Cat scratch disease (CSD). Fundoscopy showed star pattern macular exudates. CSD should be considered in patients who present with blurry vision and typical fundoscopic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Gajula
- Michigan State University/Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies Kalamazoo, Michigan
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68
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Tagawa Y, Suzuki Y, Sakaguchi T, Endoh H, Yokoi M, Kase M. Bilateral Neuroretinitis in Cat Scratch Disease with Exudative, Obliterative Vasculitis in the Optic Disc. Neuroophthalmology 2014; 38:213-216. [PMID: 27928301 DOI: 10.3109/01658107.2013.874449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 29-year-old fisherman exhibited optic disc oedema and peripapillary retinal detachment in the right eye, whereas in the left eye, optic atrophy and intraretinal exudates were already observed on first examination. About 6 months earlier, he noticed blurred vision of the left eye but took no medication. Visual acuity was 0.4 OD and 0.01 OS. Perimetry showed a large lower-half field defect with sparing 10° central field in the right eye and a large central scotoma in the left eye. Fluorescein angiography showed existence of arteriole or capillary nonperfusion and hyperpermeability of surrounding capillaries. Since serological examinations showed positive Bartonella immunoglobulin G (IgG) and other causes of neuroretinitis (NR) were excluded, NR in the present case was caused by cat scratch disease (CSD). Optic atrophy appeared 2 weeks after onset. Optical coherence tomography 13 weeks after onset revealed severe loss of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) superior and nasal to the optic disc in both eyes and temporal in the left eye. Visual acuity of the right eye improved to 1.2 by the treatment, whereas visual field defects were persistent. CSD-NR in the present case developed abrupt appearance of optic atrophy with severe RNFL loss in the right eye, which was elicited by exudative, obliterative vasculitis in the superficial layer of the optic disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tagawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital Sapporo Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital Sapporo Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Endoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital Sapporo Japan
| | - Masahiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital Sapporo Japan
| | - Manabu Kase
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital Sapporo Japan
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69
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Empeslidis T, Tsaousis KT, Konidaris V, Pradeep A, Deane J. Multifocal chorioretinitis caused by Bartonella henselae: imaging findings of spectral domain optical coherence tomography during treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:907-9. [PMID: 24763244 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Empeslidis
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical Retina, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - K T Tsaousis
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical Retina, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - V Konidaris
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical Retina, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - A Pradeep
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical Retina, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - J Deane
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical Retina, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
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Kilonback AC, Guly C, Bernatoniene J, Ramanan AV. Unilateral neuroretinitis secondary to Bartonella henselae infection. Arch Dis Child 2014; 99:70. [PMID: 24106074 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Catherine Kilonback
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, , Bristol, UK
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71
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Ahmadi S, Azizi B, Tsang AC, Coupland S, Gottlieb C, Zackon D. Neuroretinitis with branch retinal artery occlusion in a 15-year-old female. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2013; 4:265-8. [PMID: 24348414 PMCID: PMC3861853 DOI: 10.1159/000356935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis with significant disc and peripapillary edema, branch retinal artery occlusion without macula involvement and well preserved central vision. A 15-year-old female presented with loss of vision over 4 weeks in the left eye. She had a history of cat exposure, but a cat scratch, insect bite or conjunctivitis was not reported. An inferotemporal arcuate scotoma developed during the acute phase and persisted over the course of the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ahmadi
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada ; University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Behrooz Azizi
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Adrian C Tsang
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Stuart Coupland
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada ; University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Chloe Gottlieb
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada ; University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - David Zackon
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
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Batsos G, Kabanarou SA, Fotiou P, Rouvas A, Xirou T. Retinal arterial occlusive disease in a young patient with cat scratch disease. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2013; 4:87-92. [PMID: 24019792 PMCID: PMC3764964 DOI: 10.1159/000354137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report an unusual case of a branch retinal arterial occlusion and bilateral multifocal retinitis in a young woman with cat scratch disease. Methods A 23-year-old woman was referred to our clinic complaining of a sudden scotoma in the upper part of the visual field of her left eye. Fundoscopy revealed occlusion of an inferior temporal branch of the retinal artery in the left eye and bilateral multifocal retinitis, which was confirmed by fluorescein angiography. Subsequent indocyanine angiography did not reveal choroidal involvement. Laboratory analysis showed rising IgG titers for Bartonellahenselae. Results Cat scratch disease was diagnosed, and a 4-week course of doxycycline was initiated. The patient responded well to the antibiotics. Both retinitis and arterial occlusion were resolved, the visual field was regained and the patient reported elimination of her symptoms. Conclusions Cat scratch disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis in young patients with retinal occlusive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Batsos
- Retina Department, Red Cross Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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74
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Best JA, Price B. Central scotoma without prodromal illness caused by Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 31:887.e1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Berghoff W. Chronic Lyme Disease and Co-infections: Differential Diagnosis. Open Neurol J 2012; 6:158-78. [PMID: 23400696 PMCID: PMC3565243 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01206010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Lyme disease concurrent infections frequently occur. The clinical and pathological impact of co-infections was first recognized in the 1990th, i.e. approximately ten years after the discovery of Lyme disease. Their pathological synergism can exacerbate Lyme disease or induce similar disease manifestations. Co-infecting agents can be transmitted together with Borrelia burgdorferi by tick bite resulting in multiple infections but a fraction of co-infections occur independently of tick bite. Clinically relevant co-infections are caused by Bartonella species, Yersinia enterocolitica, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In contrast to the USA, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) and babesiosis are not of major importance in Europe. Infections caused by these pathogens in patients not infected by Borrelia burgdorferi can result in clinical symptoms similar to those occurring in Lyme disease. This applies particularly to infections caused by Bartonella henselae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Chlamydia trachomatis primarily causes polyarthritis. Chlamydophila pneumoniae not only causes arthritis but also affects the nervous system and the heart, which renders the differential diagnosis difficult. The diagnosis is even more complex when co-infections occur in association with Lyme disease. Treatment recommendations are based on individual expert opinions. In antibiotic therapy, the use of third generation cephalosporins should only be considered in cases of Lyme disease. The same applies to carbapenems, which however are used occasionally in infections caused by Yersinia enterocolitica. For the remaining infections predominantly tetracyclines and macrolides are used. Quinolones are for alternative treatment, particularly gemifloxacin. For Bartonella henselae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae the combination with rifampicin is recommended. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for Campylobacter jejuni.
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Abstract
Cat scratch disease causes the majority of cases of neuroretinitis. Neuroretinitis is characterised by clinical features of papillitis, macular oedema and macular star. We report a case study of infection with Bartonella henselae most likely transmitted by a bull ant sting. The patient presented with blurred vision and reduced visual acuity after being stung by an ant in her garden some 7 days earlier. Further testing revealed positive serology to B henselae and the patient improved with appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Ullrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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79
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Ilhem MB, Errais K, Chebil A, Ouertani A. [An unusual cause of bilateral neuroretinitis: cat scratch disease]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2012; 168:544-7. [PMID: 22658752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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80
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Sundaram SV, Purvin VA, Kawasaki A. The Clinical Profile of Idiopathic and Cat Scratch Neuroretinitis: Who is at Risk for Recurrence? Neuroophthalmology 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/01658107.2011.647501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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81
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Buzzacco DM, Lubow M, Davidorf FH, Cebulla CM. Atypical cat scratch disease with vitritis, serous macular detachment, neuroretinitis, and retrobulbar optic neuritis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:1001-2. [PMID: 22366917 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-1967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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McClintic J, Srivastava SK. Imaging in the diagnosis and management of ocular cat scratch disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2012; 52:155-161. [PMID: 22954937 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0b013e3182670608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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83
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Chondrogiannis K, Vezakis A, Derpapas M, Melemeni A, Fragulidis G. Seronegative cat-scratch disease diagnosed by PCR detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in lymph node samples. Braz J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(12)70284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chi SL, Stinnett S, Eggenberger E, Foroozan R, Golnik K, Lee MS, Bhatti MT. Clinical Characteristics in 53 Patients with Cat Scratch Optic Neuropathy. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:183-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Dodds EM, Oréfice F. Review for disease of the year: differential diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2011; 19:171-9. [PMID: 21595533 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2011.581407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis is mainly clinical, based in the presence of focal necrotizing retinochoroiditis often associated with a preexistent chorioretinal scar, and variable involvement of the vitreous, retinal blood vessels, optic nerve, and anterior segment of the eye. Recognition of this clinical spectrum of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis is crucial, but other infectious, noninfectious, and neoplastic entities should also be considered in the differential diagnosis. Investigations such as serological tests, polymerase chain reaction of ocular fluids, and assessment of intraocular antibody synthesis are helpful in uncertain cases. This article provides an overview of the differential diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis, focusing on the most important entities to be considered and emphasizing distinctive features of each one of them in the clinical setting. Ocular toxoplasmosis has multiple clinical manifestations, which partially overlap with those of other entities and these should be carefully considered when making the differential diagnosis, particularly in less typical cases.
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86
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Metz CHD, Buer J, Bornfeld N, Lipski A. Bilateral Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis with stellate maculopathy in a 6-year-old boy. Infection 2011; 40:191-4. [PMID: 21826435 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-011-0168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bartonella henselae, the cause of cat-scratch disease in humans, may lead to characteristic vision-threatening ocular findings, which importantly indicate diagnosis. METHODS This is an observational case report of a 6-year-old boy who presented with bilateral stellate maculopathy and lymphadenopathy. RESULTS After serologic verification of B. henselae infection, systemic azithromycin therapy initiated the full recovery of visual acuity and bilateral complete resolution of stellate exudates during the following months. CONCLUSION Stellate maculopathy should always include the differential diagnosis of B. henselae infection. In this rare case of bilateral stellate maculopathy, we observed full recovery of function following systemic macrolide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H D Metz
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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87
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Molecular Detection of Bartonella henselae for the Diagnosis of Cat Scratch Disease and Bacillary Angiomatosis of the Conjunctiva. Cornea 2011; 30:807-14. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e318201440c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kalogeropoulos C, Koumpoulis I, Mentis A, Pappa C, Zafeiropoulos P, Aspiotis M. Bartonella and intraocular inflammation: a series of cases and review of literature. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 5:817-29. [PMID: 21750616 PMCID: PMC3130920 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To present various forms of uveitis and/or retinal vasculitis attributed to Bartonella infection and review the impact of this microorganism in patients with uveitis. METHODS Retrospective case series study. Review of clinical records of patients diagnosed with Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana intraocular inflammation from 2001 to 2010 in the Ocular Inflammation Department of the University Eye Clinic, Ioannina, Greece. Presentation of epidemiological and clinical data concerning Bartonella infection was provided by the international literature. RESULTS Eight patients with the diagnosis of Bartonella henselae and two patients with B. quintana intraocular inflammation were identified. Since four patients experienced bilateral involvement, the affected eyes totaled 14. The mean age was 36.6 years (range 12-62). Uveitic clinical entities that we found included intermediate uveitis in seven eyes (50%), vitritis in two eyes (14.2%), neuroretinitis in one eye (7.1%), focal retinochoroiditis in one eye (7.1%), branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) due to vasculitis in one eye (7.1%), disc edema with peripapillary serous retinal detachment in one eye (7.1%), and iridocyclitis in one eye (7.1%). Most of the patients (70%) did not experience systemic symptoms preceding the intraocular inflammation. Antimicrobial treatment was efficient in all cases with the exception of the case with neuroretinitis complicated by anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and tubulointerstitial nephritis. CONCLUSION Intraocular involvement caused not only by B. henselae but also by B. quintana is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. A high index of suspicion is needed because the spectrum of Bartonella intraocular inflammation is very large. In our study the most common clinical entity was intermediate uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Koumpoulis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Andreas Mentis
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrisavgi Pappa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Miltiadis Aspiotis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
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89
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Macular findings on optical coherence tomography in cat-scratch disease neuroretinitis. Eye (Lond) 2011; 25:1064-8. [PMID: 21660065 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the macular findings on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with cat-scratch disease (CSD) neuroretinitis. METHODS Medical records of all patients diagnosed with CSD neuroretinitis at the Tel Aviv Medical Center between April 2006 and May 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent Stratus OCT macular examination. RESULTS Eight eyes of seven patients with confirmed CSD neuroretinitis, (mean age 33 ± 9.9 years, range 6-48 years) were included in the study. All patients presented clinically with optic nerve swelling and macular edema or macular exudates. OCT demonstrated flattening of the foveal contour, thickening of the neurosensory retina, and accumulation of subretinal fluid (SRF) in all studied eyes. Retinal exudates appeared as multiple hyper-reflective foci in the outer plexiform layer. The average central macular thickness was 460 μm (range 170-906 μm) and the average maximal retinal thickness was 613 μm (range 387-1103 μm), at presentation. The macula appeared normal on repeated exams during follow-up. CONCLUSION Similar OCT findings were demonstrated in patients with CSD neuroretinitis. SRF was found in all eyes, although was not visible on clinical examination or fluorescein angiography. OCT may be used as an adjunct imaging tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with CSD neuroretinitis.
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90
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Hooper C, Pavesio C. Investigations in the diagnosis of uveitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.11.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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91
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92
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Unusual retinal manifestations of cat scratch disease. Int Ophthalmol 2011; 31:125-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-011-9422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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93
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Medici Olaso C, García Gariglio L, Ferreira García M, Giachetto Larraz G, Gutierrez Bottino M, Pírez García M. Enfermedad por arañazo de gato: características clínicas en niños hospitalizados. An Pediatr (Barc) 2011; 74:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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94
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Gruzensky WD. Parinaud's Oculoglandular Syndrome. Cornea 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06387-6.00054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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95
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Cat-scratch disease: ocular manifestations and visual outcome. Int Ophthalmol 2010; 30:553-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-010-9389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Neuroretinitis Caused by Bartonella henselae (Cat-Scratch Disease) in a 13-Year-Old Girl. Int J Pediatr 2010; 2010:763105. [PMID: 20628521 PMCID: PMC2902060 DOI: 10.1155/2010/763105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat-scratch disease-related neuroretinitis is a relatively unusual pathology, with suspicious clinical epidemiological and serological diagnosis. We present a case of an adolescent suffering from unilateral neuroretinitis associated with Bartonella henselae infection characterized by abrupt loss of vision, optic disc swelling, and macular star exudates with optimal response to antibiotic treatment.
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98
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Marignac G, Barrat F, Chomel B, Vayssier-Taussat M, Gandoin C, Bouillin C, Boulouis HJ. Murine model for Bartonella birtlesii infection: New aspects. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 33:95-107. [PMID: 20097421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As a model of persistent infection, various aspects of Bartonella birtlesii infection in laboratory mice, including some immunodeficient mice, are presented, particularly focusing on conditions mimicking natural infection. Bacteraemia was explored using different mice strains routes and inoculum doses (3.4-5x10(7)CFU/mouse). Mice became bacteraemic for 5 (C57Bl6/6) to 10 weeks (Balb/c, Swiss) with peaks ranging from 2x10(3) to 10(5)CFU/mL of blood. The ID route induced the most precocious bacteraemia (day 3) while the higher and longer bacteraemia in immunocompetent mice was obtained with SC when infecting Balb/c with approximately 10(3) CFU/mouse. As opposed to ID, SC and IV routes, bacteraemia was obtained with the oral and ocular routes only for high doses (10(7)) and in 33-66% mice. It was significantly higher and longer in CD4-/- mice compared to CD8-/- and double KO mice at most time points. CD8-/- mice and the control group had near to superimposed kinetics. These results confirm the relevance of the present model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marignac
- UMR BIPAR INRA-AFSSA-ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Waisbourd M, Goldstein M, Giladi M, Shulman S, Loewenstein A. Cat-scratch disease associated with branch retinal artery occlusion. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2010; 4:28-30. [PMID: 25390114 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0b013e31818d10d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe two cases of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) as the presenting sign of cat-scratch disease. METHODS AND PATIENTS Case 1 (25-year-old man) presented with decreased vision, visual field changes, a swollen disk, and BRAO. Case 2 (27-year-old woman) presented with decreased vision bilaterally: findings on examination were a macular star figure on the right eye and a BRAO on the left. RESULTS Both cases clinically improved after a course of systemic antibiotics. Case 1 had a normal optic disk and almost a complete resolution of the ischemic area 4 weeks after treatment. Case 2 had a complete resolution of the BRAO, and her macular exudates and optic disk edema partially resolved 5 weeks after treatment. CONCLUSION Cat-scratch disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of BRAO, especially in young patients. The use of systemic antibiotics in cat scratch neuroretinitis, although proven beneficial in our patients, remains controversial and should probably be reserved for the more severe forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Waisbourd
- From the *Department of Ophthalmology, and †Infectious Disease Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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[Bartonella henselae, an ubiquitous agent of proteiform zoonotic disease]. Med Mal Infect 2009; 40:319-30. [PMID: 20042306 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat scratch disease, a human infection usually characterized by persistent regional lymphadenopathy. It is transmitted to humans by cat scratches or bites. Cats are the major reservoir for this bacterium thus B. henselae has a worldwide distribution. The bacterial pathogenicity may bay emphasized by the immune status of the infected host. Angiomatosis or hepatic peliosis are the most frequent clinical manifestations in immunocompromised patients. B. henselae is also responsible for endocarditis in patients with valvular diseases, and may induce various clinical presentations such as: bacteriemia, retinitis, musculoskeletal disorders, hepatic or splenic diseases, encephalitis, or myocarditis. Several diagnostic tools are available; they may be combined and adapted to every clinical setting. B. henselae is a fastidious bacterium; its diagnosis is mainly made by PCR and blood tests. No treatment is required for the benign form of cat scratch disease. For more severe clinical presentations, the treatment must be adapted to every clinical presentation.
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