51
|
Rupenyan AB, Vreede J, van Stokkum IHM, Hospes M, Kennis JTM, Hellingwerf KJ, Groot ML. Proline 68 enhances photoisomerization yield in photoactive yellow protein. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:6668-77. [PMID: 21542640 DOI: 10.1021/jp112113s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In proteins and enzymes, the local environment of an active cofactor plays an important role in controlling the outcome of a functional reaction. In photoactive yellow protein (PYP), it ensures photoisomerization of the chromophore, a prerequisite for formation of a signaling state. PYP is the prototype of a PAS domain, and the preferred model system for the studies of molecular mechanisms of biological light sensing. We investigated the effect of replacing proline-68, positioned near but not in direct contact with the chromophore, with other neutral amino acids (alanine, glycine, and valine), using ultrafast spectroscopy probing the visible and the mid-IR spectral regions, and molecular simulation to understand the interactions tuning the efficiency of light signaling. Transient absorption measurements indicate that the quantum yield of isomerization in the mutants is lower than the yield observed for the wild type. Subpicosecond mid-IR spectra and molecular dynamics simulations of the four proteins reveal that the hydrogen bond interactions around the chromophore and the access of water molecules in the active site of the protein determine the efficiency of photoisomerization. The mutants provide additional hydrogen bonds to the chromophore, directly and by allowing more water molecules access to its binding pocket. We conclude that proline-68 in the wild type protein optimizes the yield of photochemistry by maintaining a weak hydrogen bond with the chromophore, at the same time restraining the entrance of water molecules close to the alkylic part of pCa. This study provides a molecular basis for the structural optimization of biological light sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa B Rupenyan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Krüger TPJ, Ilioaia C, Valkunas L, van Grondelle R. Fluorescence Intermittency from the Main Plant Light-Harvesting Complex: Sensitivity to the Local Environment. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:5083-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109833x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tjaart P. J. Krüger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cristian Ilioaia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonas Valkunas
- Institute of Physics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania and Department of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Hill MP, Freer LH, Vang MC, Carroll EC, Larsen DS. Multiphoton Manipulations of Enzymatic Photoactivity in Aspartate Aminotransferase. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4474-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp112400g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lucy H. Freer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mai C. Vang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Delmar S. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
van Wilderen LJGW, Lincoln CN, van Thor JJ. Modelling multi-pulse population dynamics from ultrafast spectroscopy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17373. [PMID: 21445294 PMCID: PMC3061864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Current advanced laser, optics and electronics technology allows sensitive recording of molecular dynamics, from single resonance to multi-colour and multi-pulse experiments. Extracting the occurring (bio-) physical relevant pathways via global analysis of experimental data requires a systematic investigation of connectivity schemes. Here we present a Matlab-based toolbox for this purpose. The toolbox has a graphical user interface which facilitates the application of different reaction models to the data to generate the coupled differential equations. Any time-dependent dataset can be analysed to extract time-independent correlations of the observables by using gradient or direct search methods. Specific capabilities (i.e. chirp and instrument response function) for the analysis of ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopic data are included. The inclusion of an extra pulse that interacts with a transient phase can help to disentangle complex interdependent pathways. The modelling of pathways is therefore extended by new theory (which is included in the toolbox) that describes the finite bleach (orientation) effect of single and multiple intense polarised femtosecond pulses on an ensemble of randomly oriented particles in the presence of population decay. For instance, the generally assumed flat-top multimode beam profile is adapted to a more realistic Gaussian shape, exposing the need for several corrections for accurate anisotropy measurements. In addition, the (selective) excitation (photoselection) and anisotropy of populations that interact with single or multiple intense polarised laser pulses is demonstrated as function of power density and beam profile. Using example values of real world experiments it is calculated to what extent this effectively orients the ensemble of particles. Finally, the implementation includes the interaction with multiple pulses in addition to depth averaging in optically dense samples. In summary, we show that mathematical modelling is essential to model and resolve the details of physical behaviour of populations in ultrafast spectroscopy such as pump-probe, pump-dump-probe and pump-repump-probe experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk J. G. W. van Wilderen
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig N. Lincoln
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasper J. van Thor
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Chen X, Larsen DS, Bradforth SE, van Stokkum IHM. Broadband Spectral Probing Revealing Ultrafast Photochemical Branching after Ultraviolet Excitation of the Aqueous Phenolate Anion. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:3807-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107935f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen E. Bradforth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Hill MP, Carroll EC, Vang MC, Addington TA, Toney MD, Larsen DS. Light-enhanced catalysis by pyridoxal phosphate-dependent aspartate aminotransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:16953-61. [PMID: 21058708 PMCID: PMC3021986 DOI: 10.1021/ja107054x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes require substrates to form covalent "external aldimine" intermediates, which absorb light strongly between 410 and 430 nm. Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) is a prototypical PLP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of aspartate and α-ketoglutarate with oxalacetate and glutamate. From kinetic isotope effects studies, it is known that deprotonation of the aspartate external aldimine C(α)-H bond to give a carbanionic quinonoid intermediate is partially rate limiting in the thermal AAT reaction. We show that excitation of the 430-nm external aldimine absorption band increases the steady-state catalytic activity of AAT, which is attributed to the photoenhancement of C(α)-H deprotonation on the basis of studies with Schiff bases in solution. Blue light (250 mW) illumination gives an observed 2.3-fold rate enhancement for WT AAT activity, a 530-fold enhancement for the inactive K258A mutant, and a 58600-fold enhancement for the PLP-Asp Schiff base in water. These different levels of enhancement correlate with the intrinsic reactivities of the C(α)-H bond in the different environments, with the less reactive Schiff bases exhibiting greater enhancement. Time-resolved spectroscopy, ranging from femtoseconds to minutes, was used to investigate the nature of the photoactivation of C(α)-H bond cleavage in PLP-amino acid Schiff bases both in water and bound to AAT. Unlike the thermal pathway, the photoactivation pathway involves a triplet state with a C(α)-H pK(a) that is estimated to be between 11 and 19 units lower than the ground state for the PLP-Val Schiff base in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Elizabeth C. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Mai C. Vang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Trevor A. Addington
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Michael D. Toney
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Delmar S. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Wang Y, Li H. Excited state geometry of photoactive yellow protein chromophore: A combined conductorlike polarizable continuum model and time-dependent density functional study. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:034108. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3462248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
58
|
Rajput J, Rahbek DB, Aravind G, Andersen LH. Spectral tuning of the photoactive yellow protein chromophore by H-bonding. Biophys J 2010; 98:488-92. [PMID: 20141763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectral tuning in the photoactive yellow protein (PYP) is investigated by performing gas-phase absorption measurements on a PYP-model chromophore with two water molecules hydrogen-bonded to it. The photoabsorption maximum shows an unusually large blue shift of 0.71 eV in going from the bare to the hydrogen-bonded chromophore. It is concluded that several interactions within the PYP protein are mutually cancelling each other, yielding an absorption maximum that is close to the absorption maximum of the bare chromophore. The system breaks apart upon photoexcitation in the gas phase by releasing the two water molecules, leaving the chromophore itself intact. The hydrogen-bonding interactions thus play an important role in stabilizing the gas phase chromophore against photofragmentation. The relaxation dynamics for the breakup process was also studied, and the timescale of relaxation via fragmentation was found to be < 25 ns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rajput
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Tranca DC, Neufeld AA. Quantum-classical modeling of photoisomerization of polyatomic molecules. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:134109. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3368644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
60
|
Briand J, Bräm O, Réhault J, Léonard J, Cannizzo A, Chergui M, Zanirato V, Olivucci M, Helbing J, Haacke S. Coherent ultrafast torsional motion and isomerization of a biomimetic dipolar photoswitch. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:3178-87. [PMID: 20237707 DOI: 10.1039/b918603d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion, UV-Vis and IR transient absorption spectroscopy are used to study the photo-isomerization dynamics of a new type of zwitterionic photoswitch based on a N-alkylated indanylidene pyrroline Schiff base framework (ZW-NAIP). The system is biomimetic, as it mimics the photophysics of retinal, in coupling excited state charge translocation and isomerization. While the fluorescence lifetime is 140 fs, excited state absorption persists over 230 fs in the form of a vibrational wavepacket according to twisting of the isomerizing double bond. After a short "dark" time window in the UV-visible spectra, which we associate with the passage through a conical intersection (CI), the wavepacket appears on the ground state potential energy surface, as evidenced by the transient mid-IR data. This allows for a precise timing of the photoreaction all the way from the initial Franck-Condon region, through the CI and into both ground state isomers, until incoherent vibrational relaxation dominates the dynamics. The photo-reaction dynamics remarkably follow those observed for retinal in rhodopsin, with the additional benefit that in ZW-NAIP the conformational change reverses the zwitterion dipole moment direction. Last, the pronounced low-frequency coherences make these molecules ideal systems for investigating wavepacket dynamics in the vicinity of a CI and for coherent control experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Briand
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg University, CNRS, IPCMS-DON, 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Jailaubekov AE, Song SH, Vengris M, Cogdell RJ, Larsen DS. Using narrowband excitation to confirm that the S∗ state in carotenoids is not a vibrationally-excited ground state species. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
62
|
Changenet-Barret P, Loukou C, Ley C, Lacombat F, Plaza P, Mallet JM, Martin MM. Primary photodynamics of a biomimetic model of photoactive yellow protein (PYP). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13715-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00618a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
63
|
Virshup AM, Punwong C, Pogorelov TV, Lindquist BA, Ko C, Martínez TJ. Photodynamics in Complex Environments: Ab Initio Multiple Spawning Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2008; 113:3280-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8073464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Virshup
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Chutintorn Punwong
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Taras V. Pogorelov
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Beth A. Lindquist
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Chaehyuk Ko
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Alexandre MTA, van Grondelle R, Hellingwerf KJ, Robert B, Kennis JTM. Perturbation of the ground-state electronic structure of FMN by the conserved cysteine in phototropin LOV2 domains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:6693-702. [PMID: 18989482 DOI: 10.1039/b810040c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In LOV2, the blue-light sensitive domain of phototropin, the primary photophysical event involves intersystem crossing (ISC) from the singlet-excited state to the triplet state. The ISC rate is enhanced in LOV2 as compared to flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in solution, which likely results from a heavy-atom effect of a nearby conserved cysteine, C450. Here, we applied fluorescence line narrowing (FLN), resonance Raman (RR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to investigate the electronic structure of FMN bound to Avena sativa LOV2 (AsLOV2), its C450A mutant and Adiantum LOV2 (Phy3LOV2). We demonstrate that FLN is the method of choice to obtain accurate vibrational spectra on highly fluorescent flavoproteins. The vibrational spectrum of AsLOV2-C450A showed small but significant shifts with respect to those of wild type AsLOV2 and Phy3LOV2, with a systematic down-shift of Ring I vibrations, upshifts of Ring II and III vibrations and an upshift of the C2=O mode. These trends are similar to those in FMN model systems with an electron-donating group substituted at Ring I, known to induce a quinoid character to the electronic structure of oxidized flavin. Thus, enhancement of the ISC rate in LOV2 is induced through weak electron donation by the cysteine which mixes the FMN pi-electrons with the heavy sulfur orbitals, manifesting itself in a quinoid character of the ground electronic state of oxidized FMN. The proximity of the cysteine to FMN thus not only enables formation of a covalent adduct between FMN and cysteine, but also facilitates the rapid electronic formation of the reactive FMN triplet state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime T A Alexandre
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Picometer-scale conformational heterogeneity separates functional from nonfunctional states of a photoreceptor protein. Structure 2008; 16:863-72. [PMID: 18547519 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein structural fluctuations occur over a wide spatial scale, ranging from minute, picometer-scale displacements, to large, interdomain motions and partial unfolding. While large-scale protein structural changes and their effects on protein function have been the focus of much recent attention, small-scale fluctuations have been less well studied, and are generally assumed to have proportionally smaller effects. Here we use the bacterial photoreceptor photoactive yellow protein (PYP) to test if subtle structural changes do, indeed, imply equally subtle functional effects. We flash froze crystals of PYP to trap the protein's conformational ensemble, and probed the molecules in this ensemble for their ability to facilitate PYP's biological function (i.e., light-driven isomerization of its chromophore). Our results indicate that the apparently homogeneous structural state observed in a 0.82 A crystal structure in fact comprises an ensemble of conformational states, in which subpopulations with nearly identical structures display dramatically different functional properties.
Collapse
|
66
|
Electrostatic control of photoisomerization in the photoactive yellow protein chromophore: Ab initio multiple spawning dynamics. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
67
|
Morgan PJ, Mitchell DM, Pratt DW. High resolution electronic spectroscopy of p-vinylphenol in the gas phase. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
68
|
Khurmi C, Berg MA. Analyzing Nonexponential Kinetics with Multiple Population-Period Transient Spectroscopy (MUPPETS). J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3364-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp710711w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Champak Khurmi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Mark A. Berg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Putschögl M, Zirak P, Penzkofer A. Absorption and emission behaviour of trans-p-coumaric acid in aqueous solutions and some organic solvents. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
70
|
Leenders EJM, VandeVondele J, Bolhuis PG, Meijer EJ. Solvation of p-Coumaric Acid in Water. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:13591-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075341e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elske J. M. Leenders
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joost VandeVondele
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter G. Bolhuis
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evert Jan Meijer
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Gromov EV, Burghardt I, Hynes JT, Köppel H, Cederbaum LS. Electronic structure of the photoactive yellow protein chromophore: Ab initio study of the low-lying excited singlet states. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
72
|
Nuernberger P, Vogt G, Brixner T, Gerber G. Femtosecond quantum control of molecular dynamics in the condensed phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:2470-97. [PMID: 17508081 DOI: 10.1039/b618760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review the progress in controlling quantum dynamical processes in the condensed phase with femtosecond laser pulses. Due to its high particle density the condensed phase has both high relevance and appeal for chemical synthesis. Thus, in recent years different methods have been developed to manipulate the dynamics of condensed-phase systems by changing one or multiple laser pulse parameters. Single-parameter control is often achieved by variation of the excitation pulse's wavelength, its linear chirp or its temporal subpulse separation in case of pulse sequences. Multiparameter control schemes are more flexible and provide a much larger parameter space for an optimal solution. This is realized in adaptive femtosecond quantum control, in which the optimal solution is iteratively obtained through the combination of an experimental feedback signal and an automated learning algorithm. Several experiments are presented that illustrate the different control concepts and highlight their broad applicability. These fascinating achievements show the continuous progress on the way towards the control of complex quantum reactions in the condensed phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nuernberger
- Universität Würzburg, Physikalisches Institut, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Espagne A, Paik DH, Changenet-Barret P, Plaza P, Martin MM, Zewail AH. Ultrafast light-induced response of photoactive yellow protein chromophore analogues. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:780-7. [PMID: 17609772 DOI: 10.1039/b700927e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence decays of several analogues of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP) chromophore in aqueous solution have been measured by femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion and the corresponding time-resolved fluorescence spectra have been reconstructed. The native chromophore of PYP is a thioester derivative of p-coumaric acid in its trans deprotonated form. Fluorescence kinetics are reported for a thioester phenyl analogue and for two analogues where the thioester group has been changed to amide and carboxylate groups. The kinetics are compared to those we previously reported for the analogues bearing ketone and ester groups. The fluorescence decays of the full series are found to lie in the 1-10 ps range depending on the electron-acceptor character of the substituent, in good agreement with the excited-state relaxation kinetics extracted from transient absorption measurements. Steady-state photolysis is also examined and found to depend strongly on the nature of the substituent. While it has been shown that the ultrafast light-induced response of the chromophore in PYP is controlled by the properties of the protein nanospace, the present results demonstrate that, in solution, the relaxation dynamics and pathway of the chromophore is controlled by its electron donor-acceptor structure: structures of stronger electron donor-acceptor character lead to faster decays and less photoisomerisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Espagne
- UMR CNRS-ENS 8640 PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Espagne A, Changenet-Barret P, Baudin JB, Plaza P, Martin MM. Photoinduced charge shift as the driving force for the excited-state relaxation of analogues of the Photoactive Yellow Protein chromophore in solution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
75
|
van der Horst MA, Arents JC, Kort R, Hellingwerf KJ. Binding, tuning and mechanical function of the 4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid chromophore in photoactive yellow protein. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:571-9. [PMID: 17487311 DOI: 10.1039/b701072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial photoreceptor protein photoactive yellow protein (PYP) covalently binds the chromophore 4-hydroxy coumaric acid, tuning (spectral) characteristics of this cofactor. Here, we study this binding and tuning using a combination of pointmutations and chromophore analogs. In all photosensor proteins studied to date the covalent linkage of the chromophore to the apoprotein is dispensable for light-induced catalytic activation. We analyzed the functional importance of the covalent linkage using an isosteric chromophore-protein variant in which the cysteine is replaced by a glycine residue and the chromophore by thiomethyl-p-coumaric acid (TMpCA). The model compound TMpCA is shown to weakly complex with the C69G protein. This non-covalent binding results in considerable tuning of both the pKa and the color of the chromophore. The photoactivity of this system, however, was strongly impaired, making PYP the first known photosensor protein in which the covalent linkage of the chromophore is of paramount importance for the functional activity of the protein in vitro. We also studied the influence of chromophore analogs on the color and photocycle of PYP, not only in WT, but especially in the E46Q mutant, to test if effects from both chromophore and protein modifications are additive. When the E46Q protein binds the sinapinic acid chromophore, the color of the protein is effectively changed from yellow to orange. The altered charge distribution in this protein also results in a changed pKa value for chromophore protonation, and a strongly impaired photocycle. Both findings extend our knowledge of the photochemistry of PYP for signal generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A van der Horst
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbial Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Papagiannakis E, Vengris M, Larsen DS, van Stokkum IHM, Hiller RG, van Grondelle R. Use of ultrafast dispersed pump-dump-probe and pump-repump-probe spectroscopies to explore the light-induced dynamics of peridinin in solution. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:512-21. [PMID: 16471563 DOI: 10.1021/jp053094d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optical pump-induced dynamics of the highly asymmetric carotenoid peridinin in methanol was studied by dispersed pump-probe, pump-dump-probe, and pump-repump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy in the visible region. Dispersed pump-probe measurements show that the decay of the initially excited S2 state populates two excited states, the S1 and the intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) state, at a ratio determined by the excitation wavelength. The ensuing spectral evolution occurs on the time scale of a few picoseconds and suggests the equilibration of these states. Dumping the stimulated emission of the ICT state with an additional 800-nm pulse after 400- and 530-nm excitation preferentially removes the ICT state contribution from the broad excited-state absorption, allowing for its spectral characterization. At the same time, an unrelaxed ground-state species, which has a subpicosecond lifetime, is populated. The application of the 800-nm pulse at early times, when the S2 state is still populated, led to direct generation of the peridinin cation, observed for the first time in a transient absorption experiment. The excited and ground electronic states manifold of peridinin has been reconstructed using target analysis; this approach combined with the measured multipulse spectroscopic data allows us to estimate the spectra and time scales of the corresponding transient states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Papagiannakis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Espagne A, Paik DH, Changenet-Barret P, Martin MM, Zewail AH. Ultrafast Photoisomerization of Photoactive Yellow Protein Chromophore Analogues in Solution: Influence of the Protonation State. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:1717-26. [PMID: 16847839 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We investigate solvent viscosity and polarity effects on the photoisomerization of the protonated and deprotonated forms of two analogues of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP) chromophore. These are trans-p-hydroxybenzylidene acetone and trans-p-hydroxyphenyl cinnamate, studied in solutions of different polarity and viscosity at room temperature, by means of femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion. The fluorescence lifetimes of the protonated forms are found to be barely sensitive to solvent viscosity, and to increase with increasing solvent polarity. In contrast, the fluorescence decays of the deprotonated forms are significantly slowed down in viscous media and accelerated in polar solvents. These results elucidate the dramatic influence of the protonation state of the PYP chromophore analogues on their photoinduced dynamics. The viscosity and polarity effects are, respectively, interpreted in terms of different isomerization coordinates and charge redistribution in S(1). A trans-to-cis isomerization mechanism involving mainly the ethylenic double-bond torsion and/or solvation is proposed for the anionic forms, whereas "concerted" intramolecular motions are proposed for the neutral forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Espagne
- UMR CNRS-ENS 8640 Pasteur, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Nuernberger P, Vogt G, Gerber G, Improta R, Santoro F. Femtosecond study on the isomerization dynamics of NK88. I. Ground-state dynamics after photoexcitation. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:44512. [PMID: 16942161 DOI: 10.1063/1.2210482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, optimal control of a photoisomerization reaction in the liquid phase was demonstrated for the first time on the system 3,3(')-diethyl-2,2(')-thiacyanine (NK88). Additionally, the class of cyanines to which the molecule NK88 belongs draws a lot of attention in different recent theoretical publications. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular dynamics of this molecular system is of special interest. Experiments using the femtosecond pump-supercontinuum probe technique with an excitation wavelength of 400 nm and a spectral range from 370 to 620 nm for the probe beam have been performed. In order to analyze the dynamics properly the time window has been chosen to comprise the characteristic times of the contributing processes, additionally we have employed two solvents, methanol and ethylene glycol, and have conducted anisotropy measurements. The spectroscopic data have been assigned to different molecular states with the help of density functional theory and second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory calculations. The analysis of the data has revealed in the most likely model that three different isomers exist with different lifetimes. On the basis of experimental and theoretical data, a conclusive scheme of the isomerization reaction is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nuernberger
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Vogt G, Nuernberger P, Gerber G, Improta R, Santoro F. Femtosecond study on the isomerization dynamics of NK88. II. Excited-state dynamics. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:44513. [PMID: 16942162 DOI: 10.1063/1.2210939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecule 3,3(')-diethyl-2,2(')-thiacyanine isomerizes after irradiation with light of the proper wavelength. After excitation, it undergoes a transition, in which one or more conical intersections are involved, back to the ground state to form different product photoisomers. The dynamics before and directly after the transition back to the ground state is investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy in a wavelength region of 360-950 nm, as well as by fluorescence upconversion. It is shown that the excited-state dynamics are governed by two time scales: a short one with a decay time of less than 2 ps and a long one with about 9 ps. A thorough comparison of the experimental results with those of configuration interaction singles and time-dependent density functional theory calculations suggests that these dynamics are related to two competing pathways differing in the molecular twisting on the excited surface after photoexcitation. From the experimental point of view this picture arises taking into account the time scales for ground-state bleach, excited-state absorption, stimulated emission, fluorescence, and assumed hot ground-state absorption both in the solvent methanol and ethylene glycol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Vogt
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Papagiannakis E, van Stokkum IHM, Vengris M, Cogdell RJ, van Grondelle R, Larsen DS. Excited-State Dynamics of Carotenoids in Light-Harvesting Complexes. 1. Exploring the Relationship between the S1 and S* States. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:5727-36. [PMID: 16539518 DOI: 10.1021/jp054633h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dispersed transient absorption spectra collected at variable excitation intensities in combination with time-resolved signals were used to explore the underlying connectivity of the electronic excited-state manifold of the carotenoid rhodopin glucoside in the light-harvesting 2 complex isolated from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. We find that the S state, which was recently identified as an excited state in carotenoids bound in bacterial light-harvesting complexes, exhibits a different response to the increase of excitation intensity than the S(1) state, which suggests that the models used so far to describe the excited states of carotenoids are incomplete. We propose two new models that can describe both the time-resolved and the intensity-dependent data; the first postulates that S(1) and S* are not populated in parallel after the decay of the initially excited S(2) state but instead result from the excitation of distinct ground-state subpopulations. The second model introduces a resonantly enhanced light-induced transition during excitation, which promotes population to higher-lying excited states that favors the formation of S* over S(1). Multiwavelength target analysis of the time-resolved and excitation-intensity dependence measurements were used to characterize the involved states and their responses. We show that both proposed models adequately fit the measured data, although it is not possible to determine which model is most apt. The physical origins and implications of both models are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Papagiannakis
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Espagne A, Changenet-Barret P, Plaza P, Martin MM. Solvent Effect on the Excited-State Dynamics of Analogues of the Photoactive Yellow Protein Chromophore. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:3393-404. [PMID: 16526618 DOI: 10.1021/jp0563843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that two analogues of the Photoactive Yellow Protein chromophore, trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (pCA(2-)) and its amide derivative (pCM-) in their deprotonated forms, undergo a trans-cis photoisomerization whereas the thioester derivative, trans-p-hydroxythiophenyl cinnamate (pCT-), does not. pCT- is also the only one to exhibit a short-lived intermediate on its excited-state deactivation pathway. We here further stress the existence of two different relaxation mechanisms for these molecules and examine the reaction coordinates involved. We looked at the effect of the solvent properties (viscosity, polarity, solvation dynamics) on their excited-state relaxation dynamics, probed by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Sensitivity to the solvent properties is found to be larger for pCT- than for pCA(2-) and pCM-. This difference is considered to reveal that either the relaxation pathway or the reaction coordinate is different for these two classes of analogues. It is also found to be correlated to the electron donor-acceptor character of the molecule. We attribute the excited-state deactivation of analogues bearing a weaker acceptor group, pCA(2-) and pCM-, to a stilbene-like photoisomerization mechanism with the concerted rotation of the ethylenic bond and one adjacent single bond. For pCT-, which contains a stronger acceptor group, we consider a photoisomerization mechanism mainly involving the single torsion of the ethylenic bond. The excited-state deactivation of pCT- would lead to the formation of a ground-state intermediate at the "perp" geometry, which would return to the initial trans conformation without net isomerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Espagne
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure (UMR CNRS 8640 PASTEUR), 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Papagiannakis E, H M van Stokkum I, Fey H, Büchel C, van Grondelle R. Spectroscopic characterization of the excitation energy transfer in the fucoxanthin-chlorophyll protein of diatoms. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 86:241-50. [PMID: 16172942 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-1003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the energy transfer pathways in the fucoxanthin-chlorophyll protein (FCP) complex of the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana by conducting ultrafast transient absorption measurements. This light harvesting antenna has a distinct pigment composition and binds chlorophyll a (Chl-a), fucoxanthin and chlorophyll c (Chl-c) molecules in a 4:4:1 ratio. We find that upon excitation of fucoxanthin to its S2 state, a significant amount of excitation energy is transferred rapidly to Chl-a. The ensuing dynamics illustrate the presence of a complex energy transfer network that also involves energy transfer from the unrelaxed or 'hot' intermediates. Chl-c to Chl-a energy transfer occurs on a timescale of a 100 fs. We observe no significant spectral evolution in the Chl-a region of the spectrum. We have applied global and target analysis to model the measured excited state dynamics and estimate the spectra of the states involved; the energy transfer network is discussed in relation to the pigment organization of the FCP complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Papagiannakis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Nielsen IB, Boyé-Péronne S, El Ghazaly MOA, Kristensen MB, Brøndsted Nielsen S, Andersen LH. Absorption spectra of photoactive yellow protein chromophores in vacuum. Biophys J 2005; 89:2597-604. [PMID: 16040745 PMCID: PMC1366759 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.061192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The absorption spectra of two photoactive yellow protein model chromophores have been measured in vacuum using an electrostatic ion storage ring. The absorption spectrum of the isolated chromophore is an important reference for deducing the influence of the protein environment on the electronic energy levels of the chromophore and separating the intrinsic properties of the chromophore from properties induced by the protein environment. In vacuum the deprotonated trans-thiophenyl-p-coumarate model chromophore has an absorption maximum at 460 nm, whereas the photoactive yellow protein absorbs maximally at 446 nm. The protein environment thus only slightly blue-shifts the absorption. In contrast, the absorption of the model chromophore in aqueous solution is significantly blue-shifted (lambda(max) = 395 nm). A deprotonated trans-p-coumaric acid has also been studied to elucidate the effect of thioester formation and phenol deprotonation. The sum of these two changes on the chromophore induces a red shift both in vacuum and in aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I B Nielsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Doust AB, van Stokkum IHM, Larsen DS, Wilk KE, Curmi PMG, van Grondelle R, Scholes GD. Mediation of Ultrafast Light-Harvesting by a Central Dimer in Phycoerythrin 545 Studied by Transient Absorption and Global Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:14219-26. [PMID: 16852785 DOI: 10.1021/jp051173j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report ultrafast femtosecond transient absorption measurements of energy-transfer dynamics for the antenna protein phycoerythrin 545, PE545, isolated from a unicellular cryptophyte Rhodomonas CS24. The phycoerythrobilins are excited at both 485 and 530 nm, and the spectral response is probed between 400 and 700 nm. Room-temperature measurements are contrasted with measurements at 77 K. An evolution-associated difference spectra (EADS) analysis is combined with estimations of bilin spectral positions and energy-transfer rates to obtain a detailed kinetic model for PE545. It is found that sub pulse-width dynamics include relaxation between the exciton states of a chromophore dimer (beta 50/60) located in the core of the protein. Energy transfer from the lowest exciton state of the phycoerythrobilin (PEB) dimer to one of the periphery 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin (DBV) bilins is found to occur on a time scale of 250 fs at room temperature and 960 fs at 77 K. A host of energy-transfer dynamics involving the beta 158, beta 82, and alpha 19 bilins occur on a time scale of 2 ps at room temperature and 3 ps at 77 K. A final energy transfer occurs between the red-most DBV bilins with a time scale estimated to be approximately 30 ps. The role of the centrally located phycoerythrobilin dimer is seen as crucial-spectrally as it expands the cross-section of absorption of the protein; structurally as it sits in the middle of the protein acting as an intermediary trap; and kinetically, as the internal conversion and subsequent red-shift of the excitation is extremely fast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Doust
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, 80 St. George Street, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
de Groot M, Buma WJ. Comment on “Gas-Phase Photochemistry of the Photoactive Yellow Protein Chromophore trans-p-Coumaric Acid”. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:6135-6. [PMID: 16833951 DOI: 10.1021/jp052128e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattijs de Groot
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127-129, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Gromov EV, Burghardt I, Köppel H, Cederbaum LS. Impact of Sulfur vs Oxygen on the Low-Lying Excited States oftrans-p-Coumaric Acid andtrans-p-Coumaric Thio Acid. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4623-31. [PMID: 16833801 DOI: 10.1021/jp0447791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The low-lying excited singlet states of trans-p-coumaric acid (CA) and trans-p-coumaric thio acid (CTA) are investigated in view of characterizing the chromophore of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP), with particular regard to the impact of sulfur on the chromophore's electronic structure. The comparative ab initio study, performed with the highly accurate EOM-CCSD method, shows that the electronic state ordering upon vertical excitation and following in-plane geometry relaxation indeed depends in a very sensitive fashion on the presence of either sulfur or oxygen. The study identifies three relevant excited singlet states, two of which are of pi-pi type while the third state is of n-pi character. The study highlights the role of the latter n-pi state which is shown to be the lowest-lying excited state of CTA at all in-plane geometries under consideration, whereas this is not the case for CA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy V Gromov
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Vengris M, van der Horst MA, Zgrablic G, van Stokkum IHM, Haacke S, Chergui M, Hellingwerf KJ, van Grondelle R, Larsen DS. Contrasting the excited-state dynamics of the photoactive yellow protein chromophore: protein versus solvent environments. Biophys J 2005; 87:1848-57. [PMID: 15345563 PMCID: PMC1304589 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.043224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wavelength- and time-resolved fluorescence experiments have been performed on the photoactive yellow protein, the E46Q mutant, the hybrids of these proteins containing a nonisomerizing "locked" chromophore, and the native and locked chromophores in aqueous solution. The ultrafast dynamics of these six systems is compared and spectral signatures of isomerization and solvation are discussed. We find that the ultrafast red-shifting of fluorescence is associated mostly with solvation dynamics, whereas isomerization manifests itself as quenching of fluorescence. The observed multiexponential quenching of the protein samples differs from the single-exponential lifetimes of the chromophores in solution. The locked chromophore in the protein environment decays faster than in solution. This is due to additional channels of excited-state energy dissipation via the covalent and hydrogen bonds with the protein environment. The observed large dispersion of quenching timescales observed in the protein samples that contain the native pigment favors both an inhomogeneous model and an excited-state barrier for isomerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikas Vengris
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Larsen DS, van Stokkum IHM, Vengris M, van Der Horst MA, de Weerd FL, Hellingwerf KJ, van Grondelle R. Incoherent manipulation of the photoactive yellow protein photocycle with dispersed pump-dump-probe spectroscopy. Biophys J 2005; 87:1858-72. [PMID: 15345564 PMCID: PMC1304590 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.043794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactive yellow protein is the protein responsible for initiating the "blue-light vision" of Halorhodospira halophila. The dynamical processes responsible for triggering the photoactive yellow protein photocycle have been disentangled with the use of a novel application of dispersed ultrafast pump-dump-probe spectroscopy, where the photocycle can be started and interrupted with appropriately tuned and timed laser pulses. This "incoherent" manipulation of the photocycle allows for the detailed spectroscopic investigation of the underlying photocycle dynamics and the construction of a fully self-consistent dynamical model. This model requires three kinetically distinct excited-state intermediates, two (ground-state) photocycle intermediates, I(0) and pR, and a ground-state intermediate through which the protein, after unsuccessful attempts at initiating the photocycle, returns to the equilibrium ground state. Also observed is a previously unknown two-photon ionization channel that generates a radical and an ejected electron into the protein environment. This second excitation pathway evolves simultaneously with the pathway containing the one-photon photocycle intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delmar S Larsen
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Vengris M, Larsen DS, van der Horst MA, Larsen OFA, Hellingwerf KJ, van Grondelle R. Ultrafast Dynamics of Isolated Model Photoactive Yellow Protein Chromophores: “Chemical Perturbation Theory” in the Laboratory. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:4197-208. [PMID: 16851482 DOI: 10.1021/jp045763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pump-probe and pump-dump probe experiments have been performed on several isolated model chromophores of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP). The observed transient absorption spectra are discussed in terms of the spectral signatures ascribed to solvation, excited-state twisting, and vibrational relaxation. It is observed that the protonation state has a profound effect on the excited-state lifetime of p-coumaric acid. Pigments with ester groups on the coumaryl tail end and charged phenolic moieties show dynamics that are significantly different from those of other pigments. Here, an unrelaxed ground-state intermediate could be observed in pump-probe signals. A similar intermediate could be identified in the sinapinic acid and in isomerization-locked chromophores by means of pump-dump probe spectroscopy; however, in these compounds it is less pronounced and could be due to ground-state solvation and/or vibrational relaxation. Because of strong protonation-state dependencies and the effect of electron donor groups, it is argued that charge redistribution upon excitation determines the twisting reaction pathway, possibly through interaction with the environment. It is suggested that the same pathway may be responsible for the initiation of the photocycle in native PYP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikas Vengris
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Papagiannakis E, Larsen DS, van Stokkum IHM, Vengris M, Hiller RG, van Grondelle R. Resolving the excited state equilibrium of peridinin in solution. Biochemistry 2005; 43:15303-9. [PMID: 15581342 DOI: 10.1021/bi047977r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The carotenoid peridinin is abundant in the biosphere, as it is the main pigment bound by the light-harvesting complexes of dinoflagellates, where it collects blue and green sunlight and transfers energy to chlorophyll a with high efficiency. Its molecular structure is particularly complex, giving rise to an intricate excited state manifold, which includes a state with charge-transfer character. To disentangle the excited states of peridinin and understand their function in vivo, we applied dispersed pump-probe and pump-dump-probe spectroscopy. The preferential depletion of population from the intramolecular charge transfer state by the dump pulse demonstrates that the S(1) and this charge transfer state are distinct entities. The ensuing dump-induced dynamics illustrates the equilibration of the two states which occurs on the time scale of a few picoseconds. Additionally, the dump pulse populates a short-lived ground state intermediate, which is suggestive of a complex relaxation pathway, probably including structural reorientation or solvation of the ground state. These findings indicate that the unique intramolecular charge transfer state of peridinin is an efficient energy donor to chlorophyll a in the peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex and thus plays a significant role in global light harvesting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Papagiannakis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Excited state dynamics of a PYP chromophore model system explored with ultrafast infrared spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
92
|
Changenet-Barret P, Espagne A, Plaza P, Hellingwerf KJ, Martin MM. Investigations of the primary events in a bacterial photoreceptor for photomotility: photoactive yellow protein (PYP). NEW J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b418134d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
93
|
Kennis JTM, Larsen DS, van Stokkum IHM, Vengris M, van Thor JJ, van Grondelle R. Uncovering the hidden ground state of green fluorescent protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17988-93. [PMID: 15608070 PMCID: PMC539731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404262102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluorescence properties of GFP are strongly influenced by the protonation states of its chromophore and nearby amino acid side chains. In the ground state, the GFP chromophore is neutral and absorbs in the near UV. Upon excitation, the chromophore is deprotonated, and the resulting anionic chromophore emits its green fluorescence. So far, only excited-state intermediates have been observed in the GFP photocycle. We have used ultrafast multipulse control spectroscopy to prepare and directly observe GFP's hidden anionic ground-state intermediates as an integral part of the photocycle. Combined with dispersed multichannel detection and advanced global analysis techniques, the existence of two distinct anionic ground-state intermediates, I(1) and I(2), has been unveiled. I(1) and I(2) absorb at 500 and 497 nm, respectively, and interconvert on a picosecond timescale. The I(2) intermediate has a lifetime of 400 ps, corresponding to a proton back-transfer process that regenerates the neutral ground state. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange of the protein leads to a significant increase of the I(1) and I(2) lifetimes, indicating that proton motion underlies their dynamics. We thus have assessed the complete chain of reaction intermediates and associated timescales that constitute the photocycle of GFP. Many elementary processes in biology rely on proton transfers that are limited by slow diffusional events, which seriously precludes their characterization. We have resolved the true reaction rate of a proton transfer in the molecular ground state of GFP, and our results may thus aid in the development of a generic understanding of proton transfer in biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T M Kennis
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1018HV, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
van Stokkum IHM, Larsen DS, van Grondelle R. Global and target analysis of time-resolved spectra. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2004; 1657:82-104. [PMID: 15238266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In biological/bioenergetics research the response of a complex system to an externally applied perturbation is often studied. Spectroscopic measurements at multiple wavelengths are used to monitor the kinetics. These time-resolved spectra are considered as an example of multiway data. In this paper, the methodology for global and target analysis of time-resolved spectra is reviewed. To fully extract the information from the overwhelming amount of data, a model-based analysis is mandatory. This analysis is based upon assumptions regarding the measurement process and upon a physicochemical model for the complex system. This model is composed of building blocks representing scientific knowledge and assumptions. Building blocks are the instrument response function (IRF), the components of the system connected in a kinetic scheme, and anisotropy properties of the components. The combination of a model for the kinetics and for the spectra of the components results in a more powerful spectrotemporal model. The model parameters, like rate constants and spectra, can be estimated from the data, thus providing a concise description of the complex system dynamics. This spectrotemporal modeling approach is illustrated with an elaborate case study of the ultrafast dynamics of the photoactive yellow protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo H M van Stokkum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Vengris M, van Stokkum IHM, He X, Bell AF, Tonge PJ, van Grondelle R, Larsen DS. Ultrafast Excited and Ground-State Dynamics of the Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037902h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikas Vengris
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Ivo H. M. van Stokkum
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Xiang He
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Alasdair F. Bell
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Delmar S. Larsen
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Lougheed T, Borisenko V, Hennig T, Ruck-Braun K, Woolley GA. Photomodulation of ionic current through hemithioindigo-modified gramicidin channels. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:2798-801. [PMID: 15455152 DOI: 10.1039/b408485c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of photo-switchable amino acids into peptides and proteins offers prospects for the control of complex biochemical processes using light. Currently, only a few photo-switchable amino acids are known. We report the design and synthesis of a novel hemithioindigo-based amino acid and its incorporation into the model ion channel gramicidin. Photoisomerization of the hemithioindigo moiety between E and Z isomeric forms is shown to modulate ionic current through the channel in a predictable way. This new amino acid thus expands the possibilities for photo-control in diverse systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Lougheed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|