[Ca2+]i oscillations in sympathetic neurons: an experimental test of a theoretical model

Dominant role of mitochondria in clearance of large Ca2+ loads from rat adrenal chromaffin cells

Cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca2+c) clearance from adrenal chromaffin cells was studied by whole-cell patch clamp and indo-1 Ca2+ photometry after influx of Ca2+ through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. We isolated the rates of Ca2+c clearance by several mechanisms using combinations of the following agents (with their expected targets): Li+ or TEA substituted for Na+ (Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange), 1 mM La3+ applied after the depolarization (Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange and plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase), 1 microM thapsigargin (pumping into reticular stores), and 2 microM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (uptake into mitochondria). Remarkably, whenever [Ca2+]c rose above approximately 500 nM, Ca2+c clearance by mitochondria exceeded clearance by either Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange or the Ca2+ pumps of the plasma and reticular membranes. As [Ca2+]c fell again, Ca2+ reemerged from mitochondria, prolonging the final return to basal levels.

InsP3-induced Ca2+ excitability of the endoplasmic reticulum

Oscillations in intracellular Ca2+ can be induced by a variety of cellular signalling processes (Woods et al., 1986; Berridge 1988; Jacob et al., 1988) and appear to play a role in secretion (Stojilković et al., 1994), fertilization (Miyazaki et al., 1993), and smooth muscle contraction (Iino and Tsukioka, 1994). Recently, great progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms involved in a particular class of Ca2+ oscillation, associated with the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) (Berridge, 1993). Working in concert with intracellular Ca2+, InsP3 controls Ca2+ release via the InsP3 receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (Berridge and Irvine, 1989). The IP3 receptor is regulated by its coagonists InsP3 and Ca2+, which both activate and inhibit Ca2+ release (Finch et al., 1991; Bezprozvanny et al., 1991; De Young and Keizer, 1992). These processes, together with the periodic activation of Ca2+ uptake into the ER, have been identified as key features in the mechanism of InsP3-induced Ca2+ oscillations in pituitary gonadotrophs (Li et al., 1994), Xenopus laevis oocytes (Lechleiter and Clapham, 1992; Atri et al., 1993), and other cell types (Keizer and De Young, 1993). Earlier discussions and models of InsP3-induced Ca2+ oscillations focused on the nature and number of internal releasable pools of Ca2+ (Goldbeter et al., 1990; Swillens and Mercan, 1990; Somogyi and Stucki, 1991), the importance of oscillations in InsP3 (Meyer and Stryer, 1988), and other issues not based on detailed experimental findings in specific cells types.