Structural and Raman spectroscopic studies as complementary tools in elucidating the nature of the bonding in polyiodides and in donor-I2 adducts

The formation of high-order polybromides in a room-temperature ionic liquid: from monoanions ([Br5 ](-) to [Br11 ](-) ) to the isolation of [PC16 H36 ]2 [Br24 ] as determined by van der Waals Bonding Radii

An unprecedented diversity of high-order bromine catenates (anionic polybromides) was generated in a tetraalkylphosphonium-based room temperature ionic liquid system. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify polybromide monoanions ranging from [Br5 ](-) to [Br11 ](-) in the bulk solution, while single-crystal X-ray diffraction identified extended networks of linked [Br11 ](-) units, forming a previously unknown polymeric [Br24 ](2-) dianion. This represents the largest polybromide species identified to date. In combination with recent work, this suggests that other, higher order molecular polybromide ions might be isolated.

Structures, vibrational frequencies, and stabilities of halogen cluster anions and cations, X(n)(+/-), n = 3, 4, and 5

The structures, vibrational frequencies, and thermodynamic stabilities of the homonuclear polyhalogen ions, X3(+), X3(-), X4(+), X4(-), X5(+), and X5(-) (X = Cl, Br, I), have been calculated at the CCSD(T) level. The energetics were calculated using the Feller-Peterson-Dixon approach for the prediction of reliable enthalpies of formation. The calculations allow the following predictions where stabilities are defined in terms of thermodynamic quantities. (1) The X3(+) cations are stable toward loss of X2; (2) the X3(-) anions are marginally stable toward loss of X2 with Cl3(-) being the least stable; (3) the X4(+) cations and X4(-) anions are only weakly bound dimers of X2(+1/2) and X2(-1/2) units, respectively, but the cations are marginally stable toward decomposition to X3(+) and X, with I4(+) having the lowest dissociation energy, whereas the X4(-) anions decompose spontaneously to X3(-) and X; (4) the X5(+) cations are only marginally stable at low temperatures toward loss of X2, with Cl5(+) being the least stable; and (5) the X5(-) anions are also only stable at low temperatures toward loss of X2, with Cl5(-) being the least stable.

Fundamental chemistry of iodine. The reaction of di-iodine towards thiourea and its methyl-derivative: formation of aminothiazoles and aminothiadiazoles through dicationic disulfides

The reactivity of di-iodine towards thiourea (TU) and its derivative methylthiourea (MeTU) is studied. A diversity of products was obtained from these reactions.

A solvent-resistant halogen bond

In contrast to strong hydrogen bonds, strong halogen bonds are not disrupted by polar solvents.

2-Amino-pyridin-1-ium triiodide

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C5H7N2 (+.)I3 (-), consists of one 2-amino-pyridin-1-ium cation (apyH(+)) and one triiodide anion, both located in general postions. The apyH(+) cation is planar within the experimental uncertainties. The short N-C distance [1.328 (5) Å] of the exocyclic NH2 group is typical for the imino-form of protonated 2-amino-pyridines. Consequently, the bond lengths within the six-membered ring vary significantly. The geometric parameters of the triiodide anion are in the typical range, with bond lengths of 2.8966 (3) and 2.9389 (3) Å and a bond angle of 176.02 (1)°. In the crystal, N-H ⋯ I hydrogen bonds connect adjacent ions into screwed chains along the b-axis direction. These chains are twisted pairwise into rectangular rods. The pyridinium moieties of neighbouring rods are arranged parallel to each other with a plane-to-plane distance of 3.423 (5) Å.

Structural isomerism in tris-tolyl halo-phosphonium and halo-arsonium tri-halides, [(CH3C6H4)3EX][X3], (E = P, As; X = Br, I)

The group 15 ligands (o-CH(3)C(6)H(4))(3)P, (m-CH(3)C(6)H(4))(3)P, (p-CH(3)C(6)H(4))(3)P, Ph(3)As, (o-CH(3)C(6)H(4))(3)As and (p-CH(3)C(6)H(4))(3)As have been reacted with two equivalents of di-iodine or di-bromine to yield complexes of formula R(3)EX(4) (E = P, As; X = I, Br). These halogenated group 15 compounds are ionic, [R(3)EX][X(3)] consisting of halo-phosphonium or halo-arsonium cations and trihalide anions. These adducts exhibit structural isomerism and may exist either as simple 1:1 ion pairs, [R(3)EX][X(3)], isomer (A), which display a weak XX interaction between cation and anion, or as a 2:1 complex, which consists of a [{R(3)EX}(2)X(3)](+) cationic species made up of two [R(3)EX](+) cations interacting with one [X(3)](-) anion. The overall charge is balanced by a second [X(3)](-) anion. These 2:1 species also exhibit structural isomerism due to subtle differences in the connectivity of the [{R(3)EX}(2)X(3)](+) fragment, as the {R(3)EX}(+) units may either interact at the same end of the [X(3)](-) ion, to give a Y-shaped motif, isomer (B), or at opposite ends, giving a Z-shaped motif, isomer (C). The type of structural isomer formed is related to the way in which [Ar(3)EX](+) cations pack together via aryl embraces. Isomer (A) and (C) structures form chains of side-to-side, anti-parallel embracing cations. In (A) and (C) structures a square-like stacking motif of cations is observed. In contrast, isomer (B) structures feature side-to-side, parallel embracing cations, and do not exhibit the square motif.

The pseudosymmetric structure of bis-(pentane-1,5-diaminium) iodide tris-(triiodide)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [H₃N(CH₂)₅NH₃]₂I[I₃]₃ or 2C₅H₁₆N₂²⁺·3I₃⁻·I⁻, consists of two crystallographically independent pentane-1,5-diaminium dications and two triiodide anions in general positions besides two additional triiodide and two iodide anions located on twofold axes. The compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P2/n. The structure refinement was handicapped by the pseudosymmetry (pseudo-centering) of the structure and by twinning. The crystal structure is composed of two alternate layers, which differ in their arrangement of the pentane-1,5-diaminium dications and the iodide/triiodide anions and which are connected via weak to medium–strong N—H⋯I hydrogen bonds, constructing a complex hydrogen-bonded network.

Raman spectroscopic investigation of tetraethylammonium polybromides

A large number of polyhalides, especially polyiodides, have been discovered and studied, but definitive studies on polybromides remain scarce. Br(3)(-) is the only monovalent polybromide with a known structure. Higher-order monovalent polybromide anions have been proposed but not structurally confirmed as discrete species. In this study tetraalkylammonium polybromides with molecular formulas R(4)NBr(2x+1) (R = ethyl; x = 1-4) were prepared by reacting tetraalkylammonium monobromide or tribromide salts with gas-phase bromine. Distinct and characteristic Raman spectra were obtained from the solid polybromides in the spectral range between 100 and 400 cm(-1). Experimental Raman spectra were compared to ab initio calculations to propose the structure of these polybromide anions. A general agreement between the experimental and theoretical results was observed. This study demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy is a sensitive technique for probing the structure of discrete monovalent polybromides.

Synthesis and Structures of Se Analogues of the Antithyroid Drug 6-n-Propyl-2-thiouracil and Its Alkyl Derivatives: Formation of Dimeric Se–Se Compounds and Deselenation Reactions of Charge-Transfer Adducts of Diiodine

Four selenium analogues of the antithyroid drug 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), of formulae RSeU, (R = methyl (Me) (1), ethyl (Et) (2), n-propyl (nPr) (3), and isopropyl (iPr) 4), have been synthesized. Reaction of 1-4 with diiodine in a 1:1 molar ratio in dichloromethane results in the formation of [(RSeU)I(2)] (R = methyl (5), ethyl (6), n-propyl (7) and isopropyl (8)). All compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-Raman, FT-IR, UV/Vis, (1)H-, (13)C-, (77)Se-1D and -2D NMR spectroscopy, and ESI-MS spectrometric techniques. Recrystallization of 4 from dichloromethane afforded (4CH(2)Cl(2)). Crystals of [(nPrSeU)I(2)] (7), a charge-transfer complex, were obtained from chloroform solutions, while crystallization of 6 and 7 from acetone afforded the diselenides [N-(6-Et-4-pyrimidone)(6-EtSeU)(2)] (92 H(2)O) and [N-(6-nPr-4-pyrimidone)(6-nPrSeU)(2)] (10) as oxidation products. Recrystallization of 7 from methanol/acetonitrile solutions led to deselenation with the formation of 6-n-propyl-2-uracil (nPrU) (11). [(nPrSeU)I(2)] (7) was found to be a charge-transfer complex with a Se--I bond. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of antithyroid drugs.

Pressure-tuning Raman spectra of diiodine thioamide compounds: models for antithyroid drug activity

The pressure-tuning Raman spectra of five solid, diiodine heterocyclic thioamide compounds (mbztS)I(2) (mbztS = N-methyl-2-mercaptobenzothiazole) (1); [(mbztS)(2)I](+)[I(7)](-) (2); (pySH)I(2) (pySH = 2-mercaptopyridine) (3); [(pySH)(pyS](+)[I(3)](-) (4); (thpm)(I(2))(2) or possibly [(thpm)I(2)](+)[I(3)](-) (thpm = 2-mercapto-3,4,5,6-tertahydropyrimidine (5) have been measured for pressures up to approximately 50 kbar using a diamond-anvil cell. Compounds 1, 4, and 5 undergo pressure-induced phase transitions at approximately 35, approximately 25, and approximately 32 kbar, respectively. Following the phase transition in 1, the pressure dependences of the vibrational modes, which were originally located at 84, 111, and 161 cm(-1) and are associated with the S(cdots, three dots, centered)I-I linkage, are 2.08, 1.78, and 0.57 cm(-1)/kbar, respectively. These pressure dependences are typical of low-energy vibrations. The pressure-tuning FT-Raman results for the pairs of compounds 1 , 2, 3, and 4 are remarkably similar to each other suggesting that the compounds are most probably perturbed diiodide compounds rather than ionic ones. The Raman data for 5 show that it is best formulated as (thpm)(I(2))(2) rather than [(thpm)(2)I](+)[I(3)](-).