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Haag AL, Nagai Y, Lennox RB, Grütter P. Characterization of a gold coated cantilever surface for biosensing applications. EPJ TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION 2015; 2:1. [PMID: 26146600 PMCID: PMC4480947 DOI: 10.1140/epjti/s40485-014-0011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cantilever based sensors are a promising tool for a very diverse spectrum of biological sensors. They have been used for the detection of proteins, DNA, antigens, bacteria viruses and many other biologically relevant targets. Although cantilever sensing has been described for over 20 years, there are still no viable commercial cantilever-based sensing products on the market. Several reasons can be found for this - a lack of detailed understanding of the origin of signals being an important one. As a consequence application-relevant issues such as shelf life and robust protocols distinguishing targets from false responses have received very little attention. Here, we will discuss a cantilever sensing platform combined with an electrochemical system. The detected surface stress signal is modulated by applying a square wave potential to a gold coated cantilever. The square wave potential induces adsorption and desorption onto the gold electrode surface as well as possible structural changes of the target and probe molecules on the cantilever surface resulting in a measurable surface stress change. What sets this approach apart from regular cantilever sensing is that the quantification and identification of observed signals due to target-probe interactions are not only a function of stress value (i.e. amplitude), but also of the temporal evolution of the stress response as a function of the rate and magnitude of the applied potential change, and the limits of the potential change. This paper will discuss three issues that play an important role in future successful applications of cantilever-based sensing. First, we will discuss what is required to achieve a large surface stress signal to improve sensitivity. Second, a mechanism to achieve an optimal probe density is described that improves the signal-to-noise ratio and response times of the sensor. Lastly, lifetime and long term measurements are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Lauriene Haag
- />Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8 Canada
| | - Yoshihiko Nagai
- />Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC H3H 2R9 Canada
| | - R Bruce Lennox
- />Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Self Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6 Canada
| | - Peter Grütter
- />Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8 Canada
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52
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Dielacher B, Tiefenauer RF, Junesch J, Vörös J. Iodide sensing via electrochemical etching of ultrathin gold films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:025202. [PMID: 25513753 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/2/025202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Iodide is an essential element for humans and animals and insufficient intake is still a major problem. Affordable and accurate methods are required to quantify iodide concentrations in biological and environmental fluids. A simple and low cost sensing device is presented which is based on iodide induced electrochemical etching of ultrathin gold films. The sensitivity of resistance measurements to film thickness changes is increased by using films with a thickness smaller than the electron mean free path. The underlying mechanism is demonstrated by simultaneous cyclic voltammetry experiments and resistance change measurements in a buffer solution. Iodide sensing is conducted in buffer solutions as well as in lake water with limits of detection in the range of 1 μM (127 μg L(-1)) and 2 μM (254 μg L(-1)), respectively. In addition, nanoholes embedded in the thin films are tested for suitability of optical iodide sensing based on localized surface plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Dielacher
- Laboratory of Biosensors & Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich Switzerland
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53
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Utsunomiya T, Tatsumi S, Yokota Y, Fukui KI. Potential-dependent structures investigated at the perchloric acid solution/iodine modified Au(111) interface by electrochemical frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12616-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01156f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive force measurements revealed that hydration and geometrical structures at the iodine terminated Au(111) surface were reversibly modified by applying electrode potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Utsunomiya
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Shoko Tatsumi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yokota
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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54
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Structure of the electrical double layer at aqueous gold and silver interfaces for saline solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 436:99-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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55
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Zhumaev U, Lai A, Pobelov I, Kuzume A, Rudnev A, Wandlowski T. Quantifying perchlorate adsorption on Au(1 1 1) electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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56
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The influence of surface crystallography on the interfacial behaviour of tetrabutylammonium cations at Au(100) and Au(111) electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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57
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The electrochemical characteristics of the mixture of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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58
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Agonafer DD, Oruc ME, Chainani E, Lee KS, Hu H, Shannon MA. Study of ionic transport through metalized nanoporous membranes functionalized with self-assembled monolayers. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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59
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60
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Gründer Y, Drünkler A, Golks F, Wijts G, Stettner J, Zegenhagen J, Magnussen O. Cu(111) in chloride containing acidic electrolytes: Coadsorption of an oxygenated species. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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61
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Iida K, Yasuike T, Nobusada K. Development of open-boundary cluster model approach for electrochemical systems and its application to Ag+ adsorption on Au(111) and Ag(111) electrodes. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:104101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4820360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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62
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Nagai Y, Carbajal JD, White JH, Sladek R, Grutter P, Lennox RB. An electrochemically controlled microcantilever biosensor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:9951-9957. [PMID: 23841706 DOI: 10.1021/la400975b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An oligonucleotide-based electrochemically controlled gold-coated microcantilever biosensor that can transduce specific biomolecular interactions is reported. The derivatized microcantilever exhibits characteristic surface stress time course patterns in response to an externally applied periodic square wave potential. Experiments demonstrate that control of the surface charge density with an electrode potential is essential to producing a sensor that exhibits large, reproducible surface stress changes. The time course of surface stress changes are proposed to be linked to an electrochemically mediated competition between the adsorption of solution-based ions and the single- or double-stranded oligonucleotides tethered to the gold surface. A similar potential-actuated change in surface stress also results from the interaction between an oligonucleotide aptamer and its cognate ligand, demonstrating the broad applicability of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Nagai
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montréal, Québec H3H 2R9, Canada
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63
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Fayette M, Nutariya J, Vasiljevic N, Dimitrov N. A Study of Pt Dissolution during Formic Acid Oxidation. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400347u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Fayette
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United
States
| | - J. Nutariya
- School of Physics,
H.H. Wills
Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K
| | - N. Vasiljevic
- School of Physics,
H.H. Wills
Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K
| | - N. Dimitrov
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United
States
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64
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Poór V, Schwarzacher W. Potential dependence of ferritin monomer, dimer and oligomer adsorption on a polycrystalline Au surface. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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65
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Hezard T, Laffont L, Gros P, Behra P, Evrard D. Hg(II) trace electrochemical detection on gold electrode: Evidence for chloride adsorption as the responsible for the broad baseline. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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66
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Thorgaard SN, Bühlmann P. Lifting of the surface reconstruction of Au(111) as a sensitive probe to monitor adsorption of cyclodextrin and its complexes in halide solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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67
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Vivek JP, Burgess IJ. Quaternary ammonium bromide surfactant adsorption on low-index surfaces of gold. 1. Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:5031-5039. [PMID: 22375812 DOI: 10.1021/la300035n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The coadsorption of the anionic and cationic components of a model quaternary ammonium bromide surfactant on Au(111) has been measured using the thermodynamics of an ideally polarized electrode. The results indicate that both bromide and trimethyloctylammonium (OTA(+)) ions are coadsorbed over a broad range of the electrical state of the gold surface. At negative polarizations, the Gibbs surface excess of the cationic surfactant is largely unperturbed by the presence of bromide ions in solution. However, when the Au(111) surface is weakly charged the existence of a low-coverage, gaslike phase of adsorbed halide induces an appreciable (~25%) enhancement of the interfacial concentration of the cationic surfactant ion. At more positive polarizations, the coadsorbed OTA(+)/Br(-) layer undergoes at least one phase transition which appears to be concomitant with the lifting of the Au(111) reconstruction and the formation of a densely packed bromide adlayer. In the absence of coadsorbed halide, the OTA(+) ions are completely desorbed from the Au(111) surface at the most positive electrode polarizations studied. However, with NaBr present in the electrolyte, a high surface excess of bromide species leads to the stabilization of adsorbed OTA(+) at such positive potentials (or equivalent charge densities).
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vivek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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68
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Vivek JP, Burgess IJ. Quaternary ammonium bromide surfactant adsorption on low-index surfaces of gold. 2. Au(100) and the role of crystallographic-dependent adsorption in the formation of anisotropic nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:5040-5047. [PMID: 22375834 DOI: 10.1021/la300036y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A qualitative and quantitative description of the coadsorption of a quaternary ammonium bromide surfactant on Au(100) has been determined using electrochemical techniques. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that both the cationic surfactant ion and its halide counterion are adsorbed on the surface of unreconstructed Au(100) over a wide range of electrode potentials or charge densities. The relative Gibbs excesses of the cationic and anionic components of octyltrimethylammonium (OTA(+)) bromide have been determined using the thermodynamics of ideally polarized electrodes. Coadsorbed OTA(+) does not strongly affect the behavior of bromide layers on Au(100) with low-coverage films being replaced by commensurate overlayers at positive electrode charge densities. The presence of surface bromide allows for the stabilization of adsorbed OTA(+) at positive polarizations. Furthermore, charge-induced phase changes in the bromide layer lead to subtle but appreciable changes in the surface excesses of OTA(+) ions which is consistent with a hierarchical model of surfactant adsorbed upon a halide-modified Au(100) surface. A comparison of the OTA(+) adsorption isotherms on Au(100) and Au(111) reveals that the presence of coadsorbed bromide does not lead to preferential accumulation of cationic surfactant ions on a particular crystal facet. These results are inconsistent with explanations of anisotropic nanoparticle formation that invoke a thermodynamic argument of preferred surfactant adsorption on different crystal facets of an embryonic nanoparticle seed crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vivek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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69
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Thorgaard SN, Bühlmann P. Self-assembled monolayers formed by 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin and cobalt 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine on iodine-passivated Au(111) as observed using electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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70
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71
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Doubova LM. Specific adsorption of iodide-ion at liquid (Ga-In)-electrode of eutectic composition from aqueous solutions with constant ionic strength. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193511080027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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72
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Fayette M, Liu Y, Bertrand D, Nutariya J, Vasiljevic N, Dimitrov N. From Au to Pt via surface limited redox replacement of Pb UPD in one-cell configuration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:5650-8. [PMID: 21476555 DOI: 10.1021/la200348s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This work is aimed at developing a protocol based on surface limited redox replacement (SLRR) of underpotentially deposited (UPD) Pb layers for the growth of epitaxial and continuous Pt thin films on polycrystalline and single crystalline Au surfaces. Different from previously reported papers using SLRR in multiple immersion or flow cell setups, this work explores the one-cell configuration setup as an alternative to improve the efficiency and quality of the growth. Open circuit chronopotentiometry and quartz-crystal microbalance experiments demonstrate steady displacement kinetics and a yield that is higher than the stoichiometric Pt(II)-Pb exchange ratio (1:1). This high yield is attributed to oxidative adsorption of OH(ad) taking place on Pt along with the displacement process. Also, ex situ scanning tunneling microscopy surface characterization reveals after the first replacement event the formation of a dense Pt cluster network that homogenously covers the Au surface. The Pt films grow homogenously with no significant changes in the cluster distribution and surface roughness observed up to 10 successive replacement events. X-ray diffraction analysis shows distinct (111) crystallographic orientation of thicker Pt films deposited on (111) textured Au thin films. Coarse energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements and finer X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggest at least 4 atom % Pb incorporating into the Pt layer compared to 13 atom % alloyed Cu when the growth is carried out by SLRR of Cu UPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fayette
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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73
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Jusys Z, Bruckenstein S, Hillman AR. New insights into the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction derived from EQCM measurements at a gold electrode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5373-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02551h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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74
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Charge Transport in Single Molecular Junctions at the Solid/Liquid Interface. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 313:121-88. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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75
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76
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Doneux T, Nichols R. Adsorption of adipic acid conjugates at the Au(111) electrode|aqueous solution interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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77
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Mostany J, Climent V, Herrero E, Feliu JM. Surface excesses at very low concentrations from extrapolation of thermodynamic data: A way to explore beyond practical limits from reliable experimental data. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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78
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Lauw Y, Horne MD, Rodopoulos T, Nelson A, Leermakers FAM. Electrical Double-Layer Capacitance in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Ion-Size and Specific Adsorption Effects. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11149-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105317e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Lauw
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia, Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, Wageningen 6700 EK, The Netherlands
| | - M. D. Horne
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia, Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, Wageningen 6700 EK, The Netherlands
| | - T. Rodopoulos
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia, Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, Wageningen 6700 EK, The Netherlands
| | - A. Nelson
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia, Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, Wageningen 6700 EK, The Netherlands
| | - F. A. M. Leermakers
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia, Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, Wageningen 6700 EK, The Netherlands
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79
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Update on current state and problems in the surface tension of condensed matter. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 157:34-60. [PMID: 20427032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dual concept of surface energy formally allows application of Gibbs thermodynamics to the surface tension of solids and is unlimited using the classical Lippmann equation for solids that is shown to contradict all available in situ experimental data. At present, the generalized Lippmann equation is believed to be the most universal, since the classical Lippmann equation, the Shuttleworth and Gokhshtein equations could be derived from it. Lately it was evaluated in two opposite ways: the first--the experimental verification of the Gokhshtein equation supports correctness of the generalized Lippmann and Shuttleworth equations; the second--the incompatibility of the Shuttleworth equation with Hermann's mathematical structure of thermodynamics makes invalid all its corollaries, including the generalized Lippmann and Gokhshtein equations. Both approaches are shown here to be incorrect, since the Gokhshtein equation cannot be correctly derived from any of the above-mentioned equations. The Frumkin derivation of the first and second Gokhshtein equations follows from one thermodynamic relationship general for the surface tension of both solid and liquid electrodes. The classical Lippmann equation is also derived from this general relationship as a particular case of the second Gokhshtein equations. We have considered the hierarchy of these equations and discussed the straightforward application of the classical Lippmann equation for solids with an account for elasticity of the surface structured layers of liquids. The partial charge transfer during anion adsorption cannot be measured in electrochemical experiments or reliably estimated by quantum-chemical and DFT calculations. However, it is directly involved in the adsorbate charge that is experimentally accessible by in situ contact electric resistance technique. We present the first quantitative evaluation of charge transfer during halides adsorption on silver from aqueous solutions in dependence on the electrode potential.
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80
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Thorgaard SN, Bühlmann P. Bromine-passivated Au(111) as a platform for the formation of organic self-assembled monolayers under electrochemical conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7133-7137. [PMID: 20095548 DOI: 10.1021/la904182p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TPyP) were formed by equilibrium adsorption from a perchloric acid solution onto Au(111) using an interposed adlayer of bromide. The passivating bromide adlayer was generated by addition of 150 microM KBr to the electrochemical cell and allowed monolayer ordering at positive potentials where a disordered TPyP monolayer would be found on a bare Au(111) surface. The TPyP monolayers were characterized in situ with electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) and cyclic voltammetry. They were successfully observed at working electrode potentials between 0.0 and +1.3 V vs Ag/AgCl. This wide potential window of usability for the bromide adlayer extends to potentials more positive than what has been achieved for similar observations using iodide-modified Au(111). Within the TPyP monolayers, isolated domains with differing geometries could be distinguished, suggesting dynamic monolayer rearrangements. These results demonstrate that the presence of a passivating bromide adlayer is conducive to the formation of highly ordered organic monolayers. Indeed, bromide is not only one of the few anions that are suitable for this purpose, but it may be superior to the more frequently used iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Thorgaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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81
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Smalley JF. Kinetics of interfacial ion-transfer reactions studied using the indirect laser-induced temperature jump technique: Theory. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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82
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Chai L, Klein J. Interactions between molecularly smooth gold and mica surfaces across aqueous solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11533-11540. [PMID: 19788215 DOI: 10.1021/la9014527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using a surface force balance, we measured the forces between an ultrasmooth (0.2 nm rms roughness) template-stripped gold surface and a molecularly smooth mica surface. Comparison of these forces in both low salt (conductivity water, equivalent to 10(-6)-10(-5) M 1:1 salt) and high salt (10 mM KClO4) regimes enabled us to examine the properties of water layers confined between a metal and a dielectric to films of a few nanometers or less in thickness. We find that the long-range forces between gold and mica are similar to those between two mica surfaces, indicating a net effective negative charge density on the gold similar to that on the mica. Differences were more pronounced at small separations, manifested by the larger jump-in distance in pure water and the weaker hydration repulsion in high salt between a gold and a mica surface compared with two mica surfaces. However, despite these short-ranged differences, replacing one mica surface with gold does not measurably alter the viscosity of nanoconfined water layers, either as free molecules or as bound hydration layers, relative to their confinement by two mica sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Chai
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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83
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Fu YC, Su YZ, Wu DY, Yan JW, Xie ZX, Mao BW. Supramolecular Aggregation of Inorganic Molecules at Au(111) Electrodes under a Strong Ionic Atmosphere. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:14728-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ja902373q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu-Zhuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia-Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhao-Xiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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84
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Braunschweig B, Daum W. Superstructures and order-disorder transition of sulfate adlayers on Pt(111) in sulfuric acid solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11112-11120. [PMID: 19456179 DOI: 10.1021/la901399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The surface structure of Pt(111) in a 0.1 M H2SO4 electrolyte was investigated in the potential range of sulfate adsorption with electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and cyclic voltammetry. Two ordered anion structures were observed coexisting in the potential range between 0.49 and 0.79 V (vs RHE): the well-known (radical3xradical7)R19.1 degrees superstructure with an anion coverage of 0.20 monolayer and a new, high-density (3x1) superstructure with a coverage of 0.33 monolayer. Both superstructures undergo a reversible order-disorder transition at 0.8 V. Simultaneous imaging of the adsorbed ions and of topographic details of the Pt substrate lattice allows us to study the local adsorption geometry of the sulfate. In the (radical3xradical7)R19.1 degrees, structure the sulfate ions are adsorbed close to depressions in the STM image of the Pt substrate which may be identified with face-centered cubic (fcc) hollow sites. In addition to the sulfate ions, a coadsorbed species, possibly water molecules, is observed in the unit cell of the (radical3xradical7)R19.1 degrees superstructure. Preliminary potentiodynamic STM data indicate that the transformation of the ordered sulfate adlayer into a disordered structure at 0.8 V is not directly related to adsorption/desorption features in the voltammogram commonly attributed to the adsorption/desorption of OH, and that the sulfate adlayer remains on the surface for potentials well above the adsorption potentials of OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Braunschweig
- Institut for Physik und Physikalische Technologien, TU Clausthal, Leibnizstrasse 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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85
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Marichev V. First experimental evaluation of partial charge transfer during anion adsorption. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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86
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Diao P, Wang J, Zhang D, Xiang M, Zhang Q. The effect of halide ions on the electrooxidation of CO on gold particles supported by indium tin oxide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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87
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The effect of halide additives on the electrodeposition of Pb on polycrystalline Au. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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88
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Doneux T, Nichols R. First- and second-order phase transitions in the adlayer of biadipate on Au(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:688-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b813883d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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89
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Li M, Chen M, Sheepwash E, Brosseau CL, Li H, Pettinger B, Gruler H, Lipkowski J. AFM studies of solid-supported lipid bilayers formed at a Au(111) electrode surface using vesicle fusion and a combination of Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaefer techniques. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:10313-23. [PMID: 18712889 DOI: 10.1021/la800800m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to characterize the formation of a phospholipid bilayer composed of 1,2-dimyristyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) at a Au(111) electrode surface. The bilayer was formed by one of two methods: fusion of lamellar vesicles or by the combination of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) deposition. Results indicate that phospholipid vesicles rapidly adsorb and fuse to form a film at the electrode surface. The resulting film undergoes a very slow structural transformation until a characteristic corrugated phase is formed. Force-distance curve measurements reveal that the thickness of the corrugated phase is consistent with the thickness of a bilayer lipid membrane. The formation of the corrugated phase may be explained by considering the elastic properties of the film and taking into account spontaneous curvature induced by the asymmetric environment of the bilayer, in which one side faces the gold substrate and the other side faces the solution. The effect of temperature and electrode potential on the stability of the corrugated phase has also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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90
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Marichev V. Kinetics of chloride ion adsorption on stainless alloys by in situ contact electric resistance technique. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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91
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Mukouyama Y, Kikuchi M, Okamoto H. Appearance of new potential oscillation during hydrogen evolution reaction by addition of Na2SO4 and K2SO4. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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92
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Schniepp HC, Saville DA, Aksay IA. Tip-induced orientational order of surfactant micelles on gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:626-631. [PMID: 18181656 DOI: 10.1021/la703096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using liquid-cell atomic force microscopy, we investigate aqueous solutions of alkyltrimethylammonium halide surfactants at the Au111 surface. The long, micellar surfactant surface aggregates cover the gold surface completely and exhibit two types of orientational order for chloride and bromide counterions, respectively. We observe lateral forces perpendicular to the scanning direction, which we explain by anisotropic friction between the probe and the oriented micelles. Conversely, we show that these friction forces can be employed to modify the spatial conformation of the micellar adlayer. Where previous methods have failed to provide control over the orientation down to the level of individual micelles, we use this technique to achieve a very high degree of order over more than 100 micelle diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes C Schniepp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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93
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Brosseau CL, Sheepwash E, Burgess IJ, Cholewa E, Roscoe SG, Lipkowski J. Adsorption of N-Decyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium triflate (DeTATf), a cationic surfactant, on the Au(111) electrode surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:1784-91. [PMID: 17279657 DOI: 10.1021/la062284s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption behavior of the cationic surfactant N-decyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium triflate (DeTATf) on the Au(111) electrode surface was characterized using cyclic voltammetry, differential capacity, and chronocoulometry. The thermodynamics of the ideally polarized electrode have been employed to determine the Gibbs excess and the Gibbs energy of adsorption. The results show that the adsorption of DeTATf has a multistate character. At low bulk DeTATf concentrations, the adsorption state is consistent with the formation of an adsorbed film of nearly flat molecules. At higher concentrations this film may represent a three-dimensional aggregated state. At negative potentials and charge densities close to 0 microC cm-2, the data suggest the formation of a film of tilted molecules oriented with the hydrocarbon tail toward the metal surface and the polar head toward the solution. A surprising result of this study is that DeTATf displays adsorption characteristics of a zwitterionic rather than a cationic surfactant. This behavior indicates that the adsorbed species is an ion pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa L Brosseau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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94
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Kunze J, Burgess I, Nichols R, Buess-Herman C, Lipkowski J. Electrochemical evaluation of citrate adsorption on Au(111) and the stability of citrate-reduced gold colloids. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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95
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Toyota A, Sagara T. Time dependent spectral change upon potential step perturbation for Au nanoparticles immobilized on an organic monolayer-modified ITO electrode. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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96
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Horányi G, Láng GG. Double-layer phenomena in electrochemistry: Controversial views on some fundamental notions related to electrified interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 296:1-8. [PMID: 16480737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The problem of the distinction between the so-called free charge and the thermodynamic (total) charge of electrodes was discussed in the light of the relevant IUPAC definitions calling attention to the strict relationships existing between charge and mass balances during the formation of a double layer at electrodes or/and particles. It is demonstrated that the origins of controversial views concerning partial charge transfer and electrosorption valency, notions widely used nowadays in the electrochemical literature, could be ascribed to confusion of the free and thermodynamic charges. Although there are, even if sporadic, evidences and theoretical considerations in the literature proving that electrosorption valency as usually defined is an extrathermodynamic and self-contradictory concept, it is widely used by many authors for the interpretation of electrosorption phenomena. One of the most important aims of the present work was to demonstrate that independent of the thermodynamic considerations, the concept of electrosorption valency cannot be reconciled with elementary laws of electrochemistry. On the basis of analysis of real processes occurring in the interfacial layer of electrodes it was urged to avoid the treatment of some double-layer phenomena in terms of electrosorption valency in order to eliminate far-reaching misinterpretations leading to serious contradictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Horányi
- Research Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
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97
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98
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Marichev V. Experimental approach to the anion problem in DFT calculation of the partial charge transfer during adsorption at electrochemical interfaces. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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99
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Mishina ED, Tsirlina GA, Timofeeva EV, Sherstyuk NE, Borzenko MI, Tanimura N, Nakabayashi S, Petrii OA. Adlayers of Keggin Type Polytungstate Anions on Platinum: Negligible Electrochemical Signatures and Manifestations of “Molecular UPD”. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047470q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena D. Mishina
- Moscow Institute of Radioengineering, Electronics and Automation, prosp. Vernadskogo, 78, 117454 Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str.3, 119992 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Galina A. Tsirlina
- Moscow Institute of Radioengineering, Electronics and Automation, prosp. Vernadskogo, 78, 117454 Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str.3, 119992 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Elena V. Timofeeva
- Moscow Institute of Radioengineering, Electronics and Automation, prosp. Vernadskogo, 78, 117454 Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str.3, 119992 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Nataliya E. Sherstyuk
- Moscow Institute of Radioengineering, Electronics and Automation, prosp. Vernadskogo, 78, 117454 Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str.3, 119992 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Marina I. Borzenko
- Moscow Institute of Radioengineering, Electronics and Automation, prosp. Vernadskogo, 78, 117454 Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str.3, 119992 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Nobuko Tanimura
- Moscow Institute of Radioengineering, Electronics and Automation, prosp. Vernadskogo, 78, 117454 Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str.3, 119992 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Nakabayashi
- Moscow Institute of Radioengineering, Electronics and Automation, prosp. Vernadskogo, 78, 117454 Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str.3, 119992 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Oleg A. Petrii
- Moscow Institute of Radioengineering, Electronics and Automation, prosp. Vernadskogo, 78, 117454 Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str.3, 119992 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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100
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Vasiljevic N, Trimble T, Dimitrov N, Sieradzki K. Electrocapillarity behavior of Au111 in SO4(2-) and F-. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:6639-43. [PMID: 15274567 DOI: 10.1021/la049632f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present the first set of results measuring the change in interfacial free energy and surface stress for Au(111) electrodes in an electrolyte containing a nonspecifically adsorbing anion and compare this behavior to that in an electrolyte containing an anion known to undergo specific adsorption. Generally, we find that the surface stress is more sensitive to changes in electrode potential and adsorption then the interfacial free energy. The results obtained in fluoride electrolytes are compared to the predictions of a thermodynamic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vasiljevic
- Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, USA
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