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Borsari R, Bozzini N, Junqueira CR, Soares JM, Hilário SG, Baracat EC. Genic expression of the uterine leiomyoma in reproductive-aged women after treatment with goserelin. Fertil Steril 2009; 94:1072-7. [PMID: 19481745 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the genes presenting different expression in uterine leiomyomas after goserelin treatment. DESIGN Retrospective analyses of tissue obtained in a prospective clinical study. SETTING School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo. PATIENT(S) 30 nulliparous black women aged 20 to 45 years with symptoms of uterine leiomyoma, uterine volume over 300 mL, and surgical indications for myomectomy. INTERVENTION(S) Fifteen patients were given a monthly dose of 3.6 mg of goserelin over 3 months before surgery (group A), and 15 patients underwent surgery without any previous treatment (group B). Five random samples from each group were analyzed using the microarray technique with the Affymetrix platform (GeneChip Rat Genome 230 2.0 Array). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Quantification of transcript expression levels of uterine fibroids in patients treated or not treated with goserelin. RESULT(S) Of the total of 47,000 sequences that were analyzed, representing approximately 38,500 human genes already characterized, we found a differential expression of 174 genes. Of these, 70 were up-regulated (33 genes with known function) and 104 were down-regulated (65 genes with known function) in samples from group A (treated) when compared with group B (nontreated). CONCLUSION(S) The genic expression of uterine leiomyomas changes in women who have had goserelin treatment when compared with nontreated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Borsari
- LIM-58 of the Division of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Peng L, Wen Y, Han Y, Wei A, Shi G, Mizuguchi M, Lee P, Hernando E, Mittal K, Wei JJ. Expression of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF signaling: molecular complexity in uterine leiomyomas. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:2664-75. [PMID: 18439583 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study whether dysregulation of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF signaling are common molecular changes in symptomatic leiomyomas (fibroids) and whether IGFs are associated with large fibroids. DESIGN Examination of IGFs and IGF pathway genes in a large cohort of fibroids at transcriptional and translational levels. Mechanisms leading to alterations of IGFs and related genes were also analyzed. SETTING University clinical research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Hysterectomies for symptomatic fibroids were collected: 180 cases from paraffin-embedded tissues and 50 cases from fresh-frozen tissues. INTERVENTION(S) Tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry, DNA methylation analysis, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT(S) Transcription and translation analyses of IGF-1/2, p-AKT, p-S6K, and TSC1/2 in fibroids and matched myometrium. RESULT(S) Insulin-like growth factors and downstream effectors were dysregulated in approximately one third of fibroids. All except for IGF-2 seemed to be abnormally regulated at translation levels. Up-regulation of IGF-2 messenger RNAs was contributed by all four alternating slicing promoters. There was a positive correlation of IGF-1 and p-AKT over-expression with fibroid size. Insulin-like growth factor 1 but not IGF-2 levels directly correlated with activation of p-AKT and p-S6K. CONCLUSION(S) Altered expressions of IGFs and their related downstream proteins were found in one third of fibroids. Large fibroids show high levels of IGF-1 and p-AKT activity compared with small ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Peng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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53
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Nierth-Simpson EN, Martin MM, Chiang TC, Melnik LI, Rhodes LV, Muir SE, Burow ME, McLachlan JA. Human uterine smooth muscle and leiomyoma cells differ in their rapid 17beta-estradiol signaling: implications for proliferation. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2436-45. [PMID: 19179429 PMCID: PMC2671893 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas, benign uterine smooth muscle tumors that affect 30% of reproductive-aged women, are a significant health concern. The initiation event for these tumors is unclear, but 17beta-estradiol (E2) is an established promoter of leiomyoma growth. E2 not only alters transcription of E2-regulated genes but also can rapidly activate signaling pathways. The aim of our study is to investigate the role of rapid E2-activated cytoplasmic signaling events in the promotion of leiomyomas. Western blot analysis revealed that E2 rapidly increases levels of phosphorylated protein kinase C alpha (PKC alpha) in both immortalized uterine smooth muscle (UtSM) and leiomyoma (UtLM) cell lines, but increases levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 only in UtLM cells. Our studies demonstrate a paradoxical effect of molecular and pharmacological inhibition of PKC alpha on ERK1/2 activation and cellular proliferation in UtLM and UtSM cells. PKC alpha inhibition decreases levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and proliferation in UtLM cells but raises these levels in UtSM cells. cAMP-PKA signaling is rapidly activated only in UtSM cells with E2 and inhibits ERK1/2 activation and proliferation. We therefore propose a model whereby E2's rapid activation of PKC alpha and cAMP-PKA signaling plays a central role in the maintenance of a low proliferative index in normal uterine smooth muscle via its inhibition of the MAPK cascade and these pathways are altered in leiomyomas to promote MAPK activation and proliferation. These studies demonstrate that rapid E2-signaling pathways contribute to the promotion of leiomyomas.
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54
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Tripathi G, Salih DAM, Drozd AC, Cosgrove RA, Cobb LJ, Pell JM. IGF-independent effects of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (Igfbp5) in vivo. FASEB J 2009; 23:2616-26. [PMID: 19332648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-114124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IGF activity is regulated tightly by a family of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). IGFBP-5 is the most conserved of these and is up-regulated significantly during differentiation of several key lineages and in some cancers. The function of IGFBP-5 in these physiological and pathological situations is unclear, however, several IGFBP-5 sequence motifs and studies in vitro suggest IGF-independent actions. Therefore, we aimed to compare the phenotypes of mice overexpressing wild-type Igfbp5 or an N-terminal mutant Igfbp5 with negligible IGF binding affinity. Both significantly inhibited growth, even at low expression levels. Even though wild-type IGFBP-5 severely disrupted the IGF axis, we found no evidence for interaction of mutant IGFBP-5 with the IGF system. Further, overexpression of wild-type IGFBP-5 rescued the lethal phenotype induced by "excess" IGF-II in type 2 receptor-null mice; mutant IGFBP-5 overexpression could not. Therefore, wild-type IGFBP-5 provides a very effective mechanism for the inhibition of IGF activity and a powerful in vivo mechanism to inhibit IGF activity in pathologies such as cancer. This study is also the first to suggest significant IGF-independent actions for IGFBP-5 during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra Tripathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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55
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Yamagata Y, Maekawa R, Asada H, Taketani T, Tamura I, Tamura H, Ogane J, Hattori N, Shiota K, Sugino N. Aberrant DNA methylation status in human uterine leiomyoma. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:259-67. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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56
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Acetaldehyde differentially affects the growth of uterine leiomyomata and myometrial cells in tissue cultures. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:575-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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57
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Lv J, Zhu X, Dong K, Lin Y, Hu Y, Zhu C. Reduced expression of 14-3-3 gamma in uterine leiomyoma as identified by proteomics. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:1892-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Luo X, Chegini N. The expression and potential regulatory function of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of leiomyoma. Semin Reprod Med 2008; 26:500-14. [PMID: 18951332 PMCID: PMC2710997 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1096130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leiomyomas are benign uterine tumors considered to arise from transformation of myometrial cells. What initiates the conversion of myometrial cells into leiomyoma is unknown, however cytogenetic analysis often shows occurrence of nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities that may account for their establishment. It is clear that ovarian steroids are essential for leiomyoma growth, and local expression of many autocrine/paracrine mediators serving as key regulators of cell-cycle progression, cellular hypertrophy, extracellular matrix accumulation, and apoptosis appear to play central roles in this capacity. However, the stability of the expression of these genes represents the hallmarks of leiomyoma establishment, growth, and regression. With the emergence of microRNA (miRNA) as a key regulator of gene expression stability, in this review we present evidence for the expression and potential regulatory functions on miRNAs in leiomyoma with particular emphasis on the expression of their selective target genes whose products influence various cellular activities critical to pathogenesis of leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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59
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Chen HW, Liu JC, Chen JJ, Lee YM, Hwang JL, Tzeng CR. Combined differential gene expression profile and pathway enrichment analyses to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of uterine leiomyoma after gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:1219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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60
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Malik M, Webb J, Catherino WH. Retinoic acid treatment of human leiomyoma cells transformed the cell phenotype to one strongly resembling myometrial cells. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69:462-70. [PMID: 18248652 PMCID: PMC2610401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine leiomyomas are clinically significant tumours that may develop due to an altered differentiation pathway. We have previously identified a dysregulated retinoic acid (RA) pathway that reduced retinoic exposure in human leiomyoma surgical specimens, and have shown that the leiomyoma phenotype was characterized by excessive and disorganized extracellular matrix (ECM). OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the impact of RA exposure on the disrupted ECM phenotype of leiomyomas. DESIGN AND METHODS Study of immortalized and molecularly confirmed cells generated from surgical specimens of spontaneous uterine leiomyoma and matched myometrium. RESULTS Immortalized leiomyoma and myometrial cells retained the molecular characteristics of their progenitor tissue. Proliferation of leiomyoma cells was inhibited by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Furthermore, there was a dose-dependent decrease in soluble extracellular collagen protein in ATRA-treated leiomyoma cells. Exposure of leiomyoma cells to ATRA resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of templates for specific ECM protein production including collagen 1, collagen 4, fibronectin and versican. Notably, expression levels in treated leiomyoma cells approached those found in myometrial cells. These mRNA alterations translated into altered protein. Down-regulation was also observed among the RA pathway genes such as CYP26A1 with exposure to ATRA. Finally, ATRA down-regulated TGF-beta3 mRNA expression and the TGF-beta regulated genes in leiomyoma cells. CONCLUSION Exposure of leiomyomas to ATRA down-regulated cell proliferation, ECM formation, RA metabolism and TGF-beta regulation, suggesting that RA exposure can alter the leiomyoma phenotype to one that more closely approximates normal myometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnie Malik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
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61
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Payson M, Malik M, Siti-Nur Morris S, Segars JH, Chason R, Catherino WH. Activating transcription factor 3 gene expression suggests that tissue stress plays a role in leiomyoma development. Fertil Steril 2008; 92:748-55. [PMID: 18692824 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether expression of the stress response gene ATF3 and related members of activator protein complex-1, cJun and cFos, were altered in leiomyoma compared with myometrium, and whether this difference might correlate with leiomyoma size or race. DESIGN Laboratory study. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) Fifteen women undergoing hysterectomy for symptomatic leiomyoma. INTERVENTION(S) Tissue procurement, RNA isolation, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase (RT-PCR) chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, Western blot. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Expression of mRNA and protein in leiomyoma and patient-matched myometrium. RESULT(S) mRNA transcripts of ATF3 were decreased in leiomyoma compared with matched myometrium by both RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. The decrease was greater than fivefold in a majority of samples. The reduction seen in ATF3 mRNA expression did not show a correlation with race and leiomyoma size. Surprisingly, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis demonstrated an elevation of ATF3 protein expression by a mean of 2.9-fold. Transcripts of related AP-1 genes, cJun and cFos, were significantly decreased by a mean of -29.57 for cJun and -23.78 for cFos, but there was no significant change in protein expression of the two transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in ATF3 gene expression resemble the response to mechanical and ischemic stress reported in other tissues. Results suggested that ATF3 protein expression was increased in leiomyoma, and may reflect increased tissue stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Payson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA
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62
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Dimitrova IK, Richer JK, Rudolph MC, Spoelstra NS, Reno EM, Medina TM, Bradford AP. Gene expression profiling of multiple leiomyomata uteri and matched normal tissue from a single patient. Fertil Steril 2008; 91:2650-63. [PMID: 18672237 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify differentially expressed genes between fibroid and adjacent normal myometrium in an identical hormonal and genetic background. DESIGN Array analysis of three leiomyomata and matched adjacent normal myometrium in a single patient. SETTING University of Colorado Hospital. PATIENT(S) A single female undergoing medically indicated hysterectomy for symptomatic fibroids. INTERVENTIONS(S) mRNA isolation and microarray analysis, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Changes in mRNA and protein levels in leiomyomata and matched normal myometrium. RESULT(S) Expression of 197 genes was increased and 619 decreased significantly by at least twofold, in leiomyomata relative to normal myometrium. Expression profiles between tumors were similar and normal myometrial samples showed minimal variation. Changes in, and variation of, expression of selected genes were confirmed in additional normal and leiomyoma samples from multiple patients. CONCLUSION(S) Analysis of multiple tumors from a single patient confirmed changes in expression of genes described in previous, apparently disparate, studies, and identified novel targets. Gene expression profiles in leiomyomata are consistent with increased activation of mitogenic pathways and inhibition of apoptosis. Down-regulation of genes implicated in invasion and metastasis, of cancers, was observed in fibroids. This expression pattern may underlie the benign nature of uterine leiomyomata and may aid in the differential diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina K Dimitrova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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63
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Smith JC, Boone BE, Opalenik SR, Williams SM, Russell SB. Gene profiling of keloid fibroblasts shows altered expression in multiple fibrosis-associated pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1298-310. [PMID: 17989729 PMCID: PMC2933038 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are benign tumors of the dermis that form during a protracted wound healing process. Susceptibility to keloid formation occurs predominantly in people of African and Asian descent. The key alteration(s) responsible for keloid formation has not been identified and there is no satisfactory treatment for this disorder. The altered regulatory mechanism is limited to dermal wound healing, although several diseases characterized by an exaggerated response to injury are prevalent in individuals of African ancestry. We have observed a complex pattern of phenotypic differences in keloid fibroblasts grown in standard culture medium or induced by hydrocortisone (HC). In this study Affymetrix-based microarray was performed on RNA obtained from fibroblasts cultured from normal scars and keloids grown in the absence and presence of HC. We observed differential regulation of approximately 500 genes of the 38,000 represented on the Affymetrix chip. Of particular interest was increased expression of several IGF-binding and IGF-binding-related proteins and decreased expression of a subset of Wnt pathway inhibitors and multiple IL-1-inducible genes. Increased expression of connective tissue growth factor and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 was observed in keloid fibroblasts only in the presence of HC. These findings support a role for multiple fibrosis-related pathways in the pathogenesis of keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan C. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Braden E. Boone
- Vanderbilt Microarray Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan R. Opalenik
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shirley B. Russell
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Middle Tennessee Research Institute, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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64
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Zaitseva M, Vollenhoven BJ, Rogers PA. Retinoids regulate genes involved in retinoic acid synthesis and transport in human myometrial and fibroid smooth muscle cells. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:1076-86. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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65
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Gill S, Barker M, Pulido O. Neuroexcitatory targets in the female reproductive system of the nonhuman primate (Macaca fascicularis). Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:478-84. [PMID: 18413787 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308315663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate receptors (GluRs) have been implicated in brain function and pathology. Their presence in peripheral tissues suggests a vital role in the pathophysiology of various organ systems. In earlier studies, the authors reported the differential distribution of ionotropic and metabotropic GluRs in neural and nonneural peripheral tissues of the rat. In this study, they investigated the presence and the localization of the GluRs in the reproductive organs of Macaca fascicularis. The data illustrate the presence of the GluR 2/3, metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3, kainate 2, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR 1). These are localized in the different structures of the ovaries, uterine cervix, myometrium, endometrium, and inflammatory cells. Smooth muscle of the myometrium and arterioles showed strong immunolabeling with anti-GluR 2/3 and, to a lesser intensity, with the other ionotropic glutamate receptor antibodies. NMDAR 1 showed the most widespread staining in all the structures. Mast cells showed strong immunolabeling with the anti-NMDA antibody. The demonstration and the differential expression of GluRs in the female reproductive system of nonhuman primate experimental models provide first evidence suggesting excitatory signaling in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santokh Gill
- Health Canada, Toxicology Research Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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66
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Rogers R, Norian J, Malik M, Christman G, Abu-Asab M, Chen F, Korecki C, Iatridis J, Catherino WH, Tuan RS, Dhillon N, Leppert P, Segars JH. Mechanical homeostasis is altered in uterine leiomyoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:474.e1-11. [PMID: 18395046 PMCID: PMC2696475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uterine leiomyoma produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) that is abnormal in its volume, content, and structure. Alterations in ECM can modify mechanical stress on cells and lead to activation of Rho-dependent signaling and cell growth. Here we sought to determine whether the altered ECM that is produced by leiomyoma was accompanied by an altered state of mechanical homeostasis. STUDY DESIGN We measured the mechanical response of paired leiomyoma and myometrial samples and performed immunogold, confocal microscopy, and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS Leiomyoma were significantly stiffer than matched myometrium. The increased stiffness was accompanied by alteration of the ECM, cell shape, and cytoskeleton in leiomyoma, compared with myometrial samples from the same uterus. Levels of AKAP13, a protein that is known to activate Rho, were increased in leiomyoma compared to myometrium. AKAP13 was associated with cytoskeletal filaments of immortalized leiomyoma cells. CONCLUSION Leiomyoma cells are exposed to increased mechanical loading and show structural and biochemical features that are consistent with the activation of solid-state signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rogers
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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67
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Cheng MH, Wang PH. Uterine myoma: a condition amendable to medical therapy? Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:119-33. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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68
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Behera MA, Feng L, Yonish B, Catherino W, Jung SH, Leppert P. Thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2 mRNA and TSP-1 and TSP-2 protein expression in uterine fibroids and correlation to the genes COL1A1 and COL3A1 and to the collagen cross-link hydroxyproline. Reprod Sci 2008; 14:63-76. [PMID: 18089612 DOI: 10.1177/1933719107309591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are composed of altered collagen fibrils and represent an arrested response to injury-initiating fibrosis. In many tissues, TSP-1 is secreted by adult macrophages and monocytes upon wounding and is involved in the activation of transforming growth factor beta. In the absence of TSP-1, the orchestrated process of wound healing is impaired. The authors obtained tissue from the edge and center of fibroids at the time of hysterectomy and compared them with adjacent myometrium. The pattern of TSP-1 and TSP-2 expression was correlated to that of COL1A1 and COL3A1. Collagen and hydroxyproline were increased in fibroids. Thrombospondin-1 was consistently underexpressed in both the edge and center of the fibroids, while COL1A1 and COL3A1 were consistently overexpressed. However, TSP-2 was inconsistently expressed. These findings lead to the conclusion that the underexpression of TSP-1 may contribute to the overall development of uterine fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie A Behera
- Duke University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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69
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Differential Immunoreactivity of p16 in Leiomyosarcomas and Leiomyoma Variants. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27:68-73. [DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e3180ca954f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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70
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Pan Q, Luo X, Chegini N. Differential expression of microRNAs in myometrium and leiomyomas and regulation by ovarian steroids. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 12:227-40. [PMID: 18182067 PMCID: PMC2730932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the emerging roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) as key regulator of mRNA stability we assessed their expression profile in paired myometrium and leiomyoma, their isolated smooth muscle cells (MSMC and LSMC), a spontaneously transformed leiomyoma smooth muscle cells (T-LSMC) and SK-LMS-1, a leiomyosarcoma cell line using microarray and real time PCR.Based on global normalization of expression values of 385 miRNAs and statistical analysis (anova), 91 miRNAs were expressed above the threshold levels in myometrium, with a progressive decline in numbers in leiomyomas, MSMC, LSMC, T-LSMC and SK-LMS-1 (P<0.05).We selected and validated the expression of miR-20a, miR-21, miR-26a, miR-18a, miR-206, miR-181a and miR-142–5p and found their differential expression in tissue and cell-specific manners (P<0.05).Treatments of MSMC and LSMC with 17β estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate (10−8M), or ICI-182780 and RU-486 (10−6M) resulted in differential regulation of these miRNAs (P<0.05).In conclusion, the expression of a number of miRNAs in myometrium and leiomyoma with their progressive aberrant from normal MSMC into LSMC, transformed and cancerous stage, suggests that miRNAs and their regulation by ovarian steroids play a key role in pathogenesis of leiomyoma through gene expression stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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71
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Catherino WH, Mayers CM, Mantzouris T, Armstrong AY, Linehan WM, Segars JH. Compensatory alterations in energy homeostasis characterized in uterine tumors from hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. Fertil Steril 2007; 88:1039-48. [PMID: 17383644 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the molecular alterations that maintain energy homeostasis in hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) uterine tumors with disrupted fumarate hydratase, compared with nonsyndromic uterine tumors. DESIGN Laboratory study. SETTING Tertiary academic university hospital. PATIENT(S) Eleven nonsyndromic leiomyoma-myometrium pairs and three HLRCC leiomyoma-myometrium pairs were obtained from patients who were recruited at national and military research centers in the United States. INTERVENTION(S) Molecular analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer and nonsyndromic leiomyomas were compared with patient-matched myometrium for relative glycolysis and Krebs cycle gene expression. RESULT(S) By microarray analysis, we confirmed that fumarate hydratase messenger RNA (mRNA) was underexpressed in HLRCC fibroids, compared with matched myometrium. Consistent with the possibility that alterations in fumarate hydratase represented a change to a more anaerobic state, we found that HLRCC fibroids overexpressed genes such as phosphofructokinase, aldolase, phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase. Expression of these genes was not altered in nonsyndromic leiomyomas. Furthermore, there were no overt changes in expression of Krebs cycle enzyme gene expression, with the exception of fumarate hydratase. CONCLUSION(S) Our findings demonstrate that alterations in fumarate hydratase are compensated for by increases in glycolysis enzyme expression in HLRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Catherino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA.
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72
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Blake RE. Leiomyomata uteri: hormonal and molecular determinants of growth. J Natl Med Assoc 2007; 99:1170-1184. [PMID: 17987921 PMCID: PMC2574407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the available English literature that examines the biology of leiomyoma uteri in African-American women and other ethnic groups. Factors that influence the growth and development of leiomyomas are examined to understand the basis for larger myomas in African-American women. DESIGN Literature review of 176 articles regarding the pathobiology of leiomyoma in various ethnic groups. RESULTS The initiating factor(s) associated with the transformation of a normal myometrial cell into a leiomyoma cell remain(s) to be determined. Epidemiological studies have confirmed that different ethnic groups develop leiomyomas. However, African-American ethnicity is a risk factor for the development of leiomyomas. Studies have examined diet, genetics, hormonal, growth, enzymatic and molecular determinants of myoma biology, with critical advances in some of these areas. The best radiological tools to identify and monitor leiomyomas are ultrasonography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Evidence supports progesterone and growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor-B), have significant impact on the development of leiomyomas. CONCLUSIONS Early monitoring and intervention should become standard for African-American women who are at greater risk for developing leiomyomas. There are plausible biological mechanisms that explain the predisposition for developing larger leiomyomas in African-American women as compared with other ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Enrique Blake
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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73
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Nam DH, Ramachandran S, Song DK, Kwon KY, Jeon DS, Shin SJ, Kwon SH, Cha SD, Bae I, Cho CH. Growth inhibition and apoptosis induced in human leiomyoma cells by treatment with the PPAR gamma ligand ciglitizone. Mol Hum Reprod 2007; 13:829-36. [PMID: 17893092 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gam071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) are transcription factors that play important roles in multiple disease conditions. The activation of PPARs by specific ligands is associated with growth suppression of several different types of human cancer, but the molecular mechanism responsible for this growth suppressive effect remains elusive. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of PPARgamma protein/mRNA expression in uterine leiomyomas and to identify the PPARgamma induced signaling pathways responsible for the growth inhibition induced by treatment with ciglitizone, a synthetic ligand of PPARgamma, in view of identifying targets that could possibly affect the viability and proliferation of uterine leiomyoma cells. Dose-response studies on proliferation found that uterine leiomyoma was more sensitive to inhibition by ciglitizone treatments than normal myometrium. We also found that ciglitizone significantly stimulated gene expression driven by a PPAR-responsive element in cultured leiomyoma cells and reduced the survival of leiomyoma cells relative to the control cells. The reduced survival of ciglitizone treated leiomyoma cells resulted from a mechanism that involved the Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis signaling cascade. These results suggest that uterine leiomyomas growth and differentiation might be modulated through PPARgamma receptors and that PPARgamma ligands may be of potential use for uterine leiomyoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Nam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 194 Dongsan-Dong, Jung-Ku, Daegu 700-712, South Korea
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74
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Pan Q, Luo X, Chegini N. Genomic and proteomic profiling I: leiomyomas in African Americans and Caucasians. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2007; 5:34. [PMID: 17716379 PMCID: PMC2063502 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-5-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observations indicate that leiomyomas occur more frequently in African Americans compared to other ethnic groups with unknown etiology. To identify the molecular basis for the difference we compared leiomyomas form A. Americans with Caucasians using genomic and proteomic strategies. METHODS Microarray, realtime PCR, 2D-PAGE, mass spectrometry, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Using Affymetrix U133A array and analysis based on P ranking (P < 0.01) 1470 genes were identified as differentially expressed in leiomyomas compared to myometrium regardless of ethnicity. Of these, 268 genes were either over-expressed (177 genes) or under-expressed (91 genes) based on P < 0.01 followed by 2-fold cutoff selection in leiomyomas of A. Americans as compared to Caucasians. Among them, the expression E2F1, RUNX3, EGR3, TBPIP, ECM2, ESM1, THBS1, GAS1, ADAM17, CST6, CST7, FBLN5, ICAM2, EDN1 and COL18 was validated using realtime PCR low-density arrays. 2D PAGE coupled with image analysis identified 332 protein spots of which the density/volume of 31 varied by greater than or equal to 1.5 fold in leiomyomas as compared to myometrium. The density/volume of 34 protein-spots varied by greater than or equal to 1.5 fold (26 increased and 8 decreased) in leiomyomas of A. Americans as compared to Caucasians. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of 15 protein spots identified several proteins whose transcripts were also identified by microarray, including 14-3-3 beta and mimecan, whose expression was confirmed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION These findings imply that the level rather than the ethnic-specific expression of a number of genes and proteins may account for the difference between leiomyomas and possibly myometrium, in A. Americans and Caucasians. Further study using larger sample size is required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Nasser Chegini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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75
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White JD, Vuocolo T, McDonagh M, Grounds MD, Harper GS, Cockett NE, Tellam R. Analysis of the callipyge phenotype through skeletal muscle development; association of Dlk1 with muscle precursor cells. Differentiation 2007; 76:283-98. [PMID: 17697128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The callipyge mutation in sheep in the form of the paternal heterozygote results in skeletal muscle hypertrophy, which is most pronounced in the hindquarters. Overexpression of one of the genes in the region of the causative single-nucleotide polymorphism, Dlk1, is postulated to be a primary cause of the muscle hypertrophy although the mechanism is not clear. This study examined the expression of Dlk1 mRNA and its encoded protein in skeletal muscles of callipyge and wild-type sheep. The muscles examined included those that demonstrate hypertrophy in callipyge sheep as well as an unaffected muscle. The expression pattern of Dlk1 protein in these muscles was also measured over a developmental time course ranging from 80 days of gestation to 12 weeks after birth. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that Dlk1 mRNA was significantly increased in affected, but not unaffected, muscles from callipyge sheep at 120 days of gestation through to 12 weeks of age. Immuno-localization of Dlk1 was pronounced in the interstitial connective tissue of fetal muscle but was less intense at later ages. No clear difference in Dlk1 immuno-localization was noted between genotypes in the fetal samples. Strong myofiber-specific Dlk1 immuno-localization was observed in hypertrophied callipyge muscles at 12 weeks of age. This staining was exclusively associated with fast type II myofibers and these had a significantly larger mean cross-sectional area, compared with fast type II myofibers in control sheep that did not overexpress Dlk1. In addition, Dlk1 immuno-localization was associated with a sub-population of Pax7-positive mononucleated cells in all skeletal muscles examined during fetal development and at birth, but this was not apparent at 12 weeks. There were no genotype-dependent alterations in the mRNA expression patterns of a number of promyogenic transcription factors indicating that the callipyge mutation was not affecting muscle cell differentiation per se. We postulate that Dlk1 is implicated in the commitment and/or proliferation of fetal myoblasts as well as in the maintenance of hypertrophy in fully differentiated myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D White
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
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76
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Zaitseva M, Vollenhoven BJ, Rogers PAW. Retinoic acid pathway genes show significantly altered expression in uterine fibroids when compared with normal myometrium. Mol Hum Reprod 2007; 13:577-85. [PMID: 17553814 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gam040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroids are benign neoplasms of myometrial smooth muscle cells (SMC). Despite being the most common tumor in humans, their etiology is poorly understood. Recent microarray studies have demonstrated that multiple members of the retinoid pathway are differentially expressed between myometrium and fibroids. The aim of this present study was to investigate gene expression of members of the retinoid pathway in matched myometrium and fibroids. We have demonstrated differential gene expression of two binding proteins [cellular retinol-binding proteins (CRBP) 1 and 2], three enzymes [alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) and retinol dehydrogenase (RODH)] and two receptors [retinoid X receptors (RXR) alpha and gamma] involved in the retinoid pathway by real-time PCR. There were no differences in gene expression for retinoid receptors RARalpha, beta, gamma and RXRbeta, and for the metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450, family 26 subfamily A. We confirmed results for ADH1, ALDH1, CRBP1 and CRABP2 at the protein level by western blot. Using immunohistochemistry these proteins were mostly localized to myometrial and fibroid SMC. An exception to this was ALDH1 protein, which displayed strong staining localized to cells of the connective tissue, presumably fibroblasts, with a striking differential expression pattern between myometrium and fibroids. These results demonstrate that the retinoid pathway is altered in fibroids when compared with normal myometrium and specifically identify ALDH1 in fibroid fibroblasts. These alterations can lead to aberrant retinoic acid (RA) production and signaling, and alter the expression of RA target genes, which may be an important step in fibroid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zaitseva
- Centre for Women's Health Research, Monash University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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77
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Catherino WH, Malik M. Uterine leiomyomas express a molecular pattern that lowers retinoic acid exposure. Fertil Steril 2007; 87:1388-98. [PMID: 17276435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze expression of the retinoic acid signaling pathway genes that are involved in retinol metabolism, transport, transcriptional activation, and transcriptional products in spontaneous human leiomyomas. DESIGN Laboratory study of human leiomyoma and patient-matched myometrial tissue. PATIENT(S) Eight women undergoing hysterectomy for symptomatic leiomyomas. INTERVENTION(S) Confirmation of an altered retinoic acid pathway analyzed by microarray, real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Gene and protein expression. RESULT(S) Regardless of patient demographics and leiomyoma location and size, we found decreased expression of the major genes involved in retinoic acid pathway including alcohol dehydrogenase-1 (-3.97- +/- 0.03-fold), aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (-3.1- +/- 0.07-fold), cellular retinol binding protein-1 (-2.62- +/- 0.04-fold), and cellular retinoic acid binding protein-1 (-2.42- +/- 0.20-fold). Cytochrome P450 (CYP 26A1), which is responsible for retinoic acid metabolism, was highly up-regulated in leiomyomas (+5.4- +/- 0.53-fold). Nuclear receptors demonstrated a complex pattern of under-expression (RARalpha, RARbeta, RXRalpha, RXRgamma) and over-expression (RARgamma, RXRbeta) at both the mRNA and protein level. Differences in protein amounts were confirmed by Western blot. Finally, a reduced amount of cellular ATRA and 9-cis retinoic acid was confirmed by HPLC in leiomyomas compared with myometrial tissues. CONCLUSION(S) Molecular alterations in the retinoic acid pathway of leiomyomata result in a decrease in retinoic acid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Catherino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4712, USA.
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78
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Wei T, Geiser AG, Qian HR, Su C, Helvering LM, Kulkarini NH, Shou J, N'Cho M, Bryant HU, Onyia JE. DNA microarray data integration by ortholog gene analysis reveals potential molecular mechanisms of estrogen-dependent growth of human uterine fibroids. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2007; 7:5. [PMID: 17407572 PMCID: PMC1852551 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Uterine fibroids or leiomyoma are a common benign smooth muscle tumor. The tumor growth is well known to be estrogen-dependent. However, the molecular mechanisms of its estrogen-dependency is not well understood. Methods Differentially expressed genes in human uterine fibroids were either retrieved from published papers or from our own statistical analysis of downloaded array data. Probes for the same genes on different Affymetrix chips were mapped based on probe comparison information provided by Affymetrix. Genes identified by two or three array studies were submitted for ortholog analysis. Human and rat ortholog genes were identified by using ortholog gene databases, HomoloGene and TOGA and were confirmed by synteny analysis with MultiContigView tool in the Ensembl genome browser. Results By integrated analysis of three recently published DNA microarray studies with human tissue, thirty-eight genes were found to be differentially expressed in the same direction in fibroid compared to adjacent uterine myometrium by at least two research groups. Among these genes, twelve with rat orthologs were identified as estrogen-regulated from our array study investigating uterine expression in ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen. Functional and pathway analyses of the twelve genes suggested multiple molecular mechanisms for estrogen-dependent cell survival and tumor growth. Firstly, estrogen increased expression of the anti-apoptotic PCP4 gene and suppressed the expression of growth inhibitory receptors PTGER3 and TGFBR2. Secondly, estrogen may antagonize PPARγ signaling, thought to inhibit fibroid growth and survival, at two points in the PPAR pathway: 1) through increased ANXA1 gene expression which can inhibit phospholipase A2 activity and in turn decrease arachidonic acid synthesis, and 2) by decreasing L-PGDS expression which would reduce synthesis of PGJ2, an endogenous ligand for PPARγ. Lastly, estrogen affects retinoic acid (RA) synthesis and mobilization by regulating expression of CRABP2 and ALDH1A1. RA has been shown to play a significant role in the development of uterine fibroids in an animal model. Conclusion Integrated analysis of multiple array datasets revealed twelve human and rat ortholog genes that were differentially expressed in human uterine fibroids and transcriptionally responsive to estrogen in the rat uterus. Functional and pathway analysis of these genes suggest multiple potential molecular mechanisms for the poorly understood estrogen-dependent growth of uterine fibroids. Fully understanding the exact molecular interactions among these gene products requires further study to validate their roles in uterine fibroids. This work provides new avenues of study which could influence the future direction of therapeutic intervention for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Integrative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA
| | - Andrew G Geiser
- Bone and Inflammation, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Hui-Rong Qian
- Discovery Statistics, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Chen Su
- Integrative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA
| | - Leah M Helvering
- Bone and Inflammation, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Nalini H Kulkarini
- Integrative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA
| | - Jianyong Shou
- Integrative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA
| | - Mathias N'Cho
- Integrative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA
| | - Henry U Bryant
- Bone and Inflammation, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Jude E Onyia
- Integrative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA
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79
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Grisaru D, Keidar R, Schreiber L, Lessing JB, Deutsch V. The effect of the readthrough acetylcholinesterase variant (AChE-R) on uterine muscle and leiomyomas. Mol Hum Reprod 2007; 13:351-4. [PMID: 17350961 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gam010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine signaling and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) function(s) are pivotal elements in muscle development. The effects of the stimulus-dependent readthrough AChE variant, AChE-R, on leiomyomas and normal myometrium proliferation were assessed in vivo and in vitro. Histological preparations and cell cultures therefrom were obtained during hysterectomies or myomectomies and included both the leiomyoma sample and the adjacent normal uterine muscle as control. In situ hybridization procedures were performed using AChE cRNA probes complementary to the human AChE-R transcript. Antibodies against the AChE-R variant served for immunohistochemical staining. To determine the biological function of AChE-R on the uterine muscle cell cultures, we used a synthetic peptide representing the potentially cleavable morphogenically active C-terminus of AChE-R (ARP). Cell proliferation was assessed using the incorporation of 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrDU). Leiomyomas expressed an excess of AChE-R mRNA and the AChE-R protein compared with the normal myometrium. Cell cultures originating from leiomyomas proliferated significantly faster than cultures from the adjacent myometrium (P = 0.027 at BrDU incorporation). Addition of ARP (2-200 nM) caused a dose-dependent decrease in the proliferation of cell cultures from both leiomyomas and the myometrium. The effect on the myometrium reached statistical significance (at 20 and 200 nM, P = 0.02), whereas the variability of the rapidly proliferating primary cultures was high and precluded statistical significance in the leiomyoma cultures. AChE-R is involved in the proliferation of the myometrium. The inhibitory effect of ARP on the myometrium may suggest a future therapeutic role of ARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Grisaru
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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80
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Burke HB. Proteomics: analysis of spectral data. Cancer Inform 2007; 1:15-24. [PMID: 19305628 PMCID: PMC2657647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of disease-related proteogenomic research is a complete description of the unfolding of the disease process from its origin to its cure. With a properly selected patient cohort and correctly collected, processed, analyzed data, large scale proteomic spectra may be able to provide much of the information necessary for achieving this goal. Protein spectra, which are one way of representing protein expression, can be extremely useful clinically since they can be generated from blood rather than from diseased tissue. At the same time, the analysis of circulating proteins in blood presents unique challenges because of their heterogeneity, blood contains a large number of different abundance proteins generated by tissues throughout the body. Another challenge is that protein spectra are massively parallel information. One can choose to perform top-down analysis, where the entire spectra is examined and candidate peaks are selected for further assessment. Or one can choose a bottom-up analysis, where, via hypothesis testing, individual proteins are identified in the spectra and related to the disease process. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages that must be understood if protein spectral data are to be properly analyzed. With either approach, several levels of information must be integrated into a predictive model. This model will allow us to detect disease and it will allow us to discover therapeutic interventions that reduce the risk of disease in at-risk individuals and effectively treat newly diagnosed disease.
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81
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Malik M, Catherino WH. Novel method to characterize primary cultures of leiomyoma and myometrium with the use of confirmatory biomarker gene arrays. Fertil Steril 2007; 87:1166-72. [PMID: 17222838 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a rapid biomarker method for confirming that leiomyoma and myometrium primary cultures maintain the molecular phenotype of the progenitor tissues. DESIGN Confirmation of primary cultures from leiomyoma and myometrium tissues. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) Women undergoing hysterectomy for symptomatic leiomyomas. INTERVENTION(S) Primary cell cultures, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), microarray, real time RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Relative messenger RNA and protein expression in leiomyoma and myometrial cell cultures. RESULT(S) We developed primary cell cultures from human leiomyoma and patient-matched myometrium obtained from hysterectomy specimens. In the primary cultures, we confirmed the presence of smooth muscle-specific alpha-actin as well as filamentous actin. Based on microarray analysis, we expected and confirmed, in the progenitor tissue and derived primary cultures, an overexpression of versican (8.31 fold +/- 2.2 SEM and 4.3 fold +/- 1.01 SEM, respectively), transforming growth factor beta-3 (5.66 fold +/- 0.82 SEM and 4.92 fold +/- 0.58 SEM, respectively), and cytochrome P450-26A1 (6.76 fold +/- 0.80 SEM and 6.17 fold +/- 2.02 SEM, respectively), and an underexpression of dermatopontin (-5.6 fold +/- 1.82 SEM and -3.41 +/- 1.20 SEM, respectively). CONCLUSION(S) Primary cell cultures offer a reliable in vitro model system for leiomyoma disease, if confirmed. Analysis of a gene array that distinguishes between myometrium and leiomyoma molecular phenotypes offers a rapid and reliable confirmation method, and provides confidence that in vitro findings resemble in vivo disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnie Malik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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82
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Roth TM, Klett C, Cowan BD. Expression profile of several genes in human myometrium and uterine leiomyoma. Fertil Steril 2006; 87:635-41. [PMID: 17173903 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen several genes that are differentially expressed in uterine leiomyoma and matched unaffected myometrium by using microarray-based hybridization and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. DESIGN Screen by arrays for < or =2,400 known genes in leiomyoma and control myometrium. SETTING University clinical research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Four patients with leiomyoma scheduled for surgery during the proliferative phase. INTERVENTION(S) Four paired samples of leiomyoma and adjacent myometrium were obtained from patients undergoing hysterectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Fold-changes in expression of leiomyoma and matched myometrium (L/M). RESULT(S) A comparison of expression patterns revealed 73 genes significantly up- or down-regulated in each paired tissue sample, of which 30 genes showed increased expression (mean L/M of >2) and 43 showed decreased expression (mean L/M of <0.5) in leiomyoma compared with normal myometrium. When considering only growth factors, pleiotropin (PTN) was expressed 3.5-fold more in leiomyomas compared with in myometrium. No other growth factors were similarly affected. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis correlated well with microarray data. CONCLUSION(S) Data obtained from the present study suggest that several genes are selectively overexpressed in leiomyomas compared with in myometrium. Increased expression of growth factor PTN may represent a promising target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Roth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Specialty Center of Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston, Maine, USA
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83
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Identification of differential proteins in uterine leiomyoma by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Chin J Cancer Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-006-0203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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84
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Gupta A, Williams BRG, Hanash SM, Rawwas J. Cellular Retinoic Acid–Binding Protein II Is a Direct Transcriptional Target of MycN in Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:8100-8. [PMID: 16912187 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a heterogeneous disease in which 22% of tumors show MycN oncogene amplification and are associated with poor clinical outcome. MycN is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a number of proteins that affect the clinical behavior of neuroblastoma. We report here that cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II (CRABP-II) is a novel MycN target, expressed at significantly higher levels in primary neuroblastoma tumors with mycN oncogene amplification as compared with non-MycN-amplified tumors. Moreover, regulated induction and repression of MycN in a neuroblastoma-derived cell line resulted in temporal and proportionate expression of CRABP-II. CRABP-II is expressed in several cancers, but its role in tumorigenesis has not been elucidated. We show that MycN binds to the promoter of CRABP-II and induces CRABP-II transcription directly. In addition, CRABP-II-transfected neuroblastoma cell lines show an increase in MycN protein levels resulting in increased cell motility. Gene expression profiling of CRABP-II-expressing cell lines uncovered increased expression of the HuB (Hel N1) gene. Hu proteins have been implicated in regulating the stability of MycN mRNA and other mRNAs by binding to their 3' untranslated regions. We did not, however, observe any change in MycN mRNA stability or protein half-life in response to CRABP-II expression. In contrast, de novo MycN protein synthesis was increased in CRABP-II-expressing neuroblastoma cells, thereby suggesting an autoregulatory loop that might exacerbate the effects of MycN gene amplification and affect the clinical outcome. Our findings also suggest that CRABP-II may be a potential therapeutic target for neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Gupta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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85
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Leppert PC, Catherino WH, Segars JH. A new hypothesis about the origin of uterine fibroids based on gene expression profiling with microarrays. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195:415-20. [PMID: 16635466 PMCID: PMC4143906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article will discuss some recent insights based on our microarray studies that have emphasized the role the extracellular matrix, transforming growth factor beta, and collagen structure in fibroid formation. These studies led to appreciation of molecular similarities between fibroids and keloids. Collectively, these observations suggest a model of fibroid development based on an abnormal response to tissue repair, resulting in disordered healing and formation of an altered extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis C Leppert
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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86
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Al-Hendy A, Salama SA. Ethnic distribution of estrogen receptor-alpha polymorphism is associated with a higher prevalence of uterine leiomyomas in black Americans. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:686-93. [PMID: 16860797 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) gene are associated with an increased risk of uterine leiomyomas (ULMs). DESIGN Genomic DNA was isolated from normal myometrium samples collected at the time of the hysterectomy. SETTING Volunteers in an academic research environment. PATIENT(S) One hundred ninety-eight women with surgically confirmed ULMs and 229 matched controls with nonfibroid uteri. INTERVENTION(S) Hysterectomy samples were collected from volunteers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The two PvuII and XbaI intronic polymorphisms in the ERalpha gene using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULT(S) The ERalpha PP genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of ULM in black and white women, but not in Hispanic women. Women with the ERalpha PP genotype were 6.42 times (confidence limits 2.04-20.16) more likely to have ULMs than other genotypes. The ERalpha PP genotype was also significantly associated with larger tumor burden (>400 g). The overall prevalence of the PP genotype was significantly higher in black women (35%) than white (13%) or Hispanic (16%) women. Myometrial cell lines expressing the PP genotype exhibited enhanced proliferative response to estrogen in vitro compared with their pp counterparts. CONCLUSION(S) The ERalpha PP genotype is a genetic risk factor for ULM development among surgically treated women. The higher prevalence of this genotype in blacks might explain the increased occurrence of this tumor among black women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0587, USA.
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87
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Miura S, Khan KN, Kitajima M, Hiraki K, Moriyama S, Masuzaki H, Samejima T, Fujishita A, Ishimaru T. Differential infiltration of macrophages and prostaglandin production by different uterine leiomyomas. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:2545-54. [PMID: 16763009 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between uterine myoma and infertility is still controversial. The anatomical defect of endometrium by uterine fibroids could be a factor for reducing pregnancy rates and increasing miscarriage rates. However, pregnancy and implantation rates were found to be significantly lower in women with intramural myomas (IMMs), when there was no deformity of uterine cavity. This could be due to other biological factors such as increased accumulation of inflammatory cells within fibroid tissue and corresponding endometrium that might impair fertility. Therefore, we tried to investigate the pattern of macrophage (Mvarphi) accumulation in different uterine fibroids and the production of chemokine and prostaglandin (PG) by these tissues. METHODS The selection criteria of uterine fibroids were based on the classification of European Society of Hysteroscopy. Biopsy specimens were collected from respective nodules and autologous endometrium of 20 women with submucosal myoma (SMM), 29 women with IMM and 18 women with subserosal myoma (SSM). CD68 immunoreactive Mvarphis were identified in these tissues by immunohistochemistry. A fraction of corresponding tissues were homogenized, and levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and PGF(2alpha) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Mvarphi infiltration in the myoma nodule and corresponding endometrium of women with SMM and IMM was significantly higher than that of women with SSM or control women (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). This tissue accumulation of inflammatory cells was independent of the sizes of the myoma nodules and phases of menstrual cycle. The tissue concentration of MCP-1 corresponded to increased Mvarphi infiltration and was significantly higher in women with SMM and IMM than that in women with SSM (P<0.05 for each). A positive correlation was observed between MCP-1 concentration and accumulated Mvarphi numbers in the endometrium of women with SMM and IMM but not in women with SSM. The tissue levels of PGF2alpha were also significantly higher in the nodule and corresponding endometrium of women with SMM and IMM than that in SSM or control women (P<0.05 for each). CONCLUSIONS Higher production of MCP-1 could be responsible for the increased accumulation of Mvarphi in women with SMM and IMM. The augmented inflammatory reaction in endometrium and increased PGF2alpha levels might be detrimental to reproductive outcome in women with SMM or IMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiyou Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, and The Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Hospital, Japan
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88
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Zaitseva M, Vollenhoven BJ, Rogers PAW. In vitro culture significantly alters gene expression profiles and reduces differences between myometrial and fibroid smooth muscle cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:187-207. [PMID: 16524927 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gal018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cultured myometrial (M) and fibroid (F) smooth muscle cells (SMCs) have been widely used as a model for the study of F growth. The aim of this study was to compare gene expression profiles using microarrays between six paired M and F tissues from hysterectomy specimens, as well as cells isolated from the same tissues and cultured for up to three passages. A total of 2055 genes were differentially expressed by ANOVA between all experimental groups. Among them, 128 genes were found to be statistically different between M and F tissues. More than 1100 genes were significantly changed between tissues and cultured cells, with 648 genes common between both M and F cells at P0 and P3. Expression profiles of six genes including estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and progesterone receptor (PR) were also validated using real-time PCR. These data demonstrate that large changes occur in SMC gene expression in culture, reducing differences between M and F cells. They also show that ERalpha and PR levels are reduced in cells compared with whole tissue. These results indicate that although M and F cell cultures provide an important tool to study these tumours, in vitro studies must be carefully planned and evaluated to provide meaningful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zaitseva
- Centre for Women's Health Research, Monash University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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89
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Luo X, Levens E, Williams RS, Chegini N. The expression of Abl interactor 2 in leiomyoma and myometrium and regulation by GnRH analogue and transforming growth factor-β. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:1380-6. [PMID: 16488906 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abelson (Abl) interactor 2 (Abi-2) has been considered as a key regulator of cell/tissue structural organization and is differentially expressed in leiomyomas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of Abi-2 in leiomyoma/myometrium during the menstrual cycle and following GnRH analogue (GnRHa) therapy, as well as regulation by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in leiomyoma and myometrial smooth muscle cells (LSMC and MSMC). METHODS We used real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry to determine the expression of Abi-2 in paired leiomyoma and myometrium (n = 27) from proliferative (n = 8) and secretory (n = 12) phases of the menstrual cycle and from patients who received GnRHa therapy (n = 7). Time-dependent action of TGF-beta1 (2.5 ng/ml) and GnRHa (0.1 microM) on Abi-2 expression was determined in LSMC and MSMC. RESULTS Leiomyomas express elevated levels of Abi-2 as compared with myometrium from the proliferative but not the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, with a significant reduction following GnRHa therapy (P < 0.05). Western blotting showed a similar trend in Abi-2 protein expression in leiomyoma/myometrial tissue extracts, which was immunolocalized in LSMC and MSMC, connective tissue fibroblasts and arterial walls. The expression of Abi-2 in LSMC and MSMC was increased by TGF-beta1 (2.5 ng/ml) and was inhibited by GnRHa (0.1 microM) in a time- and cell-dependent manner, and pretreatment with Smad3 SiRNA and U0126, an MEK-1/2 inhibitor, respectively, reversed their actions. CONCLUSION Based on the menstrual cycle-dependent expression, the influence of GnRHa therapy, and regulation by TGF-beta in LSMC/MSMC, we conclude that Abi-2 may have a key regulatory function in leiomyomas cellular/tissue structural organization during growth and regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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90
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Freking BA, Leymaster KA. Evaluation of the ovine callipyge locus: IV. Genotypic effects on reproductive traits1,2. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:311-6. [PMID: 16424258 DOI: 10.2527/2006.842311x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A resource population of ewes derived from Dorset and Romanov grandparents was generated over 5 yr to provide genotypic and phenotypic data to estimate effects of each callipyge genotype on component traits of reproduction. Effects on ovulation rate were estimated from data recorded by examination of ovaries from serially slaughtered ewe lambs (n = 174) born in 1994 and 1995. Productivity and longevity through 5 yr of age were recorded on a total of 265 F2 ewes produced in 1996 through 1998. Number of lambs born, birth weights, and weaning weights of lambs were calculated for each ewe. Weaning weight was recorded for each lamb and adjusted for age to 56 and 32 d for dam- and nursery-reared lambs, respectively. Longevity was determined as a binary trait based on the presence or absence of the ewe in the breeding flock at 5 yr of age. Ewes generated 937 records for breeding weight and 925 records for conception rate, which was determined on ewes exposed and still present at the start of each lambing season. Seven hundred seventeen records were analyzed for traits based on the number of ewes lambing. Genotypes for the causative callipyge mutation were determined using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry assay. Each ewe was classified into 1 of 4 genotypes; NMatNPat, NMatCPat, CMatNPat, or CMatCPat, where N represents wild type and C represents the mutant allele. The mean ovulation rate of the ewe lambs genotyped NMatNPat was greater (P < 0.02) than that exhibited by NMatCPat; however, the estimated difference of 0.25 ovum in the ewe lambs did not affect the number born. The live weight of NMatCPat ewes at breeding was 2.5 kg less than that of other genotypes (P < 0.01). The callipyge genotype class did not significantly affect conception rates, fecundity, maternal ability, or ewe longevity. Maintaining a ewe flock to produce homozygous mutant rams for use in terminal sire mating systems presents no unusual problems from a reproduction standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Freking
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA.
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91
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Abstract
Dermatopontin is a widely distributed small molecular weight protein in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and today its homologues are known in five mammals and several invertebrates. The structures of these homologues are relatively well conserved among the species. In the skin, dermatopontin is located mainly on the surface of the collagen fibers. It is found in the conditioned medium and also in the cytoplasm of cultured fibroblasts. Early studies focused on ECM assembly (collagen fibrillogenesis) and interactions (with the proteoglycan decorin). Subsequently, a targeted disruption of dermatopontin resulted in a phenotype similar to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. In addition, a cell adhesion activity of this protein for dermal fibroblasts and several other cells was found, and this activity might suggest this protein's involvement in wound healing. The expression of dermatopontin around an infarct zone of experimental myocardial infarction may support this possibility. In invertebrates, dermatopontin homologues act mainly as adhesion/agglutination molecules. In addition, we found that transforming growth factor-beta1 interacts with dermatopontin and the function of this cytokine is modified by dermatopontin. Recently, the involvement of this protein in cell proliferation has been indicated. In this review we describe the reported functions of this protein and speculate on the multiple roles of this largely uncharacterized matrix molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Okamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Biology and Medicine (Dermatology), Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.
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92
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Wei JJ, Zhang XM, Chiriboga L, Yee H, Perle MA, Mittal K. Spatial differences in biologic activity of large uterine leiomyomata. Fertil Steril 2006; 85:179-87. [PMID: 16412751 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the growth pattern of the large uterine leiomyomata (ULM), we examined the spatial gene distributions, vessel density, proliferative activity, and hyaline degeneration. DESIGN Tissue sections from three-dimensional large ULM, matched myometrium, and small ULM were collected and microarrayed. The spatial difference of the tumor activity was mapped in large ULM. SETTING University clinical research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Hysterectomy specimens from 7 patients with large (>10 cm) ULM and 3 patients with large (>10 cm) uterine leiomyosarcomas. INTERVENTION(S) Tissue microarray analysis by the immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Selected gene products, vessel density, and the percentage of hyaline degeneration were all scored in tissue cores/sections of large and small ULM against matched myometrium. RESULT(S) We found that there was a spherical spatial difference of the tumor activities in large ULM. The tumor region next to the periphery, the most biologically active zone, demonstrated higher levels of gene expression, a higher density of vessels, a higher proliferative rate and a lower level of hyaline degeneration. The large ULM have higher levels of gene products (except for estrogen and progesterone receptors) than small ULM. CONCLUSION(S) In comparison of the spatial patterns of the gene activity between the large ULM and the large uterine leiomyosarcoma, the large ULM illustrate a growth pattern of nutritional dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Bellevue Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
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93
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Wei JJ, Chiriboga L, Mittal K. Expression profile of the tumorigenic factors associated with tumor size and sex steroid hormone status in uterine leiomyomata. Fertil Steril 2005; 84:474-84. [PMID: 16084893 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use tissue microarray in combination with dendrogram cluster analysis to characterize some potential tumorigenic factors in association with tumor size and sex steroid hormone status in uterine leiomyomata. DESIGN Expression analysis of 21 selected potential tumorigenic factors in 60 patients with uterine leiomyomata. SETTING University clinical research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Hysterectomy specimens from 60 patients with uterine leiomyomata of different ages and tumor sizes. INTERVENTION(S) Tissue cores from normal myometrium and leiomyomata were examined by immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Semiquantitative immunointensity was scored and analyzed by net gain and loss between normal myometrium and leiomyomata and integrated into dendrogram cluster tree view. RESULT(S) We found that upregulation of estrogen and progesterone receptors was reverse associated with tumor size. Upregulation of some factors (HMGA2, sex steroid receptor cofactors, proteins in insulin pathway, and CD24) were identified in a group of patients in their later forties, were associated with large fibroids, and were weakly affected by the SSH status (illustrated by endometrial phases and menopause). Downregulation of tuberin and glucocorticoid receptor was mostly isolated in a second group of women at their late reproductive age. CONCLUSION(S) Analyses of the sex steroid hormone receptors and the nonsex steroid hormone factors in leiomyomata and the matched myometrium showed different expression patterns in different tumor sizes and patients' ages. A group of patients in their late forties with the larger leiomyomata contributes largely by upregulation of nonsex steroid hormone factors. Adenomyosis is a protective factor preventing large leiomyomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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94
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Popescu LM, Gherghiceanu M, Cretoiu D, Radu E. The connective connection: interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and ICC-like cells establish synapses with immunoreactive cells. Electron microscope study in situ. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 9:714-30. [PMID: 16202219 PMCID: PMC6741637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We present transmission electron microscope (TEM) evidence that ICC and ICC-like cells frequently establish close contacts (synapses) with several types of immunoreactive cells (IRC): lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages and mast cells. Such synapses were found in various organs: human mammary gland and myometrium, as well as rat stomach, gut, bladder and uterus. Specimens were observed by conventional TEM on ultrathin sections. Based on morphometric analyses and computer-aided 3-D reconstructions from serial sections, we propose an operational definition of ICC-IRC synapses: cell-to-cell close contacts where the two cells are separated by only approximately 15 nm, equivalent to twice the plasmalemmal thickness. Two types of such synapses were found: (i) uniform ('plain') synapses (PS). close contact extending for >200 nm, and (ii) multi-contact ('kiss and run') synapses (MS)--with multiple, focal, close-contact points alternating with regions of wider intermembrane distance. For instance, a typical PS between a rat bladder ICC-like cell and an eosinophil was 2.48 microm long and 11+/-4 nm wide. By contrast, a MS synapse in rat myometrium (between an ICC-like cell and an eosinophil) was 8.64 microm long and had 13 contact points. The synaptic cleft measured 15+/-8 nm at contact points and approximately 100 nm or more in wider areas. These synapses are different from gap junctions usually seen between ICC and between ICC and smooth muscle cells. We previously proposed that ICC-like cells might represent stromal progenitor cells, participate in juxtacrine/paracrine signaling and play a role in immune surveillance. The nanoscopic distances between the two contiguous membranes suggest a juxtacrine cell-to-cell signaling (chemical synapse), via juxtacrinins, a specific case of phenomenins. However, the (micro)vesicles found in the synaptic cleft may correspond to an exosome-based mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Popescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
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95
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Chédotal A, Kerjan G, Moreau-Fauvarque C. The brain within the tumor: new roles for axon guidance molecules in cancers. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1044-56. [PMID: 16015381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Slits, semaphorins and netrins are three families of proteins that can attract or repel growing axons and migrating neurons in the developing nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. Recent studies have shown that they are widely expressed outside the nervous system and that they may play important roles in cancers. Several of the genes encoding these proteins are localized on chromosomal region associated with frequent loss-of-heterozygosity in tumors and cancer cell lines and there is also significant hypermethylation of their promoter suggesting that they may act as tumor suppressors. In addition, proteins in all these families and their receptors appear to control the vascularization of the tumors. Last, many axon guidance molecules also regulate cell migration and apoptosis in normal and tumorigenic tissues. Overall, this suggests that molecules that could mimick or block the activity of axon guidance molecules may be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chédotal
- CNRS UMR7102, Equipe Développement Neuronal, Université Paris 6, Batiment B, Case 12, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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96
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Kwon JY, Park KH, Park YN, Cho NH. Effect of cetrorelix acetate on apoptosis and apoptosis regulatory factors in cultured uterine leiomyoma cells. Fertil Steril 2005; 84:1526-8. [PMID: 16275262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This report suggests the possibility that a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist initiates apoptosis not only by causing a sex hormone deficit by inhibiting GnRH secretion in the pituitary gland, but also by acting directly on leiomyoma cells promoting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Young Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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97
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Holm TM, Jackson-Grusby L, Brambrink T, Yamada Y, Rideout WM, Jaenisch R. Global loss of imprinting leads to widespread tumorigenesis in adult mice. Cancer Cell 2005; 8:275-85. [PMID: 16226703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of imprinting (LOI), commonly observed in human tumors, refers to loss of monoallelic gene regulation normally conferred by parent-of-origin-specific DNA methylation. To test the function of LOI in tumorigenesis, we developed a model by using transient demethylation to generate imprint-free mouse embryonic stem cells (IF-ES cells). Embryonic fibroblasts derived from IF-ES cells (IF-MEFs) display TGFbeta resistance and reduced p19 and p53 expression and form tumors in SCID mice. IF-MEFs exhibit spontaneous immortalization and cooperate with H-Ras in cellular transformation. Chimeric animals derived from IF-ES cells develop multiple tumors arising from the injected IF-ES cells within 12 months. These data demonstrate that LOI alone can predispose cells to tumorigenesis and identify a pathway through which immortality conferred by LOI lowers the threshold for transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Holm
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Boston, USA
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98
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Wei JJ, Chiriboga L, Arslan AA, Melamed J, Yee H, Mittal K. Ethnic differences in expression of the dysregulated proteins in uterine leiomyomata. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:57-67. [PMID: 16172143 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black ethnicity is one of the risk factors for uterine leiomyomata (ULM). Little is known about the ethnic differences in leiomyoma-associated gene products in women with uterine leiomyomata. METHODS A total of 120 hysterectomies with ULM were collected from black, Asian, Hispanic and white women (30 cases from each group). Twenty-two gene products were selected for the study. The expressions of the selected dysregulated gene products were measured by the semiquantification and the immunoscores were normalized by matched myometrium. RESULTS The relative expressions of progesterone receptor A (PR-A) (up-regulation), retinoid acid receptor alpha (down-regulation), and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) (no change) in leiomyomata compared to normal myometrium in black women were significantly different compared to other ethnic groups (P < 0.05). About one-third of ULM from black women subclustered together in association with a group of up-regulated gene products. Many other gene products, including local growth factors, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-signalling proteins, and cell proliferation markers, were dysregulated in ULM but showed non-significant differences between the ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS There are substantial differences of the sex steroid receptors and other nuclear receptors between black women and other ethnic groups. Based on tissue microarray data, there are at least two broad groups of leiomyomata presented by the dysregulation of different groups of gene products. One is dominated by up-regulation of amplified in breast cancer 1, CD24, hamartin, human mobility group gene 2, IGF2, PR-A and RXR, and the other is characterized by up-regulation of epithelial growth factor receptor, down-regulation of hamartin, PR-A and tuberin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, bellevue Hospital, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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99
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Levens E, Luo X, Ding L, Williams RS, Chegini N. Fibromodulin is expressed in leiomyoma and myometrium and regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue therapy and TGF-β through Smad and MAPK-mediated signalling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:489-94. [PMID: 16123076 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gah187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Microarray gene expression profiling revealed fibromodulin (FMOD) is among differentially expressed genes in leiomyoma (L) and myometrium. Using realtime PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we validated the expression of FMOD in paired leiomyoma and myometrium (N = 20) during the menstrual cycle, from women who received gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) therapy (N = 7) and in leiomyoma and myometrial (M) smooth muscle cells (SMC) due to transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and GnRHa treatment. The results indicated that FMOD is expressed at significantly higher levels in leiomyoma as compared to myometrium from proliferative phase (two- to three-folds; P < 0.05), but not the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, whereas GnRHa therapy reduced FMOD expression to levels detected in myometrium from proliferative phase (P = 0.05). By using western blotting and immunohistochemistry immunoreactive FMOD was detected in leiomyoma and myometrial tissue-extract and in LSMC and MSMC, connective tissue fibroblasts and arterial walls. In a time- and cell-dependent manner, TGF-beta1 (2.5 ng/ml) increased the expression of FMOD in MSMC, whereas GnRHa (0.1 microM) inhibited that in MSMC and LSMC (P < 0.05). The effect of TGF-beta and GnRHa on FMOD expression was reversed following pretreatment of LSMC and MSMC with Smad3 SiRNA and U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor), respectively. In summary, menstrual cycle-dependent expression of FMOD and suppression following GnRHa therapy in leiomyoma and myometrium, as well as differential regulation by TGF-beta and GnRHa in vitro suggests that FMOD, a key regulator of tissue organization, plays a critical role in leiomyoma fibrotic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Levens
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Lee EJ, Kong G, Lee SH, Rho SB, Park CS, Kim BG, Bae DS, Kavanagh JJ, Lee JH. Profiling of differentially expressed genes in human uterine leiomyomas. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005; 15:146-54. [PMID: 15670310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1048-891x.2005.15016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are very common benign tumors resulting in clinically serious gynecological problems in women of reproductive age. Approximately, 1% of leiomyosarcoma was reported to arise in a preexisting leiomyoma. However, the molecular basis of these tumors is poorly understood. To understand the molecular changes during leiomyoma development, we profiled differentially expressed genes in ten paired leiomyoma and normal myometrial tissues using cDNA microarray chip analysis. We identified 67 genes (27 overexpressed and 40 underexpressed) which were scored as differentially expressed at least twofold in at least eight of ten patients. Eighteen of 67 genes have been already reported to be differentially expressed without their established functions in uterine leiomyoma and others have never been reported. Subsequently, the relative expression levels of representative genes from identified 67 genes were confirmed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry and were found to be consistent with the microarray data. This study could provide a new insight into the understanding of leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-J Lee
- Molecular Therapy Research Center, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, 50 Irwon-dong, Gang-nam Gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
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