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Hashmi AA, Hashmi SK, Ali N, Thara K, Ali R, Edhi MM, Faridi N, Khan A. Clinicopathologic features of colorectal carcinoma: features predicting higher T-stage and nodal metastasis. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:52. [PMID: 29351808 PMCID: PMC5775533 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A rising frequency of colorectal carcinoma has been noted in recent years in Pakistan. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate clinicopathologic features of colorectal carcinoma in our population so that protocols could be developed to stratify patients that may require further biomarker/molecular testing. Furthermore, histological features which predict higher T and N stage were also evaluated. RESULTS Median age at diagnosis was 54.5 (19-85) years. 79% cases were of conventional adenocarcinoma while 13% cases were of mucinous carcinoma. Most of the cases were at T3 stage (81%), while 27 and 68% of cases revealed lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis respectively. Mucinous and signet ring tumors were associated with a higher N stage. Pre-existing polyp was associated with lower T and N stage. We found a high proportion of our cases to present at advanced T-stage. Tumor grade and lymphovascular invasion were found to be associated with higher N-stage while tumor infiltrating lymphocytes was associated with lower T and N-stage. Moreover, a high frequency of mucinous differentiation may be linked to microsatellite instability in our cases of colorectal carcinoma; therefore, we suggest that microsatellite instability testing in colorectal carcinoma should be evaluated in our setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Ali Hashmi
- Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Navaira Ali
- Department of Pathology, CMH Institute of Medical Sciences, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Komal Thara
- Department of Oncology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Ali
- Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Naveen Faridi
- Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amir Khan
- Department of Medicine, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan.
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Cao Y, Liu H, Li H, Lin C, Li R, Wu S, Zhang H, He H, Zhang W, Xu J. Association of O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Protein Expression With Postoperative Prognosis and Adjuvant Chemotherapeutic Benefits Among Patients With Stage II or III Gastric Cancer. JAMA Surg 2017; 152:e173120. [PMID: 28903131 PMCID: PMC5831425 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Loss of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protein expression has been reported in several malignant tumors and predicts dismal survival outcomes. In gastric cancer, existing studies on this topic are limited and the association between MGMT and fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy remains obscure. OBJECTIVE To investigate the postoperative prognostic significance of MGMT in patients with resectable gastric cancer and its responsiveness to fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study recruited 445 consecutive patients with resectable gastric cancer who underwent radical gastrectomy between August 1, 2007, and December 30, 2008, at Zhongshan Hospital at Fudan University in Shanghai, China. Patients were randomly divided into a discovery data set (n = 200) and a validation data set (n = 245), and the range of follow-up time was from 2 to 76 months for the discovery group and 2 to 79 months for the validation group. The immunoreactivity for MGMT in cancer cells was reviewed under a light microscope by 2 pathologists who were blinded to the clinicopathological data. The association of MGMT expression with clinicopathological characteristics and measures and prognosis was inspected. Data and specimens were collected from patients from the date of surgery to April 25, 2014. Data analysis took place from May 9, 2016, to July 15, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Estimates of overall survival on the basis of MGMT expression and hazard ratio (HR) for estimates of overall mortality risk. RESULTS Of the 445 patients included in the study, 315 (70.8%) were men, and the mean (SD) age of all patients was 60 (12) years. Positive expression of MGMT indicated better overall survival for patients with stage II or III gastric cancer in both the discovery data set (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.32-0.84; P = .003) and the validation data set (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.93; P = .01). Multivariate analysis identified MGMT expression and TNM stage as 2 independent prognostic factors for overall survival. In stage II disease, the benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy was superior among MGMT-positive patients (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.13-0.95; P = .007 for interaction) compared with MGMT-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Positive expression of MGMT in gastric cancer was identified as an independent, favorable prognostic factor. Incorporating MGMT expression into the current TNM staging system could lead to better prognostic accuracy. These findings should be confirmed within the framework of randomized clinical trials associated with genomic DNA sequencing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruochen Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songyang Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyong He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wu CL, Huang LY, Chang CL. Linking arsenite- and cadmium-generated oxidative stress to microsatellite instability in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:12-23. [PMID: 28690196 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) corrects replicative errors and minimizes DNA damage that occurs frequently in microsatellites. MMR deficiency is manifested as microsatellite instability (MSI), which contributes to hypermutability and cancer pathogenesis. Genomic instability, including MSI and chromosomal instability, appears to be responsible for the carcinogenesis of arsenic and cadmium, common contaminants in our environment. However, few studies have addressed arsenic- or cadmium-induced MSI, especially its potential link with arsenic- or cadmium-generated oxidative stress, due to the lack of quantifiable MSI assays and cost-effective animal models. Here, using a dual-fluorescent reporter, we demonstrate that sub-lethal doses of cadmium or arsenite, but not arsenate, increased the MSI frequency in human colorectal cancer cells. Arsenite- and cadmium-induced MSI occurred concomitantly with increased levels of reactive species and oxidative DNA damage, and with decreased levels of MMR proteins. However, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) suppressed arsenite- and cadmium-induced MSI and oxidative stress while restoring the levels of MMR proteins in the cells. Similarly, MSI was induced separately by arsenite and cadmium, and suppressed by NAC, in zebrafish in a fluorescinated PCR-based assay with newly-developed microsatellite markers and inter-segmental comparisons. Of five selected antioxidants examined, differential effects were exerted on the MSI induction and cytotoxicity of both arsenite and cadmium. Compared to MMR-proficient cells, MMR-deficient cells were more resistant to arsenic-mediated and cadmium-mediated cytotoxicity. Our findings demonstrate a novel linkage between arsenite-generated and cadmium-generated oxidative stress and MSI induction. Our findings also caution that antioxidants must be individually validated before being used for preventing arsenite- and cadmium-induced MSI that is associated with cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lin Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Yan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Christina L Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lawrence YR, Moughan J, Magliocco AM, Klimowicz AC, Regine WF, Mowat RB, DiPetrillo TA, Small W, Simko JP, Golan T, Winter KA, Guha C, Crane CH, Dicker AP. Expression of the DNA repair gene MLH1 correlates with survival in patients who have resected pancreatic cancer and have received adjuvant chemoradiation: NRG Oncology RTOG Study 9704. Cancer 2017; 124:491-498. [PMID: 29053185 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of patients with pancreatic cancer who undergo curative resection experience rapid disease recurrence. In previous small studies, high expression of the mismatch-repair protein mutL protein homolog 1 (MLH1) in pancreatic cancers was associated with better outcomes. The objective of this study was to validate the association between MLH1 expression and survival in patients who underwent resection of pancreatic cancer and received adjuvant chemoradiation. METHODS Samples were obtained from the NRG Oncology Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9704 prospective, randomized trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00003216), which compared 2 adjuvant protocols in patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent resection. Tissue microarrays were prepared from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, resected tumor tissues. MLH1 expression was quantified using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and automated quantitative analysis, and expression was dichotomized above and below the median value. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining was successfully performed on 117 patients for MLH1 (60 and 57 patients from the 2 arms). The characteristics of the participants who had tissue samples available were similar to those of the trial population as a whole. At the time of analysis, 84% of participants had died, with a median survival of 17 months. Elevated MLH1 expression levels in tumor nuclei were significantly correlated with longer disease-free and overall survival in each arm individually and in both arms combined. Two-year overall survival was 16% in patients who had low MLH1 expression levels and 53% in those who had high MLH1 expression levels (P < .0001 for both arms combined). This association remained true on a multivariate analysis that allowed for lymph node status (hazard ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.63; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS In the current sample, MLH1 expression was correlated with long-term survival. Further studies should assess whether MLH1 expression predicts which patients with localized pancreatic cancer may benefit most from aggressive, multimodality treatment. Cancer 2018;124:491-8. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaacov R Lawrence
- Department of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Moughan
- Statistics and Data Management Center, NRG Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony M Magliocco
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | | | - Thomas A DiPetrillo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital/The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode, Island
| | - William Small
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffry P Simko
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Talia Golan
- Department of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Kathryn A Winter
- Statistics and Data Management Center, NRG Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Adam P Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kim KJ, Lee TH, Kim JH, Cho NY, Kim WH, Kang GH. Deletion in HSP110 T 17: correlation with wild-type HSP110 expression and prognostic significance in microsatellite-unstable advanced gastric cancers. Hum Pathol 2017; 67:109-118. [PMID: 28811251 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deletion of the HSP110 T17 mononucleotide repeat has recently been identified as a prognostic marker that is correlated with wild-type HSP110 (HSP110wt) expression in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancers. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between deletion of the HSP110 T17 repeat and expression of HSP110wt using DNA testing and immunohistochemistry and to determine the prognostic implications of HSP110 T17 deletion in MSI-H advanced gastric cancers (GCs). The status of HSP110wt expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using an HSP110wt-specific antibody in 142 MSI-H advanced GCs. The size of the HSP110 T17 repeat deletion was analyzed in 96 MSI-H advanced GCs; deletions were divided into small (0-2base pairs) and large deletions (3-5base pairs). Low and high expressions of HSP110wt were detected in 38 (26.8%) and 104 (73.2%) of the 142 cases, respectively. The HSP110 T17 deletion was observed in 45 (46.9%) of the 96 MSI-H GC samples. Tumors with high expression of HSP110wt showed a tendency to have small or no deletion of HSP110 T17. In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, tumors with a large HSP110 T17 deletion were associated with favorable overall survival and disease-free survival compared with those with small/no deletion of HSP110 T17. However, HSP110 T17 deletion size was not an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. In summary, deletion of the HSP110 T17 repeat was frequently observed in MSI-H GCs, and HSP110 T17 deletion size was inversely correlated with HSP110wt expression status. Large HSP110 T17 was not a prognostic indicator in MSI-H GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ju Kim
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Yun Cho
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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56
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Hashmi AA, Ali R, Hussain ZF, Faridi N, Khan EY, Bakar SMA, Edhi MM, Khan M. Mismatch repair deficiency screening in colorectal carcinoma by a four-antibody immunohistochemical panel in Pakistani population and its correlation with histopathological parameters. World J Surg Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28651545 PMCID: PMC5485685 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-017-1158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsatellite instability (MSI) operates as the second major pathway in the colorectal carcinogenesis. Although genetic testing remains the gold standard for the detection of MSI, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) recommends an initial immunohistochemical workup with a four-antibody panel (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6) to screen for a defective mismatch repair system. An increased trend towards young age colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has been noticed in our population over recent years; however, neither screening for MSI by immunohistochemistry (IHC)/genetic testing was done nor were its morphological features studied. We aimed to determine the frequency of mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) by loss of IHC expression of the aforementioned enzymes in CRC patients and its correlatation with clinicopathologic parameters. Methods This was a retrospective study conducted at Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, between 2012 and 2015. A total of 100 cases of CRC were included in the study that underwent surgical resection. IHC stains using antibodies MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6 were performed by DAKO EnVision method on representative tissue blocks. The results were interpreted by senior histopathologists and correlated with clinico-pathological parameters. Results A total of 100 cases of CRC were studied that included 51 males and 49 females. Thirty-four percent (n = 34) of the patients showed loss of IHC staining for MMR markers. Combined loss of expression for MLH1/PMS2 were observed in 16% (n = 16) of the cases. Loss of MSH2/MSH6 were seen in 6% (n = 6) of the cases. Loss of expression for all markers were noted in 7% (n = 7) of the cases. There were 5% (n = 5) of the cases that showed isolated loss of MLH1 only. The tumors with dMMR status were significantly associated with right-sided location (p = 0.013), exhibited intra-tumoral lymphocytosis (p = 0.007), and lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.043). No significant association was seen with gender, age, tumor stage, grade, or other morphological features. Conclusion The frequency of mismatch repair deficiency in CRC patients was found to be 34% in Pakistani population which warrants further genetic testing to exclude Lynch syndrome. Moreover, right-sided location and intra-tumoral lymphocyte count may be used to identify patients who may need further workup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Ali Hashmi
- Histopathology department, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Ali
- Histopathology department, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zubaida Fida Hussain
- Histopathology department, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naveen Faridi
- Histopathology department, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Erum Yousuf Khan
- Histopathology department, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Muzzammil Edhi
- Surgery department, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mehmood Khan
- Medicine department, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Homozygous germ-line mutation of the PMS2 mismatch repair gene: a unique case report of constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD). BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:40. [PMID: 28381238 PMCID: PMC5381022 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome results from bi-allelic inheritance of mutations affecting the key DNA mismatch repair genes: MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2. Individuals with bi-allelic mutations have a dysfunctional mismatch repair system from birth; as a result, constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome is characterised by early onset malignancies. Fewer than 150 cases have been reported in the literature over the past 20 years. This is the first report of the founder PMS2 mutation - NM_000535.5:c.1500del (p.Val501TrpfsTer94) in exon 11 and its associated cancers in this family. Case presentation The proband is 30 years old and is alive today. She is of Pakistani ethnic origin and a product of consanguinity. She initially presented aged 24 with painless bleeding per-rectum from colorectal polyps and was referred to clinical genetics. Clinical examination revealed two café-au-lait lesions, lichen planus, and a dermoid cyst. Her sister had been diagnosed in childhood with an aggressive brain tumour followed by colorectal cancer. During follow up, the proband developed 37 colorectal adenomatous polyps, synchronous ovarian and endometrial adenocarcinomas, and ultimately a metachronous gastric adenocarcinoma. DNA sequencing of peripheral lymphocytes revealed a bi-allelic inheritance of the PMS2 mutation NM_000535.5:c.1500del (p.Val501TrpfsTer94) in exon 11. Ovarian tumour tissue demonstrated low microsatellite instability. To date, she has had a total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and a total gastrectomy. Aspirin and oestrogen-only hormone replacement therapy provide some chemoprophylaxis and manage postmenopausal symptoms, respectively. An 18-monthly colonoscopy surveillance programme has led to the excision of three high-grade dysplastic colorectal tubular adenomatous polyps. The proband’s family pedigree displays multiple relatives with cancers including a likely case of ‘true’ Turcot syndrome. Conclusions Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome should be considered in patients who present with early onset cancer, a strong family history of cancer, and cutaneous features resembling neurofibromatosis type I. Immunohistochemistry analysis of tumour and normal tissue is sensitive and specific for identifying patients with mismatch repair deficiency and should direct DNA sequencing of lymphocytic tissue to establish a diagnosis. Microsatellite instability status appears to be of little value in identifying patients who may have constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome.
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Carethers JM. Microsatellite Instability Pathway and EMAST in Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2017; 13:73-80. [PMID: 28367107 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-017-0352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) refers to the biochemical detection of frameshifted microsatellite sequences from genomic DNA. Genesis of MSI is due to defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) that fails to correct post DNA replicative slippage mistakes at microsatellites. Most of the estimated 100,000 genomic microsatellites are non-coding; however, ~150-300 microsatellites are coding such that, when frameshifted during the pathogenesis of an MSI tumor, can generate immunogenic neopeptide antigens that limit the growth of tumor and prolong patient survival. In addition to the immune reaction and longer survival, patients with MSI colorectal cancers tend to have poorly differentiated tumors with mucinous features that are located in the right colon. Patients with MSI tumors are more resistant to 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy but may be responsive to PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade. Specific defects of MMR function not only drive MSI but also elevate microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats that may further modify patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5368
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Copija A, Waniczek D, Witkoś A, Walkiewicz K, Nowakowska-Zajdel E. Clinical Significance and Prognostic Relevance of Microsatellite Instability in Sporadic Colorectal Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010107. [PMID: 28067827 PMCID: PMC5297741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a marker of the replication error phenotype. It is caused by impaired DNA mismatch repair processes (MMR), resulting in ineffectiveness of the mechanisms responsible for the DNA replication precision and postreplicative DNA repair. MSI underlies the pathogenesis of 10%-20% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. The data about the potential value of MMR status as a predictive factor for 5-fluorouracil (FU)-based chemotherapy remain unclear. According to National Comprehensive Cancer Network updated guidelines, MSI testing is recommended for all patients with stage II CRC because patients with MSI-H (high-frequency MSI) tumour may have a good prognosis and obtain no benefit from 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy. The significance of the MSI status as a predictive factor for patients with metastatic disease was not confirmed. The association between the MSI status and the efficacy of the therapy based on anti-programmed death-1 receptor inhibitors requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Copija
- Department of Nutrition Related Disease Prevention, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Regional Specialised Hospital No. 4 in Bytom, 41-900 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Waniczek
- Department of Propaedeutics Surgery, Chair of General, Colorectal and Polytrauma Surgery, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Witkoś
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Regional Specialised Hospital No. 4 in Bytom, 41-900 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Walkiewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Ewa Nowakowska-Zajdel
- Department of Nutrition Related Disease Prevention, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Regional Specialised Hospital No. 4 in Bytom, 41-900 Bytom, Poland.
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Miyashita K, Fujii K, Taguchi K, Shimokawa M, Yoshida MA, Abe Y, Okamura J, Oda S, Uike N. A specific mode of microsatellite instability is a crucial biomarker in adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 143:399-408. [PMID: 27783137 PMCID: PMC5306345 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been a long-standing biomarker candidate for drug resistance in tumour cells. Despite numerous clinical studies, the data in the literature are not conclusive. The complexity of the MSI phenomenon in some malignancies may, at least partly, account for the discrepancy. In addition, methodological problems are also pointed out in the assay techniques. We previously established a unique fluorescent technique in which the major methodological problems in conventional assays are overcome. Application of this technique has revealed two distinct modes of microsatellite alterations, i.e. Type A and Type B. More importantly, we demonstrated that Type A MSI is the direct consequence of defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) that causes cellular resistance against antineoplastic agents. Method We first applied this technique to adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Results The MSI phenomenon was indeed observed in ATLLs (4/20, 20%). Intriguingly, the observed microsatellite alterations were invariably Type A, which implies that the tumours were MMR-defective. Indeed, clinical outcomes of patients with these MSI+ tumours were significantly worse. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that Type A MSI is an independent prognostic factor. Conclusion These observations strongly suggest the possibility of Type A MSI as a prognostic and potentially predictive biomarker in ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Miyashita
- Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan.,Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kei Fujii
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenichi Taguchi
- Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Shimokawa
- Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, 036-8560, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Abe
- Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Jun Okamura
- Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Shinya Oda
- Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan.
| | - Naokuni Uike
- Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
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Huang CJ, Huang SH, Chien CC, Lee HHC, Yang SH, Chang CC, Lee CL. Impact of microsatellite status on chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients with KRAS or BRAF mutation. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4427-4434. [PMID: 28101205 PMCID: PMC5228315 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS and BRAF mutations are frequently detected in cases of colorectal cancer (CRC). The microsatellite status of patients with CRC and mutated KRAS/BRAF is important when determining cancer therapy. In the present study, the microsatellite status and genetic polymorphisms of KRAS (codons 12 and 13) and BRAF (V600E) were characterized in CRC tissue. The mismatch repair activity and oncogenic potential of KRAS were assessed by immunoblots from two KRAS-mutated CRC cell lines, SW480 and HCT116, with different microsatellite statuses, following treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin. Of all the 205 patients with CRC enrolled in the present study, 31.2% (64 of 205) had a KRAS or BRAF mutation, and 79.7% (51 of 64) of these patients with a KRAS/BRAF mutation exhibited microsatellite stability (MSS), indicating that microsatellite status is correlated with KRAS/BRAF mutation (P=0.027). A higher proportion (39.0%, 41 of 105) of elderly patients (≥62.6 years) had mutated KRAS or BRAF than younger patients (<62.6 years; 23.0%, 23 of 100; P=0.013). In the subgroup of 154 patients with MSS, patients without the KRAS or BRAF mutation (n=110) had longer disease-specific survival rates (58.8±9.4%) than patients with KRAS or BRAF mutations (n=44; 50.6±11.0%; P=0.043). Cytoplasmic KRAS levels decreased whereas nuclear MutS protein homolog 2 (MSH2) levels increased slightly in CRC HCT116 cells that were microsatellite instable, following treatment with 76.9 µM 5-FU for 2 days. In microsatellite stable SW480 cells, MSH2 levels markedly increased in the nucleus following 150 µM oxaliplatin treatment for 3 days. However, no significant change was observed regarding KRAS distribution in these cells. The results of the present study suggest that it is important to identify patients with CRC who may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU or oxaliplatin, particularly CRC patients with MSS and mutated KRAS or BRAF, who have poorer overall survival rates than patients with microsatellite instability. Knowledge of the microsatellite status of patients and whether they harbor KRAS or BRAF mutations may enable more effective therapeutic strategies to be developed. Further prospective studies are required to validate the findings of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Hung Huang
- Department of Pathology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Cheng Chien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24257, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Anesthesiology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Henry Hsin-Chung Lee
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24257, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Surgery, Hsinchu Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu 30060, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine, College of Health Sciences and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shung-Haur Yang
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Long Lee
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24257, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Zhang CM, Lv JF, Gong L, Yu LY, Chen XP, Zhou HH, Fan L. Role of Deficient Mismatch Repair in the Personalized Management of Colorectal Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13090892. [PMID: 27618077 PMCID: PMC5036725 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third most common type of cancer in developed countries and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Personalized management of CRC has gained increasing attention since there are large inter-individual variations in the prognosis and response to drugs used to treat CRC owing to molecular heterogeneity. Approximately 15% of CRCs are caused by deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype. The present review is aimed at highlighting the role of MMR status in informing prognosis and personalized treatment of CRC including adjuvant chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy to guide the individualized therapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Min Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Liang Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Lin-Yu Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Lan Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
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Abstract
: More than 1.6 million new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2016, resulting in more than 500,000 deaths. Although chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment in advanced cancers, immunotherapy development, particularly with PD-1 inhibitors, has changed the face of treatment for a number of tumor types. One example is the subset of tumors characterized by mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability that are highly sensitive to PD-1 blockade. Hereditary forms of cancer have been noted for more than a century, but the molecular changes underlying mismatch repair-deficient tumors and subsequent microsatellite unstable tumors was not known until the early 1990s. In this review article, we discuss the history and pathophysiology of mismatch repair, the process of testing for mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability, and the role of immunotherapy in this subset of cancers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Mismatch repair deficiency has contributed to our understanding of carcinogenesis for the past 2 decades and now identifies a subgroup of traditionally chemotherapy-insensitive solid tumors as sensitive to PD-1 blockade. This article seeks to educate oncologists regarding the nature of mismatch repair deficiency, its impact in multiple tumor types, and its implications for predicting the responsiveness of solid tumors to immune checkpoint blockade.
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Lee V, Murphy A, Le DT, Diaz LA. Mismatch Repair Deficiency and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Oncologist 2016; 21:1200-1211. [PMID: 27412392 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
: More than 1.6 million new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2016, resulting in more than 500,000 deaths. Although chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment in advanced cancers, immunotherapy development, particularly with PD-1 inhibitors, has changed the face of treatment for a number of tumor types. One example is the subset of tumors characterized by mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability that are highly sensitive to PD-1 blockade. Hereditary forms of cancer have been noted for more than a century, but the molecular changes underlying mismatch repair-deficient tumors and subsequent microsatellite unstable tumors was not known until the early 1990s. In this review article, we discuss the history and pathophysiology of mismatch repair, the process of testing for mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability, and the role of immunotherapy in this subset of cancers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Mismatch repair deficiency has contributed to our understanding of carcinogenesis for the past 2 decades and now identifies a subgroup of traditionally chemotherapy-insensitive solid tumors as sensitive to PD-1 blockade. This article seeks to educate oncologists regarding the nature of mismatch repair deficiency, its impact in multiple tumor types, and its implications for predicting the responsiveness of solid tumors to immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Lee
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian Murphy
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dung T Le
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis A Diaz
- The Swim Across America Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA the Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Dunne PD, McArt DG, O'Reilly PG, Coleman HG, Allen WL, Loughrey M, Van Schaeybroeck S, McDade S, Salto-Tellez M, Longley DB, Lawler M, Johnston PG. Immune-Derived PD-L1 Gene Expression Defines a Subgroup of Stage II/III Colorectal Cancer Patients with Favorable Prognosis Who May Be Harmed by Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:582-91. [PMID: 27197062 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A recent phase II study of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma showed that mismatch repair gene status was predictive of clinical response to PD-1-targeting immune checkpoint blockade. Further examination revealed strong correlation between PD-L1 protein expression and microsatellite instability (MSI) in stage IV colorectal carcinoma, suggesting that the amount of PD-L1 protein expression could identify late-stage patients who might benefit from immunotherapy. To assess whether the clinical associations between PD-L1 gene expression and MSI identified in metastatic colorectal carcinoma are also present in stage II/III colorectal carcinoma, we used in silico analysis to elucidate the cell types expressing the PD-L1 gene. We found a statistically significant association of PD-L1 gene expression with MSI in early-stage colorectal carcinoma (P < 0.001) and show that, unlike in non-colorectal carcinoma tumors, PD-L1 is derived predominantly from the immune infiltrate. We demonstrate that PD-L1 gene expression has positive prognostic value in the adjuvant disease setting (PD-L1(low) vs. PD-L1(high) HR = 9.09; CI, 2.11-39.10). PD-L1 gene expression had predictive value, as patients with high PD-L1 expression appear to be harmed by standard-of-care treatment (HR = 4.95; CI, 1.10-22.35). Building on the promising results from the metastatic colorectal carcinoma PD-1-targeting trial, we provide compelling evidence that patients with PD-L1(high)/MSI/immune(high) stage II/III colorectal carcinoma should not receive standard chemotherapy. This conclusion supports the rationale to clinically evaluate this patient subgroup for PD-1 blockade treatment. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(7); 582-91. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Dunne
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Darragh G McArt
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Paul G O'Reilly
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Helen G Coleman
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Wendy L Allen
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Maurice Loughrey
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK. Department of Histopathology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Simon McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark Lawler
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Patrick G Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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66
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 3101 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5368, USA
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Kim CG, Ahn JB, Jung M, Beom SH, Kim C, Kim JH, Heo SJ, Park HS, Kim JH, Kim NK, Min BS, Kim H, Koom WS, Shin SJ. Effects of microsatellite instability on recurrence patterns and outcomes in colorectal cancers. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:25-33. [PMID: 27228287 PMCID: PMC4931375 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Among colorectal cancers (CRCs), high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) is associated with a better prognosis, compared with low-frequency MSI or microsatellite stability (MSI-L/MSS). However, it is unclear whether MSI affects the prognosis of recurrent CRCs. Methods: This study included 2940 patients with stage I–III CRC who underwent complete resection. The associations of MSI status with recurrence patterns, disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival from diagnosis to death (OS1), and overall survival from recurrence to death (OS2) were analysed. Results: A total of 261 patients (8.9%) had MSI-H CRC. Patients with MSI-H CRC had better DFS, compared to patients with MSI-L/MSS CRC (hazard ratio (HR): 0.619, P<0.001). High-frequency microsatellite instability CRC was associated with more frequent local recurrence (30.0% vs 12.0%, P=0.032) or peritoneal metastasis (40.0% vs 12.3%, P=0.003), and less frequent lung (10.0% vs 42.5%, P=0.004) or liver metastases (15.0% vs 44.7%, P=0.01). Recurrent MSI-H CRC was associated with worse OS1 (HR: 1.363, P=0.035) and OS2 (HR: 2.667, P<0.001). An analysis of patients with colon cancer yielded similar results. Conclusions: Recurrence patterns differed between MSI-H CRC and MSI-L/MSS CRC, and recurrent MSI-H CRCs had a worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gon Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Joong Bae Ahn
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Minkyu Jung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Beom
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Chan Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-712, South Korea
| | - Joo Hoon Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Heo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Hyung Soon Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Jee Hung Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Byung Soh Min
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Woong Sub Koom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Shin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
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Neumann JHL, Jung A, Kirchner T. [Molecular pathology of colorectal cancer]. DER PATHOLOGE 2016; 36:137-44. [PMID: 25777075 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-015-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several predictive and prognostic biomarkers have been established in colorectal cancer (CRC). The RAS-mutation status is widely applied in the daily routine diagnostic as predictive biomarker for treatment with EGFR-inhibitors. A BRAF- mutation has no predictive value in this context. The detection of high-grade microsatellite instability (MSI-H) is a predictive biomarker for response to 5-Fluoruracil-monotherapy. Prognostic biomarkers in CRC are the MSI-status and the mutational status of BRAF. According to the current WHO classification poorly and undifferentiated CRC and MSI-associated special morphological subtypes are molecular graded depending on their MSI-status. The detection of a BRAF-mutation in the context of microsatellite stability (MSS) is associated with a very poor prognosis and thus represents the most aggressive molecular subtype of CRC. In patients with positive Bethesda criteria a stepwise immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostic scheme is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H L Neumann
- Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Thalkirchner Straße 36, 80337, München, Deutschland,
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Tougeron D, Mouillet G, Trouilloud I, Lecomte T, Coriat R, Aparicio T, Des Guetz G, Lécaille C, Artru P, Sickersen G, Cauchin E, Sefrioui D, Boussaha T, Ferru A, Matysiak-Budnik T, Silvain C, Karayan-Tapon L, Pagès JC, Vernerey D, Bonnetain F, Michel P, Taïeb J, Zaanan A. Efficacy of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Colon Cancer With Microsatellite Instability: A Large Multicenter AGEO Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djv438. [PMID: 26839356 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) colon cancer (CC) is reportedly resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5FU) adjuvant chemotherapy while preliminary data suggest chemosensitivity to oxaliplatin. We assessed the efficacy of fluoropyrimidine with and without oxaliplatin in a large cohort of dMMR CC patients. METHODS This retrospective multicenter study included all consecutive patients who underwent curative surgical resection for stage II or III dMMR CC between 2000 and 2011. Prognostic factors were analyzed using Cox models, and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS A total of 433 dMMR CC patients were included (56.8% stage II, 43.2% stage III). Mean follow-up was 47.0 months. The patients received surgery alone (n = 263) or surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of fluoropyrimidine with (n = 119) or without (n = 51) oxaliplatin. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 16.7% of stage II and 69.0% of stage III CC patients. As compared with surgery alone, adjuvant oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy improved disease-free survival (DFS) in multivariable analysis (HR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.65, P < .001), contrary to adjuvant fluoropyrimidine alone (HR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.36 to 1.49, P = .38). In the subgroup analysis, the DFS benefit of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy was statistically significant in multivariable analysis only in stage III (HR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.87, P = .02). CONCLUSION This study supports the use of adjuvant chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidine plus oxaliplatin in stage III dMMR CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tougeron
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Guillaume Mouillet
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Isabelle Trouilloud
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Thierry Lecomte
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Romain Coriat
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Thomas Aparicio
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Gaetan Des Guetz
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Cédric Lécaille
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Pascal Artru
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Gaelle Sickersen
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Estelle Cauchin
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - David Sefrioui
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Tarek Boussaha
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Aurélie Ferru
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Tamara Matysiak-Budnik
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Christine Silvain
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Jean-Christophe Pagès
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Dewi Vernerey
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Franck Bonnetain
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Pierre Michel
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Julien Taïeb
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Aziz Zaanan
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
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Li Z, Pearlman AH, Hsieh P. DNA mismatch repair and the DNA damage response. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 38:94-101. [PMID: 26704428 PMCID: PMC4740233 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the role of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) in the DNA damage response (DDR) that triggers cell cycle arrest and, in some cases, apoptosis. Although the focus is on findings from mammalian cells, much has been learned from studies in other organisms including bacteria and yeast [1,2]. MMR promotes a DDR mediated by a key signaling kinase, ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), in response to various types of DNA damage including some encountered in widely used chemotherapy regimes. An introduction to the DDR mediated by ATR reveals its immense complexity and highlights the many biological and mechanistic questions that remain. Recent findings and future directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdao Li
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA
| | - Alexander H Pearlman
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA
| | - Peggy Hsieh
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA.
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71
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Heinen CD. Mismatch repair defects and Lynch syndrome: The role of the basic scientist in the battle against cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 38:127-134. [PMID: 26710976 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have currently entered a genomic era of cancer research which may soon lead to a genomic era of cancer treatment. Patient DNA sequencing information may lead to a personalized approach to managing an individual's cancer as well as future cancer risk. The success of this approach, however, begins not necessarily in the clinician's office, but rather at the laboratory bench of the basic scientist. The basic scientist plays a critical role since the DNA sequencing information is of limited use unless one knows the function of the gene that is altered and the manner by which a sequence alteration affects that function. The role of basic science research in aiding the clinical management of a disease is perhaps best exemplified by considering the case of Lynch syndrome, a hereditary disease that predisposes patients to colorectal and other cancers. This review will examine how the diagnosis, treatment and even prevention of Lynch syndrome-associated cancers has benefitted from extensive basic science research on the DNA mismatch repair genes whose alteration underlies this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Heinen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Goldberg RM. Genomic Profiling in Gastrointestinal Cancer: Are We Ready To Use These Data to Make Treatment Decisions? Oncologist 2015; 20:1448-56. [PMID: 26512044 PMCID: PMC4679091 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable strides have been made in the past 10-15 years in identifying the molecular events that drive cancer. With an enormous amount of new data, including those from The Cancer Genome Atlas Project, therapies are increasingly being developed and tested in clinical trials specifically designed to target some of these molecular events. Often, molecular signatures have become more important than the histologic features in making treatment choices. The success rate of these therapies depends on many factors but, perhaps most importantly, on patient selection according to the genetic analysis results of their individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Goldberg
- The Ohio State James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Inside the biochemical pathways of thymidylate synthase perturbed by anticancer drugs: Novel strategies to overcome cancer chemoresistance. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 23:20-54. [PMID: 26690339 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of antitumor agents and the precise mechanisms underlying drug resistance is that these two processes are directly linked. Moreover, it is often possible to delineate chemoresistance mechanisms based on the specific mechanism of action of a given anticancer drug. A more holistic approach to the chemoresistance problem suggests that entire metabolic pathways, rather than single enzyme targets may better explain and educate us about the complexity of the cellular responses upon cytotoxic drug administration. Drugs, which target thymidylate synthase and folate-dependent enzymes, represent an important therapeutic arm in the treatment of various human malignancies. However, prolonged patient treatment often provokes drug resistance phenomena that render the chemotherapeutic treatment highly ineffective. Hence, strategies to overcome drug resistance are primarily designed to achieve either enhanced intracellular drug accumulation, to avoid the upregulation of folate-dependent enzymes, and to circumvent the impairment of DNA repair enzymes which are also responsible for cross-resistance to various anticancer drugs. The current clinical practice based on drug combination therapeutic regimens represents the most effective approach to counteract drug resistance. In the current paper, we review the molecular aspects of the activity of TS-targeting drugs and describe how such mechanisms are related to the emergence of clinical drug resistance. We also discuss the current possibilities to overcome drug resistance by using a molecular mechanistic approach based on medicinal chemistry methods focusing on rational structural modifications of novel antitumor agents. This paper also focuses on the importance of the modulation of metabolic pathways upon drug administration, their analysis and the assessment of their putative roles in the networks involved using a meta-analysis approach. The present review describes the main pathways that are modulated by TS-targeting anticancer drugs starting from the description of the normal functioning of the folate metabolic pathway, through the protein modulation occurring upon drug delivery to cultured tumor cells as well as cancer patients, finally describing how the pathways are modulated by drug resistance development. The data collected are then analyzed using network/netwire connecting methods in order to provide a wider view of the pathways involved and of the importance of such information in identifying additional proteins that could serve as novel druggable targets for efficacious cancer therapy.
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74
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Thomas ML, Hewett PJ, Ruszkiewicz AR, Moore JWE. Clinicopathological predictors of benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy for stage C colorectal cancer: Microsatellite unstable cases benefit. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2015; 11:343-51. [PMID: 26471980 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM In colorectal cancer (CRC), adjuvant therapy is offered on the basis of stage and attempts to identify factors to better target treatment have not been successful. Recent work suggested that mismatch repair deficient CRCs may not benefit from 5FU adjuvant chemotherapy but studies remain conflicting. We aimed to determine if gender, tumor site, tumor pathological characteristics and microsatellite instability (MSI) predict survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in stage C CRC. METHODS Data were collated on ACPS (Australian Clinico-pathological Staging System) stage C CRC cases that underwent curative resection over a 23-year period. Pathology was reevaluated, DNA was extracted from the formalin-fixed paraffin specimen, and MSI status was established by BAT26 instability. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazard model and effects modification interaction testing. RESULTS In total 814 unselected cases were included, of whom 37% received chemotherapy. Seventy-seven cases exhibited MSI. Overall, adjuvant chemotherapy produced a cancer-specific survival benefit (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.39-0.70; P < 0.0001). On interaction testing, none of the examined parameters significantly influenced the magnitude of that survival benefit. Chemotherapy was beneficial in both the MSI (HR 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.27; P = < 0.0001) and the microsatellite stable cohort (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47-0.81; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION These results suggest that survival benefit from 5FU adjuvant chemotherapy for stage C CRC does not vary according to gender, site of tumor, pathological characteristics or MSI status. This study suggests that it would be unwise to exclude patients from being offered adjuvant chemotherapy on the basis of MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Thomas
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Hewett
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew R Ruszkiewicz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Anatomical Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James W E Moore
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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75
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Stadler ZK. Diagnosis and management of DNA mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2015; 29:29-41. [PMID: 25475571 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal tumors exhibiting defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR-D)/microsatellite instability (MSI-H) form a distinct subgroup of CRCs associated with important clinical and pathologic features. The identification of MMR-D/MSI-H may impact CRC prognosis, prediction of response to chemotherapeutic agents, and may necessitate the need for genetic assessment for Lynch syndrome. Oncologists remain at the forefront of diagnosing, treating, and managing patients with MMR-D/MSI-H CRC and ensuring that the clinical care of these patients reflect our evolving understanding of this unique CRC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia K Stadler
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Hamaya Y, Guarinos C, Tseng-Rogenski SS, Iwaizumi M, Das R, Jover R, Castells A, Llor X, Andreu M, Carethers JM. Efficacy of Adjuvant 5-Fluorouracil Therapy for Patients with EMAST-Positive Stage II/III Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127591. [PMID: 25996601 PMCID: PMC4440728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated Microsatellite Alterations at Selected Tetranucleotide repeats (EMAST) is a genetic signature found in up to 60% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) that is caused by somatic dysfunction of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein hMSH3. We have previously shown in vitro that recognition of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) within DNA and subsequent cytotoxicity was most effective when both hMutSα (hMSH2-hMSH6 heterodimer) and hMutSβ (hMSH2-hMSH3 heterodimer) MMR complexes were present, compared to hMutSα > hMutSβ alone. We tested if patients with EMAST CRCs (hMutSβ defective) had diminished response to adjuvant 5-FU chemotherapy, paralleling in vitro findings. We analyzed 230 patients with stage II/III sporadic colorectal cancers for which we had 5-FU treatment and survival data. Archival DNA was analyzed for EMAST (>2 of 5 markers mutated among UT5037, D8S321, D9S242, D20S82, D20S85 tetranucleotide loci). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated and multivariate analysis was used to determine contribution to risk. We identified 102 (44%) EMAST cancers. Ninety-four patients (41%) received adjuvant 5-FU chemotherapy, and median follow-up for all patients was 51 months. Patients with EMAST CRCs demonstrated improved survival with adjuvant 5FU to the same extent as patients with non-EMAST CRCs (P<0.05). We observed no difference in survival between patients with stage II/III EMAST and non-EMAST cancers (P = 0.36). There is improved survival for stage II/III CRC patients after adjuvant 5-FU-based chemotherapy regardless of EMAST status. The loss of contribution of hMSH3 for 5-FU cytotoxicity may not adversely affect patient outcome, contrasting patients whose tumors completely lack DNA MMR function (MSI-H).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hamaya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Carla Guarinos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Unidad de Gastroenterologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Stephanie S. Tseng-Rogenski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Moriya Iwaizumi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ritabrata Das
- Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Jover
- Unidad de Gastroenterologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Antoni Castells
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Llor
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Montserrat Andreu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John M. Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Microsatellite instability, disease-free survival and role of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (Invited editorial on ‘Predictors of disease-free survival in colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability: An AGEO multicenter study’). Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:922-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kim JH, Bae JM, Oh HJ, Lee HS, Kang GH. Pathologic Factors Associated with Prognosis after Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Stage II/III Microsatellite-Unstable Colorectal Cancers. J Pathol Transl Med 2015; 49:118-28. [PMID: 26148739 PMCID: PMC4367107 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2015.02.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although there are controversies regarding the benefit of fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with microsatellite instability–high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer (CRC), the pathologic features affecting postchemotherapeutic prognosis in these patients have not been fully identified yet. Methods: A total of 26 histopathologic and immunohistochemical factors were comprehensively evaluated in 125 stage II or III MSI-H CRC patients who underwent curative resection followed by fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant chemotherapy. We statistically analyzed the associations of these factors with disease-free survival (DFS). Results: Using a Kaplan- Meier analysis with log-rank test, we determined that ulceroinfiltrative gross type (p=.003), pT4 (p<.001), pN2 (p=.002), perineural invasion (p=.001), absence of peritumoral lymphoid reaction (p=.041), signet ring cell component (p=.006), and cribriform comedo component (p=.004) were significantly associated with worse DFS in patients receiving oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy (n=45). By contrast, pT4 (p<.001) and tumor budding-positivity (p=.032) were significant predictors of poor survival in patients receiving non-oxaliplatin–based adjuvant chemotherapy (n=80). In Cox proportional hazards regression model-based univariate and multivariate analyses, pT category (pT1-3 vs pT4) was the only significant prognostic factor in patients receiving non-oxaliplatin–based adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas pT category, signet ring cell histology and cribriform comedo histology remained independent prognostic factors in patients receiving oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions: pT4 status is the most significant pathologic determinant of poor outcome after fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II/III MSI-H CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Oh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hokmabady L, Raissi H, Khanmohammadi A. Interactions of the 5-fluorouracil anticancer drug with DNA pyrimidine bases: a detailed computational approach. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-015-0578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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81
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Rare Cancers. Rare Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9214-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Vaniawala S, Acharya A, Parekh H, Bapat A, Mukhopadhyaya PN. Pattern of Variation in the Mono- and Dinucleotide Repeat Microsatellites Associated with Lynch Syndrome in an Indian Population. Oncol Res Treat 2014; 37:720-4. [DOI: 10.1159/000369261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ciombor KK, Haraldsdottir S, Goldberg RM. How Can Next-Generation Sequencing (Genomics) Help Us in Treating Colorectal Cancer? CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014; 10:372-379. [PMID: 25395895 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing methods have exponentially increased the amount of genomic information available to scientists and clinicians. This review will explain the evolution of tumor gene sequencing and identify its potential to accelerate therapeutic progress by using colorectal cancer to illustrate the benefits of this type of analysis. A milestone in sequencing occurred when The Cancer Genome Atlas investigators characterized the genomes of 276 colorectal cancer samples, with the resulting information expected to provide future clinical applications and help to guide the treatment of colorectal cancer. Data regarding colorectal cancer mutational frequencies, prognostic and predictive biomarker usefulness, and signaling pathway alterations are emerging from various next generation sequencing platforms. Next generation sequencing methods are also enhancing our understanding of the causes and consequences of both the chromosomal instability and microsatellite instability pathways, as well as expanding our knowledge of the origins of familial colorectal cancer. Limitations to next generation sequencing methods include the need for storage and analysis of massive quantities of data, as well as assurance that the data is of the highest possible quality. However, this genomic technology carries with it the potential to revolutionize our treatment of colorectal cancer patients through better understanding of the underlying disease biology and subsequent development and application of therapeutic approaches targeting the genetic abnormalities specific to individual malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Ciombor
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Sigurdis Haraldsdottir
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Richard M Goldberg
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
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Zaanan A, Bachet JB, André T, Sinicrope FA. Prognostic Impact of Deficient DNA Mismatch Repair and Mutations in KRAS, and BRAFV600E in Patients with Lymph Node-Positive Colon Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014; 10:346-353. [PMID: 25386108 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While tumor stage remains the key determinant of colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis and treatment, there is considerable stage-independent variability in clinical outcome. Molecular markers hold promise for explaining variations in clinical behavior, and may identify patient subsets with differential efficacy and survival after adjuvant chemotherapy which is standard of care for patients with lymph node-positive, i.e., stage III, colon cancer. An increased understanding of the molecular evolution and progression of CRC has identified two major pathways of tumorigenesis that are characterized by chromosomal instability or microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI is a consequence of deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR) that is generally due to epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 in tumors that often carry mutations in oncogenic BRAFV600E . Activating BRAFV600E and KRAS mutations are mutually exclusive and in this article, we review the current status of these mutations and MMR status as prognostic biomarkers in stage III colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Zaanan
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-255-5713
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bachet
- Departement of Hepato-Gastro-Enterology, Hôpital La Pitié Salpetrière, Université Paris VI, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France. Telephone: 33 1 42 16 10 45
| | - Thierry André
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Université Paris VI, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France. Telephone: 33 1 71 97 04 01
| | - Frank A Sinicrope
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-255-5713
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Zhang YW, Zheng Y, Wang JZ, LU XX, Wang Z, Chen LB, Guan XX, Tong JD. Integrated analysis of DNA methylation and mRNA expression profiling reveals candidate genes associated with cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Epigenetics 2014; 9:896-909. [PMID: 24699858 PMCID: PMC4065187 DOI: 10.4161/epi.28601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a critical role during the development of acquired chemoresistance. The aim of this study was to identify candidate DNA methylation drivers of cisplatin (DDP) resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The A549/DDP cell line was established by continuous exposure of A549 cells to increasing concentrations of DDP. Gene expression and methylation profiling were determined by high-throughput microarrays. Relationship of methylation status and DDP response was validated in primary tumor cell culture and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) samples. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and response to DDP were determined in vitro and in vivo. A total of 372 genes showed hypermethylation and downregulation in A549/DDP cells, and these genes were involved in most fundamental biological processes. Ten candidate genes (S100P, GDA, WISP2, LOXL1, TIMP4, ICAM1, CLMP, HSP8, GAS1, BMP2) were selected, and exhibited varying degrees of association with DDP resistance. Low dose combination of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) and trichostatin A (TSA) reversed drug resistance of A549/DDP cells in vitro and in vivo, along with demethylation and restoration of expression of candidate genes (GAS1, TIMP4, ICAM1 and WISP2). Forced expression of GAS1 in A549/DDP cells by gene transfection contributed to increased sensitivity to DDP, proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis enhancement, and in vivo growth retardation. Together, our study demonstrated that a panel of candidate genes downregulated by DNA methylation induced DDP resistance in NSCLC, and showed that epigenetic therapy resensitized cells to DDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology; Jinling Hospital; Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Oncology; Yangzhou No. 1 Hospital; The Second Clinical School of Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, PR China
- Department of Oncology; Affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Oncology; Jinling Hospital; Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jing-Zi Wang
- Department of Oncology; Jinling Hospital; Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xia LU
- Department of Oncology; Yangzhou No. 1 Hospital; The Second Clinical School of Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Oncology; Yangzhou No. 1 Hospital; The Second Clinical School of Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Long-Bang Chen
- Department of Oncology; Jinling Hospital; Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Guan
- Department of Oncology; Jinling Hospital; Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jian-Dong Tong
- Department of Oncology; Yangzhou No. 1 Hospital; The Second Clinical School of Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, PR China
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86
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Li E, Ji P, Ouyang N, Zhang Y, Wang XY, Rubin DC, Davidson NO, Bergamaschi R, Shroyer KR, Burke S, Zhu W, Williams JL. Differential expression of miRNAs in colon cancer between African and Caucasian Americans: implications for cancer racial health disparities. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:587-94. [PMID: 24865442 PMCID: PMC4091964 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality are higher in African Americans (AAs) than in Caucasian Americans (CAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be dysregulated in colonic and other neoplasias. The aim of this exploratory study was to identify candidate miRNAs that could contribute to potential biological differences between AA and CA colon cancers. Total RNA was isolated from tumor and paired adjacent normal colon tissue from 30 AA and 31 CA colon cancer patients archived at Stony Brook University (SBU) and Washington University (WU)‑St. Louis Medical Center. miRNA profiles were determined by probing human genome-wide miRNA arrays with RNA isolated from each sample. Using repeated measures analysis of variance (RANOVA), miRNAs were selected that exhibited significant (p<0.05) interactions between race and tumor or significant (fold change >1.5, p<0.05) main effects of race and/or tumor. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was used to confirm miRNAs identified by microarray analysis. Candidate miRNA targets were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. RANOVA results indicated that miR-182, miR152, miR-204, miR-222 and miR-202 exhibited significant race and tumor main effects. Of these miRNAs, q-PCR analysis confirmed that miR-182 was upregulated in AA vs. CA tumors and exhibited significant race:tumor interaction. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the levels of FOXO1 and FOXO3A, two potential miR-182 targets, are reduced in AA tumors. miRNAs may play a role in the differences between AA and CA colon cancer. Specifically, differences in miRNA expression levels of miR-182 may contribute to decreased survival in AA colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8160, USA
| | - Ping Ji
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8160, USA
| | - Nengtai Ouyang
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8160, USA
| | - Yuanhao Zhang
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8160, USA
| | - Xin Yu Wang
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8160, USA
| | - Deborah C Rubin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Roberto Bergamaschi
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8160, USA
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8160, USA
| | - Stephanie Burke
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8160, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8160, USA
| | - Jennie L Williams
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8160, USA
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Vymetalkova V, Pardini B, Rosa F, Di Gaetano C, Novotny J, Levy M, Buchler T, Slyskova J, Vodickova L, Naccarati A, Vodicka P. Variations in mismatch repair genes and colorectal cancer risk and clinical outcome. Mutagenesis 2014; 29:259-65. [PMID: 24755277 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is one of the best understood forms of genetic instability in colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is routinely cured by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy, with a prognostic effect and resistance to such therapy conferred by MMR status. In this study, we aimed to analyse the effect of genetic variants in classical coding regions or in less-explored predicted microRNA (miRNA)-binding sites in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of MMR genes on the risk of CRC, prognosis and the efficacy of 5-FU therapy. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MMR genes were initially tested for susceptibility to CRC in a case-control study (1095 cases and 1469 healthy controls). Subsequently, the same SNPs were analysed for their role in survival on a subset of patients with complete follow-up. Two SNPs in MLH3 and MSH6 were associated with clinical outcome. Among cases with colon and sigmoideum cancer, carriers of the CC genotype of rs108621 in the 3'UTR of MLH3 showed a significantly increased survival compared to those with the CT + TT genotype (log-rank test, P = 0.05). Moreover, this polymorphism was also associated with an increased risk of relapse or metastasis in patients with heterozygous genotype (log-rank test, P = 0.03). Patients carrying the CC genotype for MSH6 rs1800935 (D180D) and not undergoing 5-FU-based chemotherapy showed a decreased number of recurrences (log-rank test, P = 0.03). No association with CRC risk was observed. We provide the first evidence that variations in potential miRNA target-binding sites in the 3'UTR of MMR genes may contribute to modulate CRC prognosis and predictivity of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vymetalkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic,
| | | | - Fabio Rosa
- Human Genetics Foundation, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cornelia Di Gaetano
- Human Genetics Foundation, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi 8, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Jan Novotny
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Levy
- Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic and
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic and Thomayer University Hospital, Videnska 800, 14059 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Slyskova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic, Human Genetics Foundation, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
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88
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Qiu ZM, Wang GL, Wang HL, Xi HP, Hou D. MP2 study on the hydrogen-bonding interaction between 5-fluorouracil and DNA bases: A,C,G,T. Struct Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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90
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Carethers JM. DNA testing and molecular screening for colon cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:377-81. [PMID: 24355100 PMCID: PMC4151968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer develops and progresses as a consequence of abnormal cellular molecular changes, many of which result in mutant DNA. Modern molecular techniques allow examination of individual patient genetic data that ascribe risk, predict outcome, and/or modify an approach to therapy. DNA testing and molecular screening are in use today and are becoming a critical and necessary part of routine patient care. Assessing at-risk patients for hereditary colon cancer is predicted to move from individual gene testing that is commonly performed today to whole exome or whole genome sequencing, providing additional vast information of the patient's genome that might not be related to the colon cancer syndrome. Detecting mutant DNA from shed tumor cells in fecal material for colon cancer screening will increase in diagnostic accuracy over time, with improvements in the panel of mutant DNA being examined and through clinical testing. DNA mutations and other molecular changes detected directly from within the colon cancer help to inform and guide the physician for the best approach for optimal patient care and outcome. The use of epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted therapy in advanced colon cancer patients requires knowledge of the mutation status for KRAS and BRAF genes, and knowing the mutational status of PIK3CA may predict how patients respond to aspirin to prevent colon cancer recurrence. Biologically driven decision-making, or precision medicine, is becoming increasingly adopted for optimal care and outcome for colon cancer patients. Gastroenterologists will need to be increasingly aware.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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91
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Shin US, Cho SS, Moon SM, Park SH, Jee SH, Jung EJ, Hwang DY. Is microsatellite instability really a good prognostic factor of colorectal cancer? Ann Coloproctol 2014; 30:28-34. [PMID: 24639968 PMCID: PMC3953166 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2014.30.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic features of and the prognosis for colorectal cancers (CRCs) with microsatellite instabilities (MSIs). METHODS Between 2006 and 2009, genotyping was performed on 245 patients with stage II/III CRCs to establish the MSI status. The clinicopathologic differences and the prognostic value of MSI were analyzed. The median follow-up period was 38 months (range, 7-68 months). RESULTS Of the total 245 patients, 20 (8.2%) had MSI-high (H) and 225 (91.8%) had MSI-low (L) or stable (S) CRCs. Adjuvant chemotherapies were performed on 101 stage II (87.8%) and 107 stage III patients (82.3%). Patients with MSI-H CRCs more frequently had a family history of colon cancer (10% vs. 2.7%, P = 0.003), more frequently had a cancer located at the proximal colon (90.0% vs. 19.1%, P < 0.0001), and more often showed a mucinous phenotype or poor differentiation (35.0% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.001). Despite less frequent lymph node metastasis (25% vs. 55.6%, P = 0.01), the number of retrieved lymph nodes was higher (26.3 ± 13.1 vs. 20.7 ± 1.2, P = 0.04) in the MSI-H group. The overall survival and the disease-free survival (DFS) did not differ with respect to MSI status. However, in the stage II subgroup, the DFS for patients with MSI-H CRCs was significantly worse (72.2% vs. 90.7%, P = 0.03). The multivariate analysis performed on this subgroup revealed that MSI-H was an independent poor prognostic factor (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-15.6, P = 0.046). CONCLUSION MSI-H CRCs had distinct clinicopathologic features, and MSI-H was an independent poor prognostic factor in stage II CRCs. Considering the majority of stage II patients were administrated adjuvant chemotherapy, the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy for treating MSI CRCs might be different from that for treating MSI-L/S tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui Sup Shin
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Sik Cho
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Mi Moon
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hoo Park
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Jee
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Jung
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Cancer Center, Kunkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Cancer Center, Kunkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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92
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Goldstein J, Tran B, Ensor J, Gibbs P, Wong HL, Wong SF, Vilar E, Tie J, Broaddus R, Kopetz S, Desai J, Overman MJ. Multicenter retrospective analysis of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-H). Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1032-8. [PMID: 24585723 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) phenotype, present in 15% of early colorectal cancer (CRC), confers good prognosis. MSI-H metastatic CRC is rare and its impact on outcomes is unknown. We describe survival outcomes and the impact of chemotherapy, metastatectomy, and BRAF V600E mutation status in the largest reported cohort of MSI-H metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review of 55 MSI-H metastatic CRC patients from two institutions, Royal Melbourne Hospital (Australia) and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (United States), was conducted. Statistical analyses utilized Kaplan-Meier method, Log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Median age was 67 years (20-90), 58% had poor differentiation, and 45% had stage IV disease at presentation. Median overall survival (OS) from metastatic disease was 15.4 months. Thirteen patients underwent R0/R1 metastatectomies, with median OS from metastatectomy 33.8 months. Thirty-one patients received first-line systemic chemotherapy for metastatic disease with median OS from the start of chemotherapy 11.5 months. No statistically significant difference in progression-free survival or OS was seen between fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, or irinotecan based chemotherapy. BRAF V600E mutation was present in 14 of 47 patients (30%). BRAF V600E patients demonstrated significantly worse median OS; 10.1 versus 17.3 months, P = 0.03. In multivariate analyses, BRAF V600E mutants had worse OS (HR 4.04; P = 0.005), while patients undergoing metastatectomy (HR 0.11; P = <0.001) and patients who initially presented as stage IV disease had improved OS (HR 0.27; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Patients with MSI-H metastatic CRC do not appear to have improved outcomes. BRAF V600E mutation is a poor prognostic factor in MSI-H metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Goldstein
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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93
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Braun MS, Quirke P, Seymour MT. Molecular markers of chemotherapeutic response and toxicity in colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:489-501. [PMID: 17428170 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.4.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes in colorectal cancer have improved over the last 15 years; this is in part due to the optimization of 5-fluorouracil schedules and the introduction of new and effective chemotherapeutic agents, such as irinotecan and oxaliplatin. However, not all patients respond to these agents and a proportion may suffer severe side effects from particular chemotherapy drugs. These observations have resulted in a concerted research effort to identify markers of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity. Here we review the evidence for using molecular markers to individualize chemotherapy treatment in colorectal cancer.
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94
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Should Microsatellite Instability Be Tested in All Cases of Colorectal Cancer? CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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95
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Julsing JR, Peters GJ. Methylation of DNA repair genes and the efficacy of DNA targeted anticancer treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7243/2052-6199-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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96
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Bellizzi AM. Contributions of molecular analysis to the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 2013; 30:329-61. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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97
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O'Leary B, Gilbert D. Mismatch Repair as a Prognostic Marker for Adjuvant Therapy in Colorectal Cancer – How Soon is Now? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2013; 25:625-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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98
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Regulation of MLH1 mRNA and protein expression by promoter methylation in primary colorectal cancer: a descriptive and prognostic cancer marker study. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 36:411-9. [PMID: 24027018 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In colorectal cancer MLH1 deficiency causes microsatellite instability, which is relevant for the patient's prognosis and treatment, and its putative heredity. Dysfunction of MLH1 is caused by sporadic gene promoter hypermethylation or by hereditary mutations as seen in Lynch Syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine in detail how DNA methylation regulates MLH1 expression and impacts clinical management. METHODS Colorectal cancer samples were collected from 210 patients. The laboratory methods used to study these samples included methylation specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA), real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS We found that the MLH1 mRNA and protein expression levels were highly related. MS-MLPA was successful in tumors from 195 patients. In these tumors, hypermethylation was observed in promoter regions A (n = 57), B (n = 30), C (n = 28), and D (n = 47), and in intron 1 (n = 25). The promoter region C and intron 1 methylation levels were found to be excellently suited for discriminating between low and high gene expression levels, whereas those of promoter regions A, B and D were less specific. Hypermethylation in any region (n = 77) served as an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 0.56, 95 % confidence interval 0.36-0.89, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS MLH1 inactivation through hypermethylation was found to be related to improved survival. Hypermethylation in promoter region C and intron 1 served as the most specific markers for this inactivation.
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99
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Sinicrope FA, Mahoney MR, Smyrk TC, Thibodeau SN, Warren RS, Bertagnolli MM, Nelson GD, Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Alberts SR. Prognostic impact of deficient DNA mismatch repair in patients with stage III colon cancer from a randomized trial of FOLFOX-based adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:3664-72. [PMID: 24019539 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.48.9591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The association of deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) with prognosis in patients with colon cancer treated with adjuvant fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) chemotherapy remains unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS Resected, stage III colon carcinomas from patients (N = 2,686) randomly assigned to FOLFOX ± cetuximab (North Central Cancer Treatment Group N0147 trial) were analyzed for mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression and mutations in BRAF(V600E) (exon 15) and KRAS (codons 12 and 13). Association of biomarkers with disease-free survival (DFS) was determined using Cox models. A validation cohort (Cancer and Leukemia Group B 88903 trial) was used. RESULTS dMMR was detected in 314 (12%) of 2,580 tumors, of which 49.3% and 10.6% had BRAF(V600E) or KRAS mutations, respectively. MMR status was not prognostic overall (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.07; P = .14), yet significant interactions were found between MMR and primary tumor site (P(interaction) = .009) and lymph node category (N1 v N2; P(interaction) = .014). Favorable DFS was observed for dMMR versus proficient MMR proximal tumors (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.94; P = .018) but not dMMR distal tumors (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 0.99 to 2.95; P = .056), adjusting for mutations and covariates. Any survival benefit of dMMR was lost in N2 tumors. Mutations in BRAF(V600E) (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.70; P = .009) or KRAS (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.70; P < .001) were independently associated with worse DFS. The observed MMR by tumor site interaction was validated in an independent cohort of stage III colon cancers (P(interaction) = .037). CONCLUSION The prognostic impact of MMR depended on tumor site, and this interaction was validated in an independent cohort. Among dMMR cancers, proximal tumors had favorable outcome, whereas distal or N2 tumors had poor outcome. BRAF or KRAS mutations were independently associated with adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Sinicrope
- Frank A. Sinicrope, Michelle R. Mahoney, Thomas C. Smyrk, Stephen N. Thibodeau, Garth D. Nelson, Daniel J. Sargent, and Steven R. Alberts, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Cancer Center and the North Central Cancer Treatment Group, Rochester, MN; Robert S. Warren, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Monica M. Bertagnolli, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; and Richard M. Goldberg, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
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100
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Yamada Y, Boku N, Nishina T, Yamaguchi K, Denda T, Tsuji A, Hamamoto Y, Konishi K, Tsuji Y, Amagai K, Ohkawa S, Fujita Y, Nishisaki H, Kawai H, Takashima A, Mizusawa J, Nakamura K, Ohtsu A. Impact of excision repair cross-complementing gene 1 (ERCC1) on the outcomes of patients with advanced gastric cancer: correlative study in Japan Clinical Oncology Group Trial JCOG9912. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:2560-2565. [PMID: 23884439 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the best chemotherapy regimen for each patient with advanced gastric cancer is uncertain, we aimed to identify molecular prognostic or predictive biomarkers from biopsy specimens in JCOG9912, a randomized phase III trial for advanced gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Endoscopic biopsy specimens from primary lesions were collected in 445 of 704 randomized patients in JCOG9912. We measured the mRNA expression of excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1), thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, and five other genes, then, categorized them into low and high groups relative to the median, and examined whether gene expression was associated with efficacy end point. RESULTS Multivariate analyses showed that high ERCC1 expression [HR 1.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.75; P = 0.010], performance status ≥ 1 (HR 1.45; 95% CI 1.13-1.86; P = 0.004), and number of metastatic sites ≥ 2 (HR 1.66; 95% CI 1.28-1.86; P < 0.001) were associated with a poor prognosis, and recurrent disease (versus unresectable; HR 0.75; 95% CI 0.56-1.00; P = 0.049) was associated with a favorable prognosis. None of these molecular factors were a predictive marker for choosing irinotecan plus cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil rather than S-1. CONCLUSION These correlative analyses suggest that ERCC1 is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in the first-line treatment of gastric cancer. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER C000000062, www.umin.ac.jp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo.
| | - N Boku
- Department of Clinical Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki
| | - T Nishina
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama
| | - K Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Cancer Center, Kita-adachi
| | - T Denda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba
| | - A Tsuji
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe
| | - Y Hamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - K Konishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Showa University, School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Y Tsuji
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tonan Hospital, Sapporo
| | - K Amagai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ibaraki Prefectural Central Hospital, Kasama
| | - S Ohkawa
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama
| | - Y Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Yokohama
| | - H Nishisaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi
| | - H Kawai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya
| | - A Takashima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - J Mizusawa
- JCOG Data Center/Operations Office, National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - K Nakamura
- JCOG Data Center/Operations Office, National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - A Ohtsu
- National Cancer Center, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, Kashiwa, Japan
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