51
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Chapter 5 Biosynthesis 2c. Glycosyltransferases Involved in the Synthesis of N-Glycan Antennae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
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52
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Dinter A, Berger EG. The regulation of cell- and tissue-specific expression of glycans by glycosyltransferases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 376:53-82. [PMID: 8597263 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1885-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Dinter
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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53
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Kitagawa H, Paulson J. Differential expression of five sialyltransferase genes in human tissues. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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54
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Affiliation(s)
- H Narimatsu
- Division of Cell Biology, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
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55
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Mudgapalli A, Roy S, Holmes E, Vijay I. Photoidentification of mannosyltransferases of dolichol cycle in the mammary gland. Purification and characterization of GDP-Man:Man beta 1–>4GlcNAc beta 1–>4GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol mannosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)78129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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56
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Hamamoto T, Lee YC, Kurosawa N, Nakaoka T, Kojima N, Tsuji S. Expression of mouse Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase in an insoluble form in Escherichia coli and partial renaturation. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:79-84. [PMID: 7922126 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mouse Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase was produced in an insoluble form in Escherichia coli cells harboring expression plasmids. The insoluble protein was solubilized with 8 M urea and diluted for renaturation of the enzyme. The substrate specificity and kinetic parameters, except for the specific activity, of the renatured enzyme were similar to those of the enzyme obtained from rat liver. These results suggest that a bacterial expression system is a potentially powerful tool for the large scale production of sialyltransferases and for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of sialyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hamamoto
- Glyco Molecular Biology, Frontier Research Program, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
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57
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Glycosphingolipids as Effectors of Growth and Differentiation. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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58
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Fayos B, Bartles J. Regulation of hepatocytic glycoprotein sialylation and sialyltransferases by peroxisome proliferators. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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59
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
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60
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Kleene R, Berger EG. The molecular and cell biology of glycosyltransferases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1154:283-325. [PMID: 8280744 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(93)90003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Kleene
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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61
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Preuss U, Gu X, Gu T, Yu RK. Purification and characterization of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid:lactosylceramide (alpha 2-3) sialyltransferase (GM3-synthase) from rat brain. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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62
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Hamamoto T, Kawasaki M, Kurosawa N, Nakaoka T, Lee YC, Tsuji S. Two step single primer mediated polymerase chain reaction. Application to cloning of putative mouse, beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase cDNA. Bioorg Med Chem 1993; 1:141-5. [PMID: 8081843 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Using the 2 step single primer mediated polymerase chain reaction(PCR), mouse beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase cDNA was cloned. Single primer mediated PCR is a method to amplify a particular DNA fragment beyond its known sequence region. It employs only one primer for the reaction. Compared to other PCR methods to amplify an adjacent sequence of known DNA fragment, this method requires no enzymatic manipulation on template DNA and is applicable to a template on long DNA fragment. First, a short DNA fragment of the enzyme was obtained from mouse cDNA by the usual PCR method using degenerate primers synthesized according to a relatively conserved region in rat and human beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase. Four primers were synthesized based on this sequence, then 2 step single primer mediated PCR were performed to obtain 5' and 3' flanking sequences of this short fragment resulting in 1.0 kb and 1.3 kb fragments being amplified respectively. The integrity of the two fragments was confirmed by an additional PCR using primers synthesized according to the joined sequence, which contained 1.2kb complete putative mouse beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase coding region. The result showed that the specificity and consequently applicability of the single primer mediated PCR for amplifying a particular DNA fragment beyond known sequence region was remarkably improved by the successive 2nd reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hamamoto
- Glyco Molecular Biology, Frontier Research Program, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
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63
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Abstract
Alterations on the cell surface of the oligosaccharide portion of glycoproteins and glycolipids are thought to play a role in tumorigenesis. Sialyltransferase catalyzes the incorporation of sialic acid to the carbohydrate group of glycoconjugates. Sialyltransferase has been found elevated in different tumour tissues and in the serum of cancer patients. In the present study we have examined the expression of the beta-galactosyl alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase requiring epitope CDw75, with the monoclonal antibody HH2. 142 breast lesions were included. 21% of the carcinomas in situ and 35% of the invasive carcinomas showed a diffuse cytoplasmic staining. Seven cases of invasive carcinomas also showed a distinct membrane immunoreactivity. We found no correlation between reactivity for CDw75 in malignant lesions and their metastatic potential. Only five out of 11 primary tumours with metastases expressed CDw75 in the primary tumour. In the benign lesions, there was a positive reaction in proliferating lesions, e.g. intraductal papillomas (2 out of 3 cases) and in epithelial proliferations in fibrocystic disease (10 out of 14 cases). None of the four fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumours and only one out of 22 cases of normal breast tissues showed immunoreactivity for HH2. In the malignant lesions, CDw75 was more frequently expressed in the carcinomas of high malignancy grade. The high frequency of immunoreactivity among the benign breast lesions can be indicative of activation of the epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Reed
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
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64
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Aasheim HC, Aas-Eng DA, Deggerdal A, Blomhoff HK, Funderud S, Smeland EB. Cell-specific expression of human beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase transcripts differing in the 5' untranslated region. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 213:467-75. [PMID: 8477718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In humans, two cDNAs have been isolated encoding beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase, differing only in part of the 5' untranslated region. Primer extension data show that the two cDNAs are near full-length clones. RNase protection analysis of different cell types showed that the transcript corresponding to the alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase cDNA isolated from a B-cell library resided only in mature B cells. In contrast, the transcript corresponding to the alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase cDNA isolated from a placenta library was found in all cells tested. Our results also indicate the existence of a third alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase transcript in the hepatoma cell line HepG2. Mature B cells were found to express high amounts of alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase mRNA, compared to other cell types tested, as shown by Northern blot analysis. Moreover there was an increased expression of beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase mRNA in activated B cells compared to resting B cells. In vitro transcription and translation of the cDNAs resulted in a protein of 45 kDa, but the transcripts were translated with different efficiency, suggesting a role for the 5' untranslated region in regulation of translation. We have also made an alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase construct lacking the specific 5' regions of the two cDNAs. A transcript generated from this construct was translated more efficiently in vitro than the two alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase cDNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Aasheim
- Department of Immunology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
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65
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66
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Jain N, Sudhakar C, Das MR. Regulation of expression of beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase in a rat tumor, Zajdela ascitic hepatoma. FEBS Lett 1993; 317:147-51. [PMID: 8428623 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell surface sialic acid levels determine a number of important properties governing cellular interactions and cell-cell communication. Towards understanding the mechanism of regulation of sialic acid levels upon cellular transformation, we have studied the regulation of expression of beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase in a rat tumor, the Zajdela ascitic hepatoma. We demonstrate distinct differences in the regulation of expression of the enzyme in the tumor cells as compared to normal liver cells. The expression of sialyltransferase is regulated both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jain
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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67
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Chromosome mapping and organization of the human beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase gene. Differential and cell-type specific usage of upstream exon sequences in B-lymphoblastoid cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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68
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Nemansky M, van den Eijnden DH. Enzymatic characterization of CMP-NeuAc:Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R alpha(2-3)-sialyltransferase from human placenta. Glycoconj J 1993; 10:99-108. [PMID: 8395270 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this report we present the enzymatic characterization of CMP-NeuAc:Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R alpha(2-3)-sialyltransferase from human placenta using placenta membranes as an enzyme preparation. This sialyltransferase is highly sensitive to detergents and prefers type 2 chain (Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc) over type 1 chain (Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc) acceptors. Oligosaccharides and glycopeptides were better acceptor substrates than glycoproteins. Of the branched oligosaccharides, those with a bisected N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) structure appeared to be poorer substrates, while triantennary structures containing a Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4Man alpha 1-3Man branch were preferred. Product characterization, using 400 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy, confirmed that sialic acid was introduced into the Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R units of the acceptor substrates in an alpha (2-3) linkage, and revealed that this sialyltransferase does not prefer either of the two branches of a complex type di-antennary glycopeptide acceptor for sialic acid attachment. These properties distinguish this enzyme from all other sialyltransferases characterized to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nemansky
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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69
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Abstract
Glycoproteins are widely distributed among species in soluble and membrane-bound forms, associated with many different functions. The heterogenous sugar moieties of glycoproteins are assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi and are implicated in many roles that require further elucidation. Glycoprotein-bound oligosaccharides show significant changes in their structures and relative occurrences during growth, development, and differentiation. Diverse alterations of these carbohydrate chains occur in diseases such as cancer, metastasis, leukemia, inflammatory, and other diseases. Structural alterations may correlate with activities of glycosyltransferases that assemble glycans, but often the biochemical origin of these changes remains unclear. This suggests a multitude of biosynthetic control mechanisms that are functional in vivo but have not yet been unraveled by in vitro studies. The multitude of carbohydrate alterations observed in disease states may not be the primary cause but may reflect the growth and biochemical activity of the affected cell. However, knowledge of the control mechanisms in the biosynthesis of glycoprotein glycans may be helpful in understanding, diagnosing, and treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brockhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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70
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Nakamura M, Tsunoda A, Sakoe K, Gu J, Nishikawa A, Taniguchi N, Saito M. Total metabolic flow of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis is regulated by UDP-GlcNAc:lactosylceramide beta 1–>3N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and CMP-NeuAc:lactosylceramide alpha 2–>3 sialyltransferase in human hematopoietic cell line HL-60 during differentiation. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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71
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Gillespie W, Kelm S, Paulson J. Cloning and expression of the Gal beta 1, 3GalNAc alpha 2,3-sialyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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72
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Wen D, Livingston B, Medzihradszky K, Kelm S, Burlingame A, Paulson J. Primary structure of Gal beta 1,3(4)GlcNAc alpha 2,3-sialyltransferase determined by mass spectrometry sequence analysis and molecular cloning. Evidence for a protein motif in the sialyltransferase gene family. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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73
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Nishikawa A, Ihara Y, Hatakeyama M, Kangawa K, Taniguchi N. Purification, cDNA cloning, and expression of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: beta-D-mannoside beta-1,4N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III from rat kidney. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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74
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Expression cloning of beta 1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase cDNAs that determine the expression of GM2 and GD2 gangliosides. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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75
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Murine alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase. A single gene locus specifies four isoforms of the enzyme by alternative splicing. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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76
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Regulated expression of alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase by the liver-enriched transcription factors HNF-1, DBP, and LAP. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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77
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Wen DX, Svensson EC, Paulson JC. Tissue-specific alternative splicing of the beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase gene. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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78
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79
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Hull E, Sarkar M, Spruijt MP, Höppener JW, Dunn R, Schachter H. Organization and localization to chromosome 5 of the human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha-3-D-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 176:608-15. [PMID: 1827260 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha-3-D-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GlcNAc-T I; EC 2.4.1.101) is a medial-Golgi enzyme essential for the synthesis of hybrid and complex N-glycans. We have isolated two overlapping genomic DNA clones which span 18 kilobases (kb) containing a single 2.5 kb exon for GlcNAc-T I. The exon includes most of the 5'-untranslated region, the complete coding sequence (1335 bases) for GlcNAc-T I (445 amino acids) and the complete 3'-untranslated region. The remaining exon (or exons) is at least 2.0 kb upstream of the intron-exon junction. Transient transfection of either clone into Lec 1 Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants (which lack GlcNAc-T I) indicates the presence of a promoter responsible for expression of a truncated transcript. Southern blot analysis indicates that the gene exists in single copy in the human genome and is located on chromosome 5. The human and rabbit enzymes are 85% similar at the nucleotide sequence level and 92% similar at the amino acid sequence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hull
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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80
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Olmsted J, Lyon H. A microtubule-associated protein specific to differentiated neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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