Determination of acaricides in honey by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection

Comparison of solid-phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction for determining six organophosphorus insecticides in honey by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Two approaches based on sorptive extraction, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), in combination with liquid chromatography (LC)-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS) have been assayed for analyzing chlorpyriphos methyl, diazinon, fonofos, phenthoate, phosalone, and pirimiphos ethyl in honey. In both, SPME and SBSE, enrichment was performed using a poly(dimethylsiloxane) coating. Significant parameters affecting sorption process such as sample volume, sorption and desorption times, ionic strength, elution solvent, and dilution (water/honey) proportion were optimized and discussed. Performance of both methods has been compared through the determination of linearity, extraction efficiencies, and limits of quantification. Relative standard deviations for the studied compounds were from 3 to 10% by SPME and from 5 to 9% by SBSE. Both methods were linear in a range of at least two orders of magnitude, and the limits of quantification reached ranging from 0.04 to 0.4 mg kg(-1) by SBSE, and from 0.8 to 2 mg kg(-1) by SPME. The two procedures were applied for analyzing 15 commercial honeys of different botanical origin. SPME and SBSE in combination with LC-MS enabled a rapid and simple determination of organophosphorus pesticides in honey. SBSE showed higher concentration capability (large quantities of sample can be handled) and greater accuracy (between 5 and 20 times) and sensitivity (between 10 and 50 times) than SPME: thus, under equal conditions, SBSE is the recommended technique for pesticide analysis in honey.