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Andrews R, Nayak KS, Krishnan S, Soma Sekhar M, Dhar PK, Rath PC. Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty with stent for treatment of transplant renal artery stenosis: a case report. Transplant Proc 2003; 35:304-6. [PMID: 12591413 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Andrews
- Departments of Nephrology and Cardiology, Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.
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LaBerge JM. Percutaneous Treatment of Post-Operative Complications. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(02)70031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Domínguez-Gil B, Espejo B, Muñoz M, Rodicio J, Morales J. Hipertensión arterial después del trasplante renal. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1889-1837(02)71231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Buturović-Ponikvar J, Zupunski A, Urbancicc A, Kandus A, Malovrh M, Gucek A, Bren A, Ponikvar R. Long-term follow up of renal transplant artery stenosis by Doppler. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:3390-1. [PMID: 11750450 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Buturović-Ponikvar
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ruggenenti P, Mosconi L, Bruno S, Remuzzi A, Sangalli F, Lepre MS, Agazzi R, Nani R, Fasolini G, Remuzzi G. Post-transplant renal artery stenosis: the hemodynamic response to revascularization. Kidney Int 2001; 60:309-18. [PMID: 11422766 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting are relatively noninvasive approaches to treat post-transplant renal artery stenosis. However, the real impact of this procedure on renal function recovery has never been quantitated precisely to date. METHODS In eight consecutive renal transplant patients with renal graft artery stenosis, blood pressure, body weight, and anatomical, functional, and Doppler ultrasound parameters were evaluated before and one month after renal artery transluminal angioplasty and stenting. On both occasions, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were evaluated by inulin and paraaminohippuric acid renal clearances, and glomerular size-selective function was evaluated by the fractional clearances of neutral dextran macromolecules. RESULTS The correction of renal artery stenosis, by normalizing renal vascular resistances, fully restored kidney perfusion and decreased arterial blood pressure, relieved water and sodium retention, restored an almost laminar arterial blood flow, and normalized vascular shear stress without appreciable effects on glomerular barrier size-selective function and proteinuria. Preangioplasty and postangioplasty renal resistive indices and peak systolic blood velocity estimated by Doppler ultrasounds were significantly correlated with the effective renal plasma flow and the blood velocity calculated at the site of stenosis. All patients were discharged without sequelae one or two days after angioplasty. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting are safe and effective procedures to normalize the functional changes sustained by hemodynamically significant artery stenosis after renal transplantation. Doppler ultrasound scanning is a reliable and reproducible technique to monitor the renal functional response to vascular reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ruggenenti
- Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo & Cele Daccò," Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, and Units of Nephrology and Radiology, Ospedali Riuniti, Azienda Ospedaliera, Bergamo, Italy.
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56
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Patel NH, Jindal RM, Wilkin T, Rose S, Johnson MS, Shah H, Namyslowski J, Moresco KP, Trerotola SO. Renal Arterial Stenosis in Renal Allografts: Retrospective Study of Predisposing Factors and Outcome after Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty. Radiology 2001; 219:663-7. [PMID: 11376251 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.219.3.r01jn30663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the predisposing factors to transplant renal arterial stenosis (TRAS) and assess the outcome of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) as the primary treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Of 831 renal allograft recipients (584 cadaveric, 247 living related) between January 1991 and December 1998, 72 had hypertension and/or renal dysfunction. All 72 underwent arteriography, and their medical charts were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Prevalence of TRAS was 3.1% (26 of 831). Technical success rate of PTA was 94% (16 of 17), and clinical success rate was 82% (14 of 17). Those with renal dysfunction had a mean pre-PTA creatinine value of 2.6 mg/dL (230 micromol/L) +/- 0.5 (SD) versus a 1-week post-PTA value of 1.7 mg/dL (150 micromol/L) +/- 0.3 (P <.001). Of those with hypertension, all but one had substantial improvement in mean diastolic blood pressure. At 26.9 months mean follow-up in 16 patients with successful PTA, two stenoses reoccurred, and two grafts were lost to chronic rejection. TRAS was present in 14 of 45 end-to-side anastomoses and 12 of 27 end-to-end anastomoses (P =.31), and TRAS was more prevalent in cadaveric grafts (24 of 584) than in living related grafts (two of 247). In cadaveric grafts, the mean cold ischemia time was 29.0 hours +/- 6.9 in those with TRAS (n = 24), as compared with 25.5 hours +/- 8.1 in those with no TRAS (n = 39; P = .35). Seven of 17 patients with acute rejection and six of 35 with chronic rejection had TRAS. CONCLUSION Primary treatment of TRAS with PTA has good intermediate-term results. TRAS is more prevalent in cadaveric allografts with long cold ischemia time.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Patel
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University Medical Center, 550 N University Blvd, Rm 0279, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Kasiske BL, Vazquez MA, Harmon WE, Brown RS, Danovitch GM, Gaston RS, Roth D, Scandling JD, Singer GG. Recommendations for the outpatient surveillance of renal transplant recipients. American Society of Transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001. [PMID: 11044969 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v11suppl_1s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many complications after renal transplantation can be prevented if they are detected early. Guidelines have been developed for the prevention of diseases in the general population, but there are no comprehensive guidelines for the prevention of diseases and complications after renal transplantation. Therefore, the Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Transplantation developed these guidelines to help physicians and other health care workers provide optimal care for renal transplant recipients. The guidelines are also intended to indirectly help patients receive the access to care that they need to ensure long-term allograft survival, by attempting to systematically define what that care encompasses. The guidelines are applicable to all adult and pediatric renal transplant recipients, and they cover the outpatient screening for and prevention of diseases and complications that commonly occur after renal transplantation. They do not cover the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and complications after they become manifest, and they do not cover the pretransplant evaluation of renal transplant candidates. The guidelines are comprehensive, but they do not pretend to cover every aspect of care. As much as possible, the guidelines are evidence-based, and each recommendation has been given a subjective grade to indicate the strength of evidence that supports the recommendation. It is hoped that these guidelines will provide a framework for additional discussion and research that will improve the care of renal transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Kasiske
- Division of Nephrology, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55415, USA.
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Chan YL, Leung CB, Yu SC, Yeung DK, Li PK. Comparison of non-breath-hold high resolution gadolinium-enhanced MRA with digital subtraction angiography in the evaluation on allograft renal artery stenosis. Clin Radiol 2001; 56:127-32. [PMID: 11222071 DOI: 10.1053/crad.2000.0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The study objective was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of non-breath-hold high resolution gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (Gd-MRA) with intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the evaluation of allograft renal artery stenosis (ARAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 17 renal transplant recipients (six men, 11 women, age 34-64 years) with a systolic bruit in the transplant region beyond the early post-operative period. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography was performed by non-breath-hold high resolution 3D acquisition in the oblique coronal plane using a 256 x 512 matrix.Digital subtraction angiography was performed with AP and oblique views and ARAS was graded as < or =50% or >50% diameter stenosis on the view that displayed the maximal narrowing. RESULTS Digital subtraction angiography showed >50% stenosis in seven patients, all of whom were diagnosed correctly on Gd-MRA. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography diagnosed two patients with >50% stenosis which were not confirmed on DSA. Eight patients had no or < or =50% stenosis on both Gd-MRA and DSA. The sensitivity and specificity of Gd-MRA in revealing >50% stenosis were 100% and 75%, respectively, using DSA as the gold standard. CONCLUSION High resolution Gd-MRA employing a non-breath-hold technique is highly sensitive in the diagnosis of ARAS greater than 50%. It is preferred as a non-invasive screening technique to DSA in suspected ARAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Chan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Organ Imaging, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
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Kidney Transplantation and Dialysis Access. Surgery 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57282-1_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tang S, Tso WK, Li JH, Li CL, Chan TM, Lai KN. Clinical outcome following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for transplant renal artery stenoses. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:1889-91. [PMID: 11119987 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Hypertension is extremely prevalent after renal transplantation, affecting up to 70% of all patients. An elevation in blood pressure is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk and may also contribute to chronic allograft failure. Renal transplantation provides interesting insights into the pathogenesis of hypertension. Experimental and human data show that the kidney is an essential organ for blood pressure regulation. In clinical practice a differential diagnosis that is based on excretory allograft function has proved useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rosenkranz
- Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin, Klinische Abteilung für Nephrologie, Austria
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Luk SH, Chan JH, Kwan TH, Tsui WC, Cheung YK, Yuen MK. Breath-hold 3D gadolinium-enhanced subtraction MRA in the detection of transplant renal artery stenosis. Clin Radiol 1999; 54:651-4. [PMID: 10541389 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9260(99)91085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to assess the value of breath-hold 3D gadolinium-enhanced subtraction magnetic resonance angiography (GD-MRA) in the detection of transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Seven patients with suspected post-transplant renal artery stenosis were studied. GD-MRA was performed at 1.5T with a 3D fast spoiled gradient recalled echo (FSPGR) pulse sequence. Before injection of contrast medium, the 3D pulse sequence was performed to obtain a set of non-contrast images for subtraction purposes. Dynamic 3D imaging was performed simultaneously with the bolus injection of 40 ml of gadopentetate dimeglumine. Angiographic images were reconstructed using the Advantage Window workstation (version 2.0 GE Medical Systems) and subtraction was made with the pre-contrast image data. Any signal intensity cut-off or narrowing of more than 50% was regarded as significant stenosis. Ultrasound Doppler (USD) study was performed with both colour and spectral studies. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of greater than 2.0 m/s and acceleration time (AT) greater than 120ms was regarded as positive for TRAS. These were then compared with the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the gold standard. RESULTS A total of nine examinations performed in seven patients were included in the analysis. MRA correlated with the DSA findings in eight examinations, with one false negative. USG correlated with DSA in six examinations, with two false negative and one false positive case. CONCLUSION In our opinion, GD-MRA is a promising and non-invasive technique in the detection of TRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Luk
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong
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Becker BN, Odorico JS, Becker YT, Leverson G, McDermott JC, Grist T, Sproat I, Heisey DM, Collins BH, D'Alessandro AM, Knechtle SJ, Pirsch JD, Sollinger HW. Peripheral vascular disease and renal transplant artery stenosis: a reappraisal of transplant renovascular disease. Clin Transplant 1999; 13:349-55. [PMID: 10485378 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0012.1999.130412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal transplant artery stenosis (RTAS) continues to be a problematic, but potentially correctable, cause of post-transplant hypertension and graft dysfunction. Older transplant recipients, prone to peripheral vascular disease (PVD), may have pseudoRTAS with PVD involving their iliac system. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 819 patients who underwent kidney transplantation between 1993 and 1997 to determine the contribution of pseudoRTAS to renal transplant renovascular disease. Univariate analyses were performed for donor and recipient variables, including age, weight, gender, race, renal disease, cholesterol and creatinine values, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, and immunosuppressive medications. Significant variables were then analyzed by a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS Ninety-two patients (11.2%) underwent renal transplant arteriogram (Agram) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for suspected RTAS. RTAS or pseudoRTAS, defined as one or more hemodynamically significant lesions in the transplant artery or iliac system, was evident in 44 patients (5.4%). Variables significantly associated with RTAS by univariate analysis were weight at the time of transplant (p = 0.0258), male gender (p = 0.034), discharge serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL (p = 0.0041), and donor age (p = 0.0062). Variables significantly associated with pseudoRTAS by univariate analysis were weight at the time of transplant (p = 0.0285), recipient age (p = 0.0049), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM; p = 0.0042), panel reactive antibody (PRA) at transplant (p = 0.018), and body mass index (p = 0.04). Weight at transplant and donor age remained significantly associated with an increased risk for RTAS in a multivariate stepwise Cox proportional hazards model. IDDM, transplant PRA, weight at transplant, and donor age were significantly associated with an increased risk for pseudoRTAS in a multivariate stepwise Cox proportional hazards model. Importantly, both RTAS and pseudoRTAS were associated with poorer graft survival (p < 0.007 for each). CONCLUSIONS Renal transplant renovascular disease encompasses pre-existing PVD acting as pseudoRTAS, as well as classical RTAS. Efforts to identify and correct renal transplant renovascular disease of either nature are important, given its negative impact on graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Becker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53792, USA.
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Halimi JM, Al-Najjar A, Buchler M, Birmelé B, Tranquart F, Alison D, Lebranchu Y. Transplant renal artery stenosis: potential role of ischemia/reperfusion injury and long-term outcome following angioplasty. J Urol 1999; 161:28-32. [PMID: 10037360 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We assess long-term arterial pressure, renal function, and patient and graft survival in recipients of cadaveric kidney transplant with or without transplant renal artery stenosis. We also evaluate the risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed and analyzed baseline clinical, immunological and outcome data for 26 patients with transplant renal artery stenosis before and after angioplasty, and 72 without stenosis on angiography. We also analyzed graft and patient survival in 304 cases in which angiography was not performed. RESULTS The incidence of transplant renal artery stenosis was 6.6% (26 of 402 patients). Acute rejection episodes (42 versus 22%, p <0.05) and delayed graft function (50 versus 32%, p <0.10) were more frequent, and mean cold ischemia time plus or minus standard error (29.2+/-1.7 versus 24.8+/-1.3 hours, p <0.01) was longer in patients with than without transplant renal artery stenosis. The technical success of angioplasty was 92.3%. Restenosis was documented in 6 of 26 patients (23.1%). Revascularization resulted in a decrease in arterial pressure and better renal function. The 8-year patient (100, 98.6 and 95.7%, respectively) and graft (88.1, 88.9 and 89.3%, respectively) actuarial survival rates were similar among patients with or without transplant renal artery stenosis, and those who did not undergo angiography. CONCLUSIONS Transplant renal artery stenosis had no detectable influence on long-term arterial pressure control, renal function, and patient and graft survival rates, which were similar to those in patients without stenosis. Long cold ischemia time may have a role in the development of transplant renal artery stenosis through ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Halimi
- Department of Nephrology-Transplantation and Clinical Immunology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, France
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Tepel M, Laufer U, Liermann D, Zidek W. Severe hypertension 22 years after renal transplantation. Lancet 1998; 351:110-1. [PMID: 9439499 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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