Phenolic glycosides of forage legume Onobrychis viciifolia

Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds from the forage legume sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia )

Phenolic compounds of sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia ) variety Cotswold Common are assumed to contribute to its nutritive value and bioactive properties. A purified acetone/water extract was separated by Sephadex LH-20 gel chromatography. Sixty-three phenolic and other aromatic compounds were identified by means of chemical, chromatographic, and spectroscopic methods. Reverse phase HPLC with diode array and chemical reaction detection was used to investigate the phenolic composition of different plant organs. All plant parts showed specific phenolic profiles. Moreover, there were considerable variations in the phenolic content among individual plants of the same variety. The three most abundant phenolic compounds were found to be arbutin [predominant in petiols, 17.7 mg/g of dry weight (DW)], rutin (predominant in leaves, 19.9 mg/g of DW), and catechin (predominant flavanol in petiols, 3.5 mg/g of DW). The present study reveals that the phenolic profile of sainfoin is even more complex than hitherto assumed.

Phenolic glycosides and pyrrolidine alkaloids from Codonopsis tangshen

Chemical examination of the n-butanol extract of the root of Codonopsis tangshen led to the isolation of four new compounds named codonosides A (1) and B (2) and codonopyrrolidiums A (3) and B (4), with seven known compounds [(Z)-2-(beta-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid (5), lobetyolin (6), lobetyol (7), luteolin (8), friedelin (9), 5,6,9-trihydroxy-octadec-7-enoic acid (10), and adenosine (11)]. Based on spectroscopic evidence, the structures of codonosides A (1) and B (2) were established as phenolic glycosides, and those of codonopyrrolidiums A (3) and B (4) as pyrrolidines. The relative configuration of 3 was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.

Potential to reduce Escherichia coli shedding in cattle feces by using sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) forage, tested in vitro and in vivo

There is a growing concern about the presence of pathogens in cattle manure and its implications on human and environmental health. The phytochemical-rich forage sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and purified phenolics (trans-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid) were evaluated for their ability to reduce the viability of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains, including E. coli O157:H7. MICs were determined using purified phenolics and acetone extracts of sainfoin and alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a non-tannin-containing legume. Ground sainfoin or pure phenolics were mixed with fresh cattle feces and inoculated with a ciprofloxacin-resistant strain of E. coli, O157:H7, to assess its viability at -20 degrees C, 5 degrees C, or 37 degrees C over 14 days. Forty steers were fed either a sainfoin (hay or silage) or alfalfa (hay or silage) diet over a 9-week period. In the in vitro study, the MICs for coumaric (1.2 mg/ml) and cinnamic (1.4 mg/ml) acids were 10- to 20-fold lower than the MICs for sainfoin and alfalfa extracts. In the inoculated feces, the -20 degrees C treatment had death rates which were at least twice as high as those of the 5 degrees C treatment, irrespective of the additive used. Sainfoin was less effective than coumaric acid in reducing E. coli O157:H7 Cip(r) in the inoculated feces. During the animal trial, fecal E. coli numbers declined marginally in the presence of sainfoin (silage and hay) and alfalfa silage but not in the presence of hay, indicating the presence of other phenolics in alfalfa. In conclusion, phenolic-containing forages can be used as a means of minimally reducing E. coli shedding in cattle without affecting animal production.

Antioxidant properties of sour cherries (Prunus cerasus L.): role of colorless phytochemicals from the methanolic extract of ripe fruits

Many edible plant metabolites are known to be useful as cellular antioxidants. In the search for antioxidative chemicals from native fruits of the Campania region of Italy, Prunus cerasus L., an acidic cherry widely used for culinary purposes, has been studied. Fruit crude extracts (MeOH, EtOAc, and hexane) were submitted to an antioxidative screening using specific assay media characterized from the presence of highly reactive radical species (DPPH*, ABTS*+, O2*-, NO) or lipoperoxidation markers. The reducing power of the samples was also determined. It was observed that the most polar extracts in MeOH and EtOAc were able to exercise a massive and dose-increasing antioxidative capacity. The peculiar efficacy of the same extracts was revealed by investigating their protein and deoxyribose oxidation capacity. A preliminary analysis of total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents together with biological screening data put the basis on P. cerasus fruit phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract. Twenty secondary metabolites were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic (especially 1D and 2D NMR) and spectrometric techniques. 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol-1,2-bis-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methanol-1-O-beta-D-gentiobioside (4), epicatechin-3-malate (14), and epicatechin-3-(1''-methyl)malate (15) were isolated for the first time. All of the compounds were evaluated for their radical scavenging activity on DPPH*, O2*-, and NO. Flavonoids and quinic acid derivatives were found to be the more antioxidative substances.

Flavonoids from the aerial parts of Onobrychis montana subsp. scardica

Rutin (1, main constituent) and two flavone C-glycosides, vitexin (2) and vitexin 2''-O-?-rhamnopyranoside (3) were isolated from the aerial parts of Onobrychis montana subsp. scardica. They were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy (procedure with shift reagents), and high resolution ESI-MS. A relatively high content of 1 (5.27 mg/g of dry plant material), measured by HPLC, indicated O. montana subsp. scardica as a new natural source of this biologically active compound. The isolated flavonoid compounds might be of value as chemotaxonomic markers.

Isolation of quinic acid derivatives and flavonoids from the aerial parts of Lactuca indica L. and their hepatoprotective activity in vitro

In our continuing study of biologically active compounds from Korean medicinal plants, we investigated the hepatoprotective constituents of the aerial parts of Lactuca indica L. (Compositae), since the methanolic extract of L. indica has hepatoprotective activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) production. The bioactivity-guided separation of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of L. indica resulted in the isolation of seven quinic acid derivatives (1, 3-4, 6, and 10-12), along with five flavonoids (2, 5, and 7-9). All the isolated compounds were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity by the HBV assay in vitro. In the human HBV-transfected liver cell line HepG2.2.15, all the compounds except 2 and 5 effectively reduced HBV DNA level in the release of mature HBV particles from HepG2.2.15 cultivation. Of the ten active compounds, treatment with 1, 3, and 12 led to significant reduction in the extracellular HBV DNA level, suggesting that they could be potent phytochemical agents against hepatitis B virus.

Rhyncosides A—F, Phenolic Constituents from the Chinese Mangrove Plant Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala

Chemical investigation on the stem of a Chinese mangrove plant Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala (Rhizophoraceae) resulted in the isolation and characterization of four new phenolic glycosides rhyncosides A-D (1-4), and two new lignan derivatives namely rhyncosides E-F (5-6), along with twelve known phenolic constituents. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic data analyses.

Effect of bioactive compounds from Sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) on the in vitro larval migration of Haemonchus contortus : role of tannins and flavonol glycosides

Anthelmintic bioactivity against gastrointestinal nematodes has been associated with leguminous forages supporting the hypothesis of a role of condensed tannins. However, the possibility that other compounds might also been involved has received less consideration. Using bio-guided fractionation, the current study aimed at characterizing the biochemical nature of the active compounds present in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia ), previously identified as an anthelmintic leguminous forage. The effects of sainfoin extracts were evaluated on 3rd-stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus by using a larval migration inhibition (LMI) assay. Comparison of extracts obtained with several solvent systems showed that the bioactivity was associated with the 70ratio30 acetone/water extract. Further fractionation of the later allowed the separation of phenolic compounds. By use of a dialysis method, compounds were separated with a molecular weight cut-off of 2000 Da. The in vitro anthelmintic effect of the fraction with condensed tannins was confirmed. In the fraction containing molecules of MW <2000 Da, 3 flavonol glycosides were identified as rutin, nicotiflorin and narcissin. At 1200 mug/ml, each inhibited significantly the migration of larvae. Addition of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVPP) to both fractions before incubation restored larval migration. These results confirmed the role of both tannins and flavonol glycosides in the anthelmintic properties of sainfoin.

Lipid peroxidation inhibitory compounds from daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) leaves

Daylilies (Hemerocallis spp.) have been used as food and in traditional medicine for thousands of years in eastern Asia. The leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation and jaundice. In studies of the aqueous methanol extracts of fresh Hemerocallis fulva leaves, 1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-5'-deoxy-pinnatanine (1), pinnatanine (2), roseoside (3), phlomuroside (4), lariciresinol (5), adenosine (6), quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (7), quercetin 3,7-O-beta-D-diglucopyranoside (8), quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyransol-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosol-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9), isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-6'-acetylglucopyranoside (10) and isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-6'-acetylgalactopyranoside (11) were isolated. All of these compounds were tested for their in vitro lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities. Compounds 3-5 and 7-11 were found to possess strong antioxidant properties, inhibiting lipid oxidation by 86.4, 72.7, 90.1, 79.7, 82.4, 89.3, 82.2, and 93.2%, respectively at 50 microg/mL. Compound 1 is novel and compounds 3-6 and 8-11 described here in are isolated for the first time from daylily leaves.