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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson Zeni
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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52
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Campeau LC, Parisien M, Jean A, Fagnou K. Catalytic direct arylation with aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides: intramolecular studies leading to new intermolecular reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:581-90. [PMID: 16402846 DOI: 10.1021/ja055819x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A catalyst for the intramolecular direct arylation of a broad range of simple and heterocyclic arenes with aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides has been developed. These reactions occur in excellent yield and are highly selective. Studies with aryl iodides substrates revealed that catalyst poisoning occurs due to the accumulation of iodide in the reaction media. This can be overcome by the addition of silver salts which also permits these reactions to occur at lower temperature. The utility of the methodology is illustrated by a rapid synthesis of a carbazole natural product and by the synthesis of sterically encumbered tetra-ortho-substituted biaryls via ring-opening reactions of the direct arylation products. Mechanistic investigations have provided insight into the catalyst's mode of action and show the presence of a kinetically significant C-H bond cleavage in palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of simple arenes. Knowledge garnered from these studies has led to the development of new intermolecular arylation reactions with previously inaccessible arenes, opening the door for the development of other new direct arylation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Charles Campeau
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Canada
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53
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Campeau LC, Fagnou K. Palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of simple arenes in synthesis of biaryl molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:1253-64. [PMID: 16538241 DOI: 10.1039/b515481m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the direct arylation of simple arenes. A number of catalyst systems have been developed which enable the intramolecular direct arylation of aryl chlorides, bromides and iodides in high yield as well as conditions capable of achieving intermolecular direct arylation with simple arenes. This account describes recent progress by our group and others in the development of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Charles Campeau
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Departement of Chemistry, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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54
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Ishikura M, Ida W, Yanada K. A one-pot access to cycloalkano[1,2-a]indoles through an intramolecular alkyl migration reaction in indolylborates. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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55
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Joucla L, Putey A, Joseph B. Synthesis of fused heterocycles with a benzazepinone moiety via intramolecular Heck coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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56
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A concise synthesis of rhazinilam through direct, palladium-catalyzed, intramolecular coupling is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred L Bowie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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57
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Abbiati G, Canevari V, Rossi E, Ruggeri A. Facile and Inexpensive Entry to Indeno[2,1‐b]indol‐6‐one Nucleus. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200063981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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58
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A formal enantioselective synthesis of allocolchicine and a synthesis of a C-ring analogue have been achieved by employing an intramolecular direct arylation of an aryl chloride to form the biaryl carbon-carbon bond and the seven-membered ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Leblanc
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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59
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Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular α-arylation of aliphatic ketone, formyl, and nitro groups. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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60
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Hughes CC, Trauner D. Palladium-catalyzed couplings to nucleophilic heteroarenes: the total synthesis of (−)-frondosin B. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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61
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Application of a catalytic palladium biaryl synthesis reaction, via C–H functionalization, to the total synthesis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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62
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Harayama T, Hori A, Abe H, Takeuchi Y. Concise synthesis of pyrrolophenanthridine alkaloids using a Pd-mediated biaryl coupling reaction with regioselective C–H activation via the intramolecular coordination of the amine to Pd. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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63
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Basarić N, Marinić Ž, Šindler-Kulyk M. Photochemistry of stilbenyl-pyrroles: a new approach to indole and isoindole derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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64
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Harayama T, Toko H, Hori A, Miyagoe T, Sato T, Nishioka H, Abe H, Takeuchi Y. Synthetic Studies on Pyrrolophenanthridone Skeleton from 1-Benzoyl-7-iododihydroindole Derivatives Using Palladium-assisted Biaryl Coupling Reactions. HETEROCYCLES 2003. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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65
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Harayama T, Hori A, Abe H, Takeuchi Y. Concise Synthesis of Pyrrolophenanthridine Alkaloids Using a Pd-Catalyzed Biaryl Coupling Reaction with Regioselective C-H Activation. HETEROCYCLES 2003. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-9883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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66
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Campo MA, Larock RC. Synthesis of fluoren-9-ones by the palladium-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation of o-halobiaryls. J Org Chem 2002; 67:5616-20. [PMID: 12153259 DOI: 10.1021/jo020140m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of various substituted fluoren-9-ones has been accomplished by the palladium-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation of o-halobiaryls. The cyclocarbonylation of 4'-substituted 2-iodobiphenyls produces very high yields of 2-substituted fluoren-9-ones bearing either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents. 3'-Substituted 2-iodobiphenyls afford 3-substituted fluoren-9-ones in excellent yields with good regioselectivity. This chemistry has been successfully extended to polycyclic fluorenones and fluorenones containing fused isoquinoline, indole, pyrrole, thiophene, benzothiophene, and benzofuran rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino A Campo
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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67
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Miura M, Nomura M. Direct Arylation via Cleavage of Activated and Unactivated C-H Bonds. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45313-x_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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68
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Martín-Matute B, Mateo C, Cárdenas DJ, Echavarren AM. Intramolecular C-H activation by alkylpalladium(II) complexes: insights into the mechanism of the palladium-catalyzed arylation reaction. Chemistry 2001; 7:2341-8. [PMID: 11446637 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010601)7:11<2341::aid-chem23410>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cyclization of [ArOCH2PdL2Cl] complexes proceeds at room temperature in CH3CN in the presence of base, such as KOPh or carbonate, to form palladacycles. The effect of substituents on the aryl moiety (p-MeO > H >p-NO2) is as expected for an electrophilic aromatic substitution by electrophilic Pd(II). The absence of isotopic effect is also consistent with this proposal. Cyclopalladation proceeds with bidentate ligands (dppf, COD and phen); although the C-H activation reactions are slower in these cases. The starting [ArOCH2Pd(PPh3)2Cl] and [ArOCH2Pd(PPh3)Cl]2 complexes were prepared by transmetalation of organostannanes [(ArOCH2)4Sn] with [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2] or [Pd(PPh3)Cl2]2, respectively. Cleavage of palladacycles with HCl also gave [ArOCH2PdL2Cl] complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Martín-Matute
- Dpto Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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69
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Roesch KR, Larock RC. Synthesis of isoindolo[2,1-alpha]indoles by the palladium-catalyzed annulation of internal acetylenes. J Org Chem 2001; 66:412-20. [PMID: 11429808 DOI: 10.1021/jo000997o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of substituted isoindolo[2,1-alpha]indoles have been prepared via annulation of internal alkynes by imines derived from o-iodoanilines in the presence of a palladium catalyst. This methodology provides an extremely efficient route for the synthesis of these tetracyclic heterocycles from readily available starting materials. The mechanism of this interesting annulation process appears to involve (1) oxidative addition of the aryl iodide to Pd(0), (2) alkyne insertion, (3) addition of the resulting vinylic palladium intermediate to the C-N double bond of the imine, (4) either electrophilic palladation of the resulting sigma-palladium intermediate onto the adjacent aromatic ring derived from the internal alkyne or oxidative addition of the neighboring aryl carbon-hydrogen bond, and (5) reduction of the tetracyclic product and Pd(0). A variety of internal acetylenes have been employed in this annulation process in which the aromatic ring of the alkyne contains either a phenyl or a heterocyclic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Roesch
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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70
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Faust R, Garratt PJ, Jones R, Yeh LK, Tsotinis A, Panoussopoulou M, Calogeropoulou T, Teh MT, Sugden D. Mapping the melatonin receptor. 6. Melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from 6H-isoindolo[2,1-a]indoles, 5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, and 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[c]azepino[2,1-a]indoles. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1050-61. [PMID: 10737738 DOI: 10.1021/jm980684+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
6H-Isoindolo[2,1-a]indoles (5, 7, 10, 13), 5,6-dihydroindolo[2, 1-a]isoquinolines (20, 21), and 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[c]azepino[2, 1-a]indoles (23, 25, 27, 30) have been prepared as melatonin analogues to investigate the nature of the binding site of the melatonin receptor. The affinity of analogues was determined in a radioligand binding assay using cloned human mt(1) and MT(2) receptor subtypes expressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Agonist and antagonist potency was measured using the pigment aggregation response of a clonal line of Xenopus laevis melanophores. The 2-methoxyisoindolo[2, 1-a]indoles (7a-d) showed much higher binding affinities than the parent isoindoles (5a-e), and whereas 7a-c were agonists in the functional assay, 7d and 5a-e were antagonists. The 2-ethoxyisoindolo[2,1-a]indoles (10a-d) showed reduced binding affinities compared to their methoxy analogues, while the 5-chloro derivative 13 showed a considerable reduction in binding affinity and potency compared to 7a. The 10-methoxy-5,6-dihydroindolo[2, 1-a]isoquinolines (21a-c) had higher binding affinities than the corresponding parent indoloisoquinolines (20a-c) in the human receptor subtypes, and the parent compounds were antagonists whereas the 10-methoxy derivatives were agonists in the functional assay. The N-cyclobutanecarbonyl derivatives of both the parent (20d) and 10-methoxyl (21d) series had similar binding affinities and were both antagonists with similar potencies. The 11-methoxy-6, 7-5H-benzo[c]azepino[2,1-a]indoles (25a-d) had higher binding affinities than the corresponding parent compounds (23a-d) at the MT(2) receptor but similar affinities at the mt(1) site; all of the compounds were antagonists in the functional assay. Changing 11-methoxy for 11-ethoxy decreased the binding affinity slightly, and this was more evident at the MT(2) receptor. All of the derivatives investigated had either the same or a greater affinity for the human MT(2) receptor compared to the mt(1) receptor (range 1:1-1:132). This suggests that the mt(1) and MT(2) receptor pockets differ in their ability to accommodate alkyl groups in the indole nitrogen region of the melatonin molecule. Two compounds (7c and 25c) were tested in functional assays on recombinant mt(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptors. Compound 7c is a potent agonist with some selectivity (44-fold) for the MT(2) receptor, while 25c is an MT(2)-preferring antagonist. Increasing the carbon chain length between N-1 of indole and the 2-phenyl group from n = 1 through n = 3 leads to a fairly regular decrease in the binding affinity, but, remarkably, when n = 3, it converts the methoxy compounds from melatonin agonists to antagonists. The Xenopus melatonin receptor thus cannot accommodate an N-n-alkyl chain attached to a 2-phenyl substituent with n > 2 in the required orientation to induce or stabilize the active receptor conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Faust
- Physiology Division, School of Biomedical Sciences, New Hunts House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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71
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Roesch KR, Larock RC. Synthesis of Isoindolo[2,1-a]indoles by the Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation of Internal Alkynes. Org Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9901873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Roesch
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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74
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Majchrzak MW, Zobel JN, Obradovich DJ. A Facile Synthesis of Racemic Nα-FMOC-2-Phenyltryptophan. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919708004180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Melnyk P, Legrand B, Gasche J, Ducrot P, Thal C. Synthesis of new annelated indole systems: New entry in the E-azaeburnane series. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(94)01075-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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77
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Martin AR, Zheng Q. Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of indoles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1521-4478(06)80015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Kraus GA, Kim H. The Synthesis of Isoindolo[2, 1-a]indoles via Both Radical and Organopalladium Strategies. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919308020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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81
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Ishikura M, Terashima M. A novel synthetic use of trialkyl(indol-2-yl)borate for a “one-pot” synthesis of [a]-annelated indoles. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)61792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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82
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