51
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Endo Y, Tsurugi K, Yutsudo T, Takeda Y, Ogasawara T, Igarashi K. Site of action of a Vero toxin (VT2) from Escherichia coli O157:H7 and of Shiga toxin on eukaryotic ribosomes. RNA N-glycosidase activity of the toxins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 171:45-50. [PMID: 3276522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The site of action of a Vero toxin (VT2 or Shiga-like toxin II) from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae 1 on eukaryotic ribosomes was studied. Treatment of eukaryotic ribosomes with either toxin caused the release of a fragment of 400 nucleotides from 28S ribosomal RNA when the isolated ribosomal RNA was treated with aniline. Release of this fragment with aniline treatment was accompanied by inhibition of protein synthesis and of elongation-factor-1-dependent aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 3'-terminal fragment of 553 nucleotides of 28S rRNA of rat liver 60S ribosomal subunits suggested that an adenine base at position 4324 (A-4324) was absent in toxin-treated 28S rRNA. Further analysis by thin-layer chromatography demonstrated quantitative release of adenine from rat liver ribosomes on treatment with the toxins. These results indicate that both VT2 and Shiga toxin inactivate 60S ribosomal subunits by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond at A-4324 in 28S ribosomal RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Endo
- Department of Biochemistry, Yamanashi Medical College, Japan
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52
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Kongmuang U, Honda T, Miwatani T. A simple method for purification of Shiga or Shiga-like toxin fromShigella dysenteriaeandEscherichia coliO157: H7 by immunoaffinity column chromatography. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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53
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Guerrant RL, Wanke CA, Pennie RA, Barrett LJ, Lima AA, O'Brien AD. Production of a unique cytotoxin by Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun 1987; 55:2526-30. [PMID: 3653987 PMCID: PMC260740 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.10.2526-2530.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is an important diarrheal pathogen worldwide; the mechanisms by which it causes disease remain unclear. Because of its association with inflammatory diarrhea, we postulated that C. jejuni might produce a cytotoxin similar to that produced by Shigella sp., enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157, or Clostridium difficile. Filtrates of 12 polymyxin-treated isolates of C. jejuni were placed on HeLa cells (sensitive to Shiga toxin cytotoxicity) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Of 12 isolates of C. jejuni tested, 5 killed 50% of the cells at greater than or equal to 1:4 dilutions of filtered suspensions of 10(9) bacteria per ml; killing was similar in HeLa and CHO cells (the CHO cells being insensitive to Shiga cytotoxin). One isolate produced a titer of 1:32 to 1:128. The relative potency in HeLa cells was comparable to that of E. coli strains that produce intermediate amounts of Shiga-like toxin. The other seven strains showed no cytotoxic effect, nor did the control diluents, polymyxin B, or supernatants of C. jejuni not treated with polymyxin B. Sonication also released active cytotoxin, but slightly less well than did polymyxin. The cytotoxic effect was dose dependent. Concentration of the C. jejuni in suspension by 10-fold before treatment with polymyxin B resulted in a 10-fold increase in the 50% cytotoxic dose. The cytotoxin effect was not neutralized by Shiga toxin immune serum against either Shiga-like toxin I or II or by anti-Clostridium difficile antiserum. The C jejuni cytotoxin was partially labile to trypsin (0.25%) and to heating to greater than or equal to 60 degrees C. Cytotoxicity was retained in Scientific Products dialysis tubing D1615-1 (Mr cutoff, 12,000 to 14,000). Some isolates of C. jejuni release a substance lethal to HeLa or CHO cells in vitro that is distinct from Shiga-like or Clostridium difficile toxin. This cytotoxin may contribute to the colonic mucosal invasive process that characterizes C. jejuni enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Guerrant
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
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54
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Jackson MP, Neill RJ, O'Brien AD, Holmes RK, Newland JW. Nucleotide sequence analysis and comparison of the structural genes for Shiga-like toxin I and Shiga-like toxin II encoded by bacteriophages fromEscherichia coli933. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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55
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Yutsudo T, Nakabayashi N, Hirayama T, Takeda Y. Purification and some properties of a Vero toxin from Escherichia coli O157:H7 that is immunologically unrelated to Shiga toxin. Microb Pathog 1987; 3:21-30. [PMID: 3143036 DOI: 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A cytotoxin to Vero cells (Vero toxin) was purified from Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from a patient with hemorrhagic colitis by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, repeated chromatofocusing column chromatography and repeated high performance liquid chromatography. About 440 micrograms of purified Vero toxin was obtained from 12 liters of culture with a yield of about 22%. The purified Vero toxin showed similar cytotoxic activity to that of Shiga toxin to Vero cells and killed about 50% of the Vero cells at 1 pg. The activity was lost on heating the toxin at 80 degrees C for 10 minutes, but not at 60 degrees C for 10 minutes. The toxin also showed lethal toxicity to mice when injected intraperitoneally, the LD50 being 1 ng per mouse. The purified Vero toxin consisted of A and B subunits with molecular weights of about 35,000 and 10,700, respectively, which were slightly larger than those of Shiga toxin. On polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, the mobility of the purified Vero toxin differed from that of Shiga toxin. The isoelectric point of the toxin was 4.1, which was also different from that of Shiga toxin (pI = 7.0). Furthermore, Vero toxin and Shiga toxin were found to be immunologically unrelated; anti-Vero toxin did not react with Shiga toxin, and similarly anti-Shiga toxin did not react with the Vero toxin in either the Ouchterlony double gel diffusion test or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Vero toxin purified in this work was found to be immunologically identical to VT2 and Shiga-like toxin II reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yutsudo
- Department of Bacterial Infection, University of Tokyo, Japan
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56
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Noda M, Yutsudo T, Nakabayashi N, Hirayama T, Takeda Y. Purification and some properties of Shiga-like toxin from Escherichia coli O157:H7 that is immunologically identical to Shiga toxin. Microb Pathog 1987; 2:339-49. [PMID: 3148810 DOI: 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A cytotoxin to Vero cells (Shiga-like toxin), which was neutralized by antibody against purified Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae 1, was purified from Escherichia coli O157:H7, isolated from a patient with hemorrhagic colitis. The purification procedure consisted of ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, chromatofocusing column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. About 200 micrograms of purified Shiga-like toxin was obtained from cell extracts of 14 liters of culture with a yield of about 15%. The purified Shiga-like toxin showed identical physicochemical, biological and immunological properties to those of Shiga toxin. Purified Shiga-like toxin and Shiga toxin also had the same mobilities on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel isoelectrofocusing. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, purified Shiga-like toxin migrated as two bands corresponding to the A and B subunits, and these migrated to the same positions as A and B subunits of Shiga toxin. The amino acid composition of the purified Shiga-like toxin was also similar to that of Shiga toxin. The purified Shiga-like toxin showed various biological activities: lethal toxicity to mice when injected intraperitoneally, the LD50 being 30 ng per mouse; cytotoxicity to Vero cells, killing about 50% of the cells at 6 pg; and fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops at concentrations of more than 1.25 micrograms/loop. These values are comparable with those obtained with Shiga toxin. In an Ouchterlony double gel diffusion test, the lines formed by the purified Shiga-like toxin and Shiga toxin fused, indicating that the two toxins were immunologically identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noda
- Department of Bacterial Infection, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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57
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Karch H, Heesemann J, Laufs R, O'Brien AD, Tacket CO, Levine MM. A plasmid of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is required for expression of a new fimbrial antigen and for adhesion to epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1987; 55:455-61. [PMID: 2879796 PMCID: PMC260350 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.2.455-461.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Of 14 strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from patients with hemorrhagic colitis or hemolytic uremic syndrome that were examined for fimbriae, the presence of plasmids, and the ability to adhere to intestinal cells, 13 possessed a 60-megadalton plasmid and were fimbriated as assessed by electron microscopy. These strains adhered to Henle 407 intestinal cells but not to HEp-2 cells or erythrocytes. Three strains were cured of the plasmid and thereafter failed to express fimbriae and lost the ability to adhere to intestinal cells. Conversely, E. coli K-12 transformed with the 60-megadalton plasmid from each of the three strains produced fimbriae and was able to adhere to intestinal cells. A single fimbrial subunit of 16 kilodaltons was observed when purified fimbriae from the transformants and from the 60-megadalton plasmid-containing E. coli O157:H7 strains were disaggregated and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antisera raised against one preparation of the purified fimbriae reacted strongly with 12 of 14 O157:H7 isolates in an agglutination assay and with purified fimbrial preparations from five E. coli O157:H7 strains in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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58
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Padhye VV, Kittell FB, Doyle MP. Purification and physicochemical properties of a unique Vero cell cytotoxin from Escherichia coli O157:H7. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 139:424-30. [PMID: 3533062 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A unique Vero cell cytotoxin has been purified to homogeneity from a strain of Escherichia coli O157:H7, using ultrafiltration with Pellicon membrane cassettes and chromatography with QAE Sephadex A-50. SDS-PAGE showed the molecular weight of the toxin to be 64,000 and the absence of subunits. Based on analytical isoelectric focusing, the toxin had pI of 5.2. This Vero cell toxin was lethal to mice and showed pathological abnormalities of the mouse colonic mucosa when administered intraperitoneally. Vero cell cytotoxicity of this toxin was not neutralizable with rabbit antiserum to Shiga toxin. Based on physicochemical and immunological properties, this toxin is different from the Shiga-like toxin previously found in this organism.
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59
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60
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British Paediatric Association-Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre surveillance of haemolytic uraemic syndrome 1983-4. BMJ 1986; 292:115-7. [PMID: 3080082 PMCID: PMC1339124 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.292.6513.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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61
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62
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Klipstein FA, Engert RF, Short H, Schenk EA. Pathogenic properties of Campylobacter jejuni: assay and correlation with clinical manifestations. Infect Immun 1985; 50:43-9. [PMID: 3899937 PMCID: PMC262132 DOI: 10.1128/iai.50.1.43-49.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic properties of 20 strains of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from persons with clearly defined clinical manifestations were determined. Cell-free broth filtrates were examined for (i) enterotoxin production by Chinese hamster tissue culture assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) employing GM1 ganglioside and affinity-purified antiserum to Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, (ii) cytotoxin production by Vero and HeLa cell tissue culture lines, and (iii) their ability to cause fluid secretion in rat ligated ileal loops. Viable bacteria were examined for invasive properties by an ELISA with the immunoglobulin fraction of antiserum to Formalin-killed bacteria of an invasive strain, and by their effect on fluid secretion and morphology in rat ligated ileal loops. None of the eight isolates obtained from asymptomatic carriers had any detectable pathogenic properties. All six strains isolated from persons with bloody invasive-type diarrhea elaborated a cytotoxin; their viable bacteria had high titers in the ELISA for invasive properties and caused fluid secretion in ligated ileal loops, although consistent morphologic abnormalities and evidence of mucosal invasion, examined by immunofluorescence techniques, were not detected. All six strains isolated from persons with watery secretory-type diarrhea produced an enterotoxin, one elaborated a cytotoxin, and broth filtrates of all strains caused fluid secretion in ligated ileal loops; viable bacteria had low titers in the ELISA for invasive properties and evoked fluid secretion in ligated loops by means of enterotoxin production. These observations show (i) that a correlation exists between the pathogenic properties of the infective C. jejuni strain and gastrointestinal manifestations in the infected host, and (ii) that these pathogenic properties can be identified by in vitro assays, including ELISAs.
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63
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Abstract
Our understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious, especially bacterial, diarrhea has increased dramatically. New etiologic agents, mechanisms, and diseases have become known. For example, Escherichia coli serogroup O157 is now known to cause acute hemorrhagic colitis. Also, E. coli serogroups that produce Shiga toxin are recognized as etiologic agents in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The production of bacterial diarrhea has two major facets, bacterial-mucosal interaction and the induction of intestinal fluid loss by enterotoxins. Bacterial-mucosal interaction can be described in stages: (1) adherence to epithelial cell microvilli, which is often promoted by or associated with pili; (2) close adherence (enteroadherence), usually by classic enteropathogenic E. coli, to mucosal epithelial cells lacking microvilli; and (3) mucosal invasion, as with Shigella and Salmonella infections. Further large strides in understanding infectious diarrhea are likely with the cloning of virulence genes if additional host-specific animal pathogens become available for study.
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64
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Beery JT, Doyle MP, Schoeni JL. Colonization of chicken cecae by Escherichia coli associated with hemorrhagic colitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49:310-5. [PMID: 3885853 PMCID: PMC238399 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.2.310-315.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial enumeration, histologic examination, and immunoperoxidase staining demonstrated the ability of an Escherichia coli strain associated with hemorrhagic colitis (serotype O157:H7) to colonize chicken cecae for up to 90 days postinoculation after a peroral challenge at 1 day of age. The bacteria induced mild, transient, mucous membrane damage confined to the proximal cecae of healthy, normal-appearing chickens, principally at 14 to 28 days postinoculation. Attachment, effacement, and penetration of the cecal surface epithelium by E. coli O157:H7 were observed. With the exception of splenic, hepatic, and cecal tonsil immune-related changes and cecal damage and colonization, no other organ systems or portions of the gastrointestinal tract were affected by the bacteria. Bacterial counts indicated that E. coli O157:H7 was predominantly present in the cecae (often at levels greater than 10(6) CFU/g of tissue and contents) and to a lesser extent in the colon. Our results suggest that E. coli O157:H7 colonizes chicken cecae and is passed through the colon with fecal excrement. The ability of this organism to colonize chicken cecae indicates that chickens may serve as hosts and possibly as reservoirs for E. coli O157:H7.
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65
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Gully PR. Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome: epidemiology and report of an outbreak. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF HEALTH 1984; 104:214-7. [PMID: 6440988 DOI: 10.1177/146642408410400609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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66
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Cytotoxic activity ofEscherichia coli O157:H7 culture filtrate on the mouse colon and kidney. Curr Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01567702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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67
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68
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Smith HR, Day NP, Scotland SM, Gross RJ, Rowe B. Phage-determined production of vero cytotoxin in strains of Escherichia coli serogroup O157. Lancet 1984; 1:1242-3. [PMID: 6144957 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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69
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O'Brien AD, Chen ME, Holmes RK, Kaper J, Levine MM. Environmental and human isolates of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus produce a Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga)-like cytotoxin. Lancet 1984; 1:77-8. [PMID: 6140426 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Some strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, and non-O1 V cholerae produce a bacterial-cell-associated, heat-stable material that is cytotoxic for hela cells. Cytotoxicity is completely neutralised by antibody to purified Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) toxin but not by antibody to purified cholera toxin.
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70
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Karmali MA, Petric M, Lim C, Fleming PC, Steele BT. Escherichia coli cytotoxin, haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, and haemorrhagic colitis. Lancet 1983; 2:1299-1300. [PMID: 6139632 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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71
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