51
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Rapid determination of diuretics in human urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry following microwave assisted derivatization. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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52
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Deventer K, Delbeke FT, Roels K, Van Eenoo P. Screening for 18 diuretics and probenecid in doping analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:529-35. [PMID: 12474217 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A fast and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method for the screening of 18 diuretics and probenecid in human urine is presented. Analyses were performed on a LCQ-Deca instrument equipped with ESI-interface using scan by scan polarity changing. All diuretics and probenecid were separated in less than 20 min after liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The LOD for all substances was 100 ng/mL or better. The method was applied to detect diuretics after the oral administration of several drugs including hydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, spironolactone, furosemide, amiloride, triamterene, chlortalidone and epithizide. All diuretics could be detected for periods up to 96 h after the intake of therapeutic amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Deventer
- Ghent University, Doping Control Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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53
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Garcia P, Popot MA, Fournier F, Bonnaire Y, Tabet JC. Gas-phase behaviour of negative ions produced from thiazidic diuretics under electrospray conditions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:940-953. [PMID: 12271437 DOI: 10.1002/jms.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A systematic mass spectrometric study of 10 thiazidic diuretics and related compounds was undertaken by mass spectrometry (MS) with electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode. Collisional dissociation 'in-source' (CID-MS) and in a low-pressure collision cell (CID-MS/MS) were compared in both excitation regions. Spectra obtained by CID-MS and by CID-MS/MS were matched. Using the two methods, loss of HCl and consecutive dissociations from 2HCl losses were exhibited from compounds such as methyclothiazide and trichlormethiazide but not from other thiazidic diuretics that contain chlorine substituents in the aromatic moiety. However, deprotonated dichlorphenamide gave rise to loss of HCl by CID-MS and CID-MS/MS. For other diuretics such as hydroflumethiazide and hydrochlorothiazide, the loss of HCN and [HCN + SO(2)] was relevant. Reaction mechanisms were checked by means of deuterium-hydrogen exchange, which showed that deprotonation took place regioselectively on the heterocyclic moiety. The cleavage pathways require molecular isomerization forming ion-dipole complexes prior to decompositions, allowing long-distance proton transfer for neutral elimination. Identifications of the most specific fragmentations presented in this paper were applied to the screening and unambiguous identification of diuretics for horse doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Garcia
- L.A.B./F.N.C.F., 169 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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54
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Caslavska J, Thormann W. Rapid analysis of furosemide in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence and electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 770:207-16. [PMID: 12013228 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Furosemide, a drug that promotes urine excretion, is used in the pharmacotherapy of various diseases and is considered as a doping agent in sports. Using alkaline electrolytes, analysis of furosemide by dodecyl sulfate based micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF, analyte excitation with the 325 nm line of a HeCd laser) is described. Data produced by injection of plain or diluted patient urines are confirmed with those obtained via analysis of urinary solid-phase extracts. CZE-LIF and MECC-LIF are thereby shown to permit unambiguous recognition of furosemide in urines collected after ingestion of therapeutic doses of this drug. This is in contrast to solute detection via UV absorbance for which the extraction of furosemide is required. MECC based electropherograms are somewhat more complex compared to those obtained by CZE-LIF, this suggesting that the latter approach is more suitable for rapid screening of urines with direct sample injection and LIF detection. Alternatively, capillary electrophoresis with negative electrospray ionization-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS2) is shown to permit the direct confirmation of furosemide in human urine. This approach is based upon the monitoring of the m/z 329.3-->4m/z 285.2 precursor-product ion transition. CZE-LIF and CE-MS2 with injection of plain or diluted urine represent simple, rapid and attractive urinary screening and confirmation assays for furosemide in patient urines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caslavska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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55
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Jiménez C, Ventura R, Segura J. Validation of qualitative chromatographic methods: strategy in antidoping control laboratories. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 767:341-51. [PMID: 11885863 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(01)00593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An experimental approach for the validation of chromatographic qualitative methods and its application in an antidoping control laboratory is described. The proposed strategy for validation of qualitative methods consists of the verification of selectivity/specificity, limit of detection (LOD), extraction recovery and repeatability (intra-assay precision). A one-day assay protocol, based on the analysis of five blank samples obtained from different sources and four replicates of control samples at two different concentrations of the analytes, has been defined to evaluate the validation parameters. The following evaluation criteria have been applied: absence of interfering substances at the retention time of the analytes in the blank samples to check the selectivity/specificity of the method, the LOD recommended by international sports authorities has to be attained, and for repeatability, the relative standard deviation should be <25% for the low concentration control sample and <15% for the high concentration control sample. Qualitative screening procedures are able to detect a great number of analytes so that extraction and analysis conditions are always a compromise for the different analytes. For this reason, no minimum acceptance criteria have been defined for data of extraction recoveries. The proposed protocol has been used for the validation of the screening and confirmation qualitative methods included in the scope of the accreditation of an antidoping control laboratory according to ISO quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jiménez
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
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56
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Thieme D, Grosse J, Lang R, Mueller RK, Wahl A. Screening, confirmation and quantification of diuretics in urine for doping control analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 757:49-57. [PMID: 11419748 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, selective, robust and fast method to identify 32 diuretics and masking agents in urine is described. The analytical procedure is reduced to a single XAD extraction step for sample preparation, followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography in combination with atmospheric pressure ionisation/tandem mass spectrometry. This technique is, after minor modifications, suitable for screening analyses and confirmation of identity as well as quantitation of diuretics. Considerations relating to the stability and metabolism of the compounds are given if relevant for routine screening analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa (near Dresden), Germany.
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57
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Sanz-Nebot V, Toro I, Bergés R, Ventura R, Segura J, Barbosa J. Determination and characterization of diuretics in human urine by liquid chromatography coupled to pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:652-657. [PMID: 11433538 DOI: 10.1002/jms.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a method for the characterization and determination of diuretics in human urine samples by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization (ES) mass spectrometry (MS). The diuretics studied were substances forbidden by the IOC such as trichlormethiazide, furosemide, canrenoic acid, benzthiazide, bendroflumethiazide, bumetanide, etacrynic acid and spironolactone. For this purpose, the operational parameters of electrospray, such as counter electrode voltage, capillary voltage, sample cone voltage and source temperature, were optimized in order to obtain the best signal stability and the highest sensitivity for the greatest number of diuretic agents. The optimized separation method was successfully coupled with the MS system to analyze the above-mentioned diuretics extracted from spiked urine samples by a liquid extraction and clean-up procedure at basic pH, using ethyl acetate as solvent and the salting-out effect (NaCl). The mass spectra obtained provide adequate information for identification purposes. Positive urine samples obtained from athletes were also analyzed. The presence of these substances in human urine was confirmed by this method, making LC/ES-MS an analytical tool to be considered in the area of antidoping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sanz-Nebot
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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58
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Carda-Broch S, Torres-Lapasió JR, Esteve-Romero JS, García-Alvarez-Coque MC. Use of a three-factor interpretive optimisation strategy in the development of an isocratic chromatographic procedure for the screening of diuretics in urine samples using micellar mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2000; 893:321-37. [PMID: 11073301 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Screening of diuretics in urine is feasible through direct injection of the samples into the chromatographic system and isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with micellar-organic mobile phases of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 1-propanol. The surfactant coverage of the chromatographic column makes the addition of organic competing amines less necessary than in conventional aqueous-organic RPLC to achieve well-shaped peaks. Also, the range of elution strengths of micellar mobile phases required to elute mixtures of hydrophobic and hydrophilic diuretics is smaller. This allows the isocratic separation of the diuretics within adequate analysis times. An interpretive methodology is applied to optimise the resolution of a mixture of 15 diuretics of diverse polarity and acid-base behaviour (althiazide, amiloride, bendroflumethiazide, benzthiazide, bumetanide, canrenoic acid, chlorthalidone, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, piretanide, probenecid, torasemide, triamterene, trichloromethiazide and xipamide), using pH and concentrations of surfactant and organic modifier in the mobile phase as separation factors. Twelve diuretics were resolved in 25 min using 0.055 M SDS-6.0% 1-propanol at pH 3.0. The mixture of 15 diuretics was also resolved with two mobile phases showing complementary behaviour: 0.05 M SDS-5.6% 1-propanol at pH 5.4 and 0.11 M SDS-5.4% 1-propanol at pH 4.2. The results were applied to the analysis of urine samples with limits of detection similar to those usually reported for aqueous-organic RPLC, taking into account that the samples were injected without any previous treatment to separate or preconcentrate the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carda-Broch
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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59
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Chapter 15 Doping substances in human and animal sport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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60
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Maurer HH. Systematic toxicological analysis procedures for acidic drugs and/or metabolites relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology and/or doping control. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 733:3-25. [PMID: 10572972 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedures for acidic drugs and/or metabolites relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology or doping control using gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Papers from 1992 to 1998 have been taken into consideration. Screening procedures in biosamples (whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, vitreous humor, brain, liver or hair) of humans or animals (horse, or rat) are included for the following drug classes: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II (AT-II) blockers, anticoagulants of the 4-hydroxy coumarin type, barbiturates, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (calcium antagonists), diuretics, hypoglycemic sulfonylureas and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods for confirmation of preliminary results obtained by screening procedures using immunoassay or chromatographic techniques are also included. Furthermore, procedures for the simultaneous detection of several drug classes are reviewed. The toxicological question to be answered and the consequences for the choice of an adequate method, the sample preparation and the chromatography itself are discussed. The basic information about the biosample assayed, work-up, separation column, mobile phase or separation buffer, detection mode and validation data of each procedure is summarized in 16 tables. They are arranged according to the drug class and the analytical method. Examples of typical applications are presented. Finally, STA procedures are reviewed and described allowing simultaneous screening for different (acidic) drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Maurer
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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61
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Müller RK, Grosse J, Thieme D, Lang R, Teske J, Trauer H. Introduction to the application of capillary gas chromatography of performance-enhancing drugs in doping control. J Chromatogr A 1999; 843:275-85. [PMID: 10399856 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Performance-enhancing drugs banned by antidoping rules are detected in doping control preferably by hyphenated chromatographic techniques, capillary gas chromatography in particular. Based on the prohibited classes of substances and on the general aspects of sample collection and preparation, a survey is given about the usual procedures of screening, identification and confirmation of the most important doping agents: stimulants, narcotics, anabolics, diuretics, beta-blockers. In addition to gas chromatography itself, the application of various MS techniques doping is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Müller
- Institute of Doping Analysis, Kreischa, Germany
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62
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Martı́n M, Hernández O, Jiménez A, Arias J, Jiménez F. Partial least-squares method in analysis by differential pulse polarography. Simultaneous determination of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical preparations. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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63
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Berthod A, Carda-Broch S, Garcia-Alvarez-Coque MC. Hydrophobicity of Ionizable Compounds. A Theoretical Study and Measurements of Diuretic Octanol−Water Partition Coefficients by Countercurrent Chromatography. Anal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9810563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Berthod
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5619 CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samuel Carda-Broch
- Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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64
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Carda-Broch S, Esteve-Romero J, Garcı́a-Alvarez-Coque M. Chromatographic determination of diuretics in urine samples using hybrid micellar mobile phases with fluorimetric detection. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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65
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Segura J, Ventura R, Jurado C. Derivatization procedures for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of xenobiotics in biological samples, with special attention to drugs of abuse and doping agents. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:61-90. [PMID: 9700553 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of low cost MS detectors in recent years has promoted an important increase in the applicability of GC-MS system to analyze for the presence of foreign substances in the human body. Drugs and toxic agents are in vivo metabolized in such a way that more polar compounds are usually formed. Derivatization of these metabolites is often an unavoidable requirement for gas chromatographic analysis. Application of derivatization methods in recent years has been relevant, especially for silylation, acylation, alkylation and the formation of cyclic or diastereomeric derivatives. Given the relevance of drug of abuse testing in modern toxicology, main derivatization procedures for opiates, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, benzodiazepines and LSD have been reviewed. Papers describing the analyses of drugs of abuse in matrixes other than blood, such as hair or sweat, have received special attention. Advances in derivatization for sports drug testing have been particularly relevant for anabolic steroids, diuretics and corticosteroids. Among the several methodologies applied, the formation of trimethylsilyl, perfluoroacyl or methylated derivatives have proved to be both versatile and extensively used. Further advances in derivatization for GC-MS applications in clinical and forensic toxicology will depend on the one hand on the degree of further use of GC-MS for routine applications and, on the other hand, on the alternative progress made for developments in LC-MS or CE-MS. Last but not least, the appearance of comprehensive libraries in which reference spectra for different derivatives of many drugs and their metabolites are collected will have an important impact on the expansion of derivatization in GC-MS for toxicological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Segura
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica IMIM, Drug Research Unit, Barcelona, Spain
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66
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Hsieh MM, Chang HT. Dynamic control for ultra-fast separations of organic acids in capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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