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Abstract
When formulated as liquid dosage forms, therapeutic proteins and peptides often show instability during handling as a result of chemical degradation. Solid formulations are frequently required to maintain protein stability during storage, transport and upon administration. Herein we highlight current strategies used to formulate pharmaceutical proteins in the solid form. An overview of the physical instabilities which can arise with proteins is first described. The key solidification techniques of crystallization, freeze-drying and particle forming technologies are then discussed. Examples of current commercial products that are formulated in the solid state are provided and include neutral protamine Hagedorn – insulin crystal suspensions, freeze-dried monoclonal antibodies and leuproride polylactide-co-glycolide microparticles. Finally, future perspectives in solid-state protein formulation are described.
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Spray-dried didanosine-loaded polymeric particles for enhanced oral bioavailability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:515-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Walters RH, Bhatnagar B, Tchessalov S, Izutsu KI, Tsumoto K, Ohtake S. Next Generation Drying Technologies for Pharmaceutical Applications. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2673-2695. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Yasmin R, Tan A, Bremmell KE, Prestidge CA. Lyophilized Silica Lipid Hybrid (SLH) Carriers for Poorly Water‐Soluble Drugs: Physicochemical and In Vitro Pharmaceutical Investigations. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2950-2959. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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55
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Healy AM, Amaro MI, Paluch KJ, Tajber L. Dry powders for oral inhalation free of lactose carrier particles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 75:32-52. [PMID: 24735676 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dry powder inhaler (DPI) products have traditionally comprised a simple formulation of micronised drug mixed with a carrier excipient, typically lactose monohydrate. The presence of the carrier is aimed at overcoming issues of poor flowability and dispersibility, associated with the cohesive nature of small, micronised active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particles. Both the powder blend and the DPI device must be carefully designed so as to ensure detachment of the micronised drug from the carrier excipient on inhalation. Over the last two decades there has been a significant body of research undertaken on the design of carrier-free formulations for DPI products. Many of these formulations are based on sophisticated particle engineering techniques; a common aim in formulation design of carrier-free products being to reduce the intrinsic cohesion of the particles, while maximising dispersion and delivery from the inhaler. In tandem with the development of alternative formulations has been the development of devices designed to ensure the efficient delivery and dispersion of carrier-free powder on inhalation. In this review we examine approaches to both the powder formulation and inhaler design for carrier-free DPI products.
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Daman Z, Gilani K, Rouholamini Najafabadi A, Eftekhari HR, Barghi MA. Formulation of inhalable lipid-based salbutamol sulfate microparticles by spray drying technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:50. [PMID: 24919924 PMCID: PMC4077687 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-22-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this work was to develop dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations of salbutamol sulfate (SS) by the aid of solid lipid microparticles (SLmPs), composed of biocompatible phospholipids or cholesterol. Methods The SLmPs were prepared by using two different solvent systems (ethanol and water-ethanol) and lipid carriers (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and cholesterol) with/without L-leucine in the spray drying process. The spray-dried microparticles were physically-mixed with coarse lactose monohydrate in order to make our final DPI formulations and were investigated in terms of physical characteristics as well as in vitro drug release profile and aerosolization behavior. Results We observed significant differences in the sizes, morphologies, and in vitro pulmonary depositions between the formulations. In particular, the SS-containing SLmPs prepared with water-ethanol (30:70 v/v) solution of DPPC and L-leucine which had then been blended with coarse lactose (1:9 w/w) exhibited the highest emitted dose (87.9%) and fine particle fraction (42.7%) among the formulations. In vitro drug release study indicated that despite of having a significant initial burst release for both cholesterol and DPPC-based microparticles, the remained drug released more slowly than the pure drug. Conclusion This study demonstrated the potential of using lipid carriers as well as L-leucine in DPI formulations of SS to improve its aerosolization behavior and retard the release profile of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kambiz Gilani
- Aerosol Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Razavi Rohani SS, Abnous K, Tafaghodi M. Preparation and characterization of spray-dried powders intended for pulmonary delivery of Insulin with regard to the selection of excipients. Int J Pharm 2014; 465:464-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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59
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Yang Y, Yang Z, Ren Y, Mei X. Effects of formulation and operating variables on Zanamivir dry powder inhalation characteristics and aerosolization performance. Drug Deliv 2014; 21:480-6. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.883113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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60
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Tawfeek HM. Evaluation of PEG and mPEG-co-(PGA-co-PDL) microparticles loaded with sodium diclofenac. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 21:387-97. [PMID: 24227959 PMCID: PMC3824949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize and evaluate novel biodegradable polyesters namely; poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(glycerol adipate-co-ω-pentadecalactone), PEG-PGA-co-PDL-PEG, and poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether)-Poly(glycerol adipate-co-ω-pentadecalactone), PGA-co-PDL-PEGme as an alternative sustained release carrier for lung delivery compared with non-PEG containing polymer PGA-co-PDL. The co-polymers were synthesized through lipase catalysis ring opening polymerization reaction and characterized using GPC, FT-IR, (1)H-NMR and surface contact angle. Furthermore, microparticles containing a model hydrophilic drug, sodium diclofenac, were prepared via spray drying from a modified single emulsion and characterized for their encapsulation efficiency, geometrical particle size, zeta potential, tapped density, primary aerodynamic diameter, amorphous nature, morphology, in vitro release and the aerosolization performance. Microparticles fabricated from mPEG-co-polymer can be targeted to the lung periphery with an optimum in vitro deposition. Furthermore, a significantly higher in vitro release (p > 0.05, ANOVA/Dunnett's) was observed with the PEG and mPEG-co-polymers compared to PGA-co-PDL. In addition, these co-polymers have a good safety profile upon testing on human bronchial epithelial, 16HBE14o- cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham M. Tawfeek
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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61
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Saß A, Lee G. Evaluation of some water-miscible organic solvents for spray-drying enzymes and carbohydrates. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:749-57. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.782554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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62
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Ramezani V, Vatanara A, Rouholamini Najafabadi A, Gilani K, Nabi-Meybodi M. Screening and evaluation of variables in the formation of antibody particles by spray drying. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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63
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Maltesen MJ, van de Weert M, Grohganz H. Design of experiments-based monitoring of critical quality attributes for the spray-drying process of insulin by NIR spectroscopy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:747-55. [PMID: 22585372 PMCID: PMC3429688 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Moisture content and aerodynamic particle size are critical quality attributes for spray-dried protein formulations. In this study, spray-dried insulin powders intended for pulmonary delivery were produced applying design of experiments methodology. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in combination with preprocessing and multivariate analysis in the form of partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS) were used to correlate the spectral data with moisture content and aerodynamic particle size measured by a time of flight principle. PLS models predicting the moisture content were based on the chemical information of the water molecules in the NIR spectrum. Models yielded prediction errors (RMSEP) between 0.39% and 0.48% with thermal gravimetric analysis used as reference method. The PLS models predicting the aerodynamic particle size were based on baseline offset in the NIR spectra and yielded prediction errors between 0.27 and 0.48 μm. The morphology of the spray-dried particles had a significant impact on the predictive ability of the models. Good predictive models could be obtained for spherical particles with a calibration error (RMSECV) of 0.22 μm, whereas wrinkled particles resulted in much less robust models with a Q (2) of 0.69. Based on the results in this study, NIR is a suitable tool for process analysis of the spray-drying process and for control of moisture content and particle size, in particular for smooth and spherical particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Jonas Maltesen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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64
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Oakes AJ, White BL, Lamb M, Sobolev V, Sanders TH, Davis JP. Process development for spray drying a value-added extract from aflatoxin-contaminated peanut meal. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Oakes
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences; North Carolina State University; Raleigh; 236 Schaub Hall; NC 27695; USA
| | - Brittany L. White
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Market Quality & Handling Research; North Carolina State University, 236 Schaub Hall; Raleigh; NC 27695; USA
| | - Marshall Lamb
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; National Peanut Research Laboratory; 1011 Forrester Drive, SE, P.O. Box 509; Dawson; GA 39842; USA
| | - Victor Sobolev
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; National Peanut Research Laboratory; 1011 Forrester Drive, SE, P.O. Box 509; Dawson; GA 39842; USA
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65
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Polysaccharides-based spray-dried microspheres for maintained stability and controlled release of protein. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-012-0013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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66
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Kou X, Chan LW, Steckel H, Heng PW. Physico-chemical aspects of lactose for inhalation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:220-32. [PMID: 22123598 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A dry powder inhaler (DPI) is a dosage form that consists of a powder formulation in a device which is designed to deliver an active ingredient to the respiratory tract. It has been extensively investigated over the past years and several aspects relating to device and particulate delivery mechanisms have been the focal points for debate. DPI formulations may or may not contain carrier particles but whenever a carrier is included in a commercial formulation, it is almost invariably lactose monohydrate. Many physicochemical properties of the lactose carrier particles have been reported to affect the efficiency of a DPI. A number of preparation methods have been developed which have been claimed to produce lactose carriers with characteristics which lead to improved deposition. Alongside these developments, a number of characterization methods have been developed which have been reported to be useful in the measurement of key properties of the particulate ingredients. This review describes the various physicochemical characteristics of lactose, methods of manufacturing lactose particulates and their characterization.
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67
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Anton N, Jakhmola A, Vandamme TF. Trojan microparticles for drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:1-25. [PMID: 24300177 PMCID: PMC3834908 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have regulated a wide range of products, (foods, cosmetics, drugs, devices, veterinary, and tobacco) which may utilize micro and nanotechnology or contain nanomaterials. Nanotechnology allows scientists to create, explore, and manipulate materials in nano-regime. Such materials have chemical, physical, and biological properties that are quite different from their bulk counterparts. For pharmaceutical applications and in order to improve their administration (oral, pulmonary and dermal), the nanocarriers can be spread into microparticles. These supramolecular associations can also modulate the kinetic releases of drugs entrapped in the nanoparticles. Different strategies to produce these hybrid particles and to optimize the release kinetics of encapsulated drugs are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Anton
- Laboratoire de Conception et d'Applications de Molécules Bioactives, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, CNRS 7199, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France.
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68
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Yang XB, Wang XB, Pan WS, Xi RG, Wang YN, Liu D, Shi Y, Jiang S. Optimization and characterization of dry powder of fanhuncaoin for inhalation based on selection of excipients. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:929-37. [PMID: 21804235 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, dry powder formulations for inhalation of fanhuncaoin, a newly discovered antiinflammatorily active compound isolated from Chinese herb, were designed to optimize the composition and further explore the relationship between the composition, the physical properties and the aerosolization performance. Dry powders were prepared by spray-drying using leucine, chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharide and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as excipients. Following spray-drying, resultant powders were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, tapped density analysis, laser diffractometry, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The aerosol behaviour of the powders was studied in a Twin Stage Impinger at an airflow rate of 60 l/min using a HandiHaler® inhaler device. Results revealed that the nature and the relative proportion of the excipients greatly influenced the physical characteristics of the powders and their aerodynamic behavior. Among the combinations tested, the composition ratio of fanhuncaoin/leucine/chitosan/chitosan oligosaccharide/DPPC of 10/45/33.75/11.25/0.4 (w/w/w/w/w) prepared in a total solid mass of 1% (w/v) formulation was found to be particularly optimal and exhibited a tapped density of 0.44 g/cm³, an aerodynamic diameter of 2.24 µm and an respirable fraction of 51.29%. In conclusion, optimization of the aerosolization properties of inhalation dry powders could be achieved by appropriately selecting the composition of the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-bo Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, China
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69
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Optimisation of spray drying process conditions for sugar nanoporous microparticles (NPMPs) intended for inhalation. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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70
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Kramek-Romanowska K, Odziomek M, Sosnowski TR, Gradoń L. Effects of Process Variables on the Properties of Spray-Dried Mannitol and Mannitol/Disodium Cromoglycate Powders Suitable for Drug Delivery by Inhalation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2006998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kramek-Romanowska
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Odziomek
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz R. Sosnowski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leon Gradoń
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
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71
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Sahoo NG, Kakran M, Abbas A, Judeh Z, Li L. Preparation, characterization and dissolution behavior of artemisinin microparticles. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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72
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Poly(Glycerol Adipate-co-ω-Pentadecalactone) Spray-Dried Microparticles as Sustained Release Carriers for Pulmonary Delivery. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2086-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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73
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New insights into respirable protein powder preparation using a nano spray dryer. Int J Pharm 2011; 408:248-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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74
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Gallo L, Llabot JM, Allemandi D, Bucalá V, Piña J. Influence of spray-drying operating conditions on Rhamnus purshiana (Cáscara sagrada) extract powder physical properties. POWDER TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bowey K, Neufeld RJ. Systemic and mucosal delivery of drugs within polymeric microparticles produced by spray drying. BioDrugs 2011; 24:359-77. [PMID: 21043544 DOI: 10.2165/11539070-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of therapeutic and diagnostic materials into polymeric particles is a means to protect and control or target the release of active substances such as drugs, vaccines, and genetic material. In terms of mucosal delivery, polymeric encapsulation can be used to promote absorption of the active substance, while particles can improve the half-life of drugs administered systemically. Spray drying is an attractive technology used to produce such microparticles, because it combines both the encapsulation and drying steps in a rapid, single-step operation. Even so, spray drying is not classically associated with processes used for drug and therapeutic material encapsulation, since elevated temperatures could potentially denature the active substance. However, a comprehensive review of the literature revealed a number of studies demonstrating that spray drying can be used to produce microparticulate formulations with labile therapeutics. Polymers commonly employed include synthetics such as methacrylic copolymers and polyesters, and natural materials including chitosan and alginate. Drugs and active substances are diverse and included antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and chemotherapeutics. Regarding the delivery of spray-dried particles, the pulmonary, oral, colonic, and nasal mucosal routes are often investigated because they offer a convenient means of administration, which promotes physician and patient compliance. In addition, spray drying has been widely used to produce polymeric microparticles for systemic delivery in order to control the delivery of drugs, vaccines, or genetic material that may exhibit poor pharmacokinetic profiles or pose toxicity concerns. This review presents a brief introduction to the technology of spray drying and outlines the delivery routes and the applications of spray-dried polymeric microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Bowey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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76
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Zhang T, Youan BBC. Analysis of process parameters affecting spray-dried oily core nanocapsules using factorial design. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1422-31. [PMID: 20839078 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to optimize the process parameters required for the production of spray-dried oily core nanocapsules (NCs) with targeted size and drug yield using a two-level four-factor fractional factorial experimental design (FFED). The coded process parameters chosen were inlet temperature (X(1)), feed flow rate (X(2)), atomizing air flow (X(3)), and aspiration rate (X(4)). The produced NCs were characterized for size, yield, morphology, and powder flowability by dynamic light scattering, electron microscope, Carr's index, and Hausner ratio measurement, respectively. The mean size of produced NCs ranged from 129.5 to 444.8 nm, with yield varying from 14.1% to 31.1%. The statistical analysis indicated an adequate model fit in predicting the effect of process parameters affecting yield. Predicted condition for maximum yield was: inlet temperature 140°C, atomizing air flow 600 L/h, feed flow rate 0.18 L/h, and aspiration air flow set at 100%, which led to a yield of 30.8%. The morphological analysis showed the existence of oily core and spherical nanostructure. The results from powder flowability analysis indicated average Carr's index and Hausner ratio of 42.77% and 1.76, respectively. Spray-dried oily core NCs with size lower than 200 nm were successfully produced, and the FFED proved to be an effective approach in predicting the production of spray-dried NCs of targeted yield.
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Depreter F, Amighi K. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of highly dispersive insulin dry powder formulations for lung administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 76:454-63. [PMID: 20797437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop highly dispersible and dry formulations of insulin for use in dry powder inhalers (DPIs) using high-pressure homogenisation (HPH) and spray-drying. Several formulations were evaluated, including formulations spray-dried without excipients and formulations coated with lipids. A physiological lipid composition based on a mixture of cholesterol and phospholipids was used to form the coating film around micronised drug particles. The production technique and excipients were chosen in order to limit the degradation of the active ingredient. The resulting powders exhibited a size and shape suitable for the deep lung deposition of drugs, and good aerodynamic features were obtained for the different formulations tested, with fine particle fractions between 46% and 63% vs. 11% for raw insulin powder. The presence of a lipid coating of up to 30% (w/w) did not significantly affect the aerodynamic behaviour, and the coated formulations also exhibited a decreased residual moisture content of between 2.3% and 3.7% vs. 4.8% for raw insulin, which should improve the long-term stability of the protein formulations. No degradation of the insulin molecule occurred during the HPH/spray-drying process, as it was shown using an HPLC method (insulin content between 98.4% and 100.5%), and the content in high molecular weight proteins, assessed using a gel filtration method, stayed below 0.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Depreter
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Peltonen L, Valo H, Kolakovic R, Laaksonen T, Hirvonen J. Electrospraying, spray drying and related techniques for production and formulation of drug nanoparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:705-19. [PMID: 20345326 DOI: 10.1517/17425241003716802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Spray drying and electrospraying are two widely used liquid atomization-based techniques for production and formulation of drug nanoparticles. The importance of spray drying in particular has increased lately in the production of nanostructured microparticles. The value of the particles is that they maintain the properties of individual nanoparticles but they are micrometer sized. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW In this review the most important liquid atomization techniques, spray drying and electrospraying, are presented in detail, and a short introduction is presented for other methods, including the aerosol flow reactor method and spray congealing. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A description of the possible tailoring processes depending on the technique and process parameters. Different product properties can be achieved; for example, nanosuspensions or dry powder formulations may be produced. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The most important advantage of these techniques as compared with many other particle formation techniques is that the production of dried powders is possible without any extra drying step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Peltonen
- University of Helsinki, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki Finland.
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79
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Genina N, Räikkönen H, Heinämäki J, Veski P, Yliruusi J. Nano-coating of beta-galactosidase onto the surface of lactose by using an ultrasound-assisted technique. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:959-65. [PMID: 20512434 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We nano-coated powdered lactose particles with the enzyme beta-galactosidase using an ultrasound-assisted technique. Atomization of the enzyme solution did not change its activity. The amount of surface-attached beta-galactosidase was measured through its enzymatic reaction product D-galactose using a standardized method. A near-linear increase was obtained in the thickness of the enzyme coat as the treatment proceeded. Interestingly, lactose, which is a substrate for beta-galactosidase, did not undergo enzymatic degradation during processing and remained unchanged for at least 1 month. Stability of protein-coated lactose was due to the absence of water within the powder, as it was dry after the treatment procedure. In conclusion, we were able to attach the polypeptide to the core particles and determine precisely the coating efficiency of the surface-treated powder using a simple approach.
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80
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Cheow WS, Li S, Hadinoto K. Spray drying formulation of hollow spherical aggregates of silica nanoparticles by experimental design. Chem Eng Res Des 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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81
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Io T, Fukami T, Yamamoto K, Suzuki T, Xu J, Tomono K, Ramamoorthy A. Homogeneous nanoparticles to enhance the efficiency of a hydrophobic drug, antihyperlipidemic probucol, characterized by solid-state NMR. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:299-305. [PMID: 19938876 DOI: 10.1021/mp900254y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A low absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of hydrophobic pharmaceutical compounds in use today considerably limits their bioavailability, and therefore they are taken in large doses in order to reach the therapeutic plasma concentration, which inevitably results in undesired side effects. In this study, we demonstrate a new nanoparticle approach to overcome this problem, and our experimental results show that this approach has a high efficiency of drug loading and is easily adaptable to industrial scale. Characterization of nanoparticles containing a cholesterol-lowering hydrophobic drug, probucol, using a variety of biophysical techniques revealed higher homogeneity of these particles compared to those prepared using other approaches. Intermolecular interactions of these nanoparticles are probed at high resolution by magic angle spinning solid-state NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Io
- College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
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82
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Nimje N, Agarwal A, Saraogi GK, Lariya N, Rai G, Agrawal H, Agrawal GP. Mannosylated nanoparticulate carriers of rifabutin for alveolar targeting. J Drug Target 2010; 17:777-87. [PMID: 19938949 DOI: 10.3109/10611860903115308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prospective of engineered nanoparticles for selective delivery of an antituberculosis drug, rifabutin, to alveolar tissues. Drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were synthesized and efficiently mannosylated. The formation of uncoated and coated SLNs was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM studies. A variety of physicochemical parameters such as drug loading, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release were determined. The toxicity and targeting potential of the prepared formulation were assessed with alveolar macrophage uptake, hematological studies, and in vivo studies of uncoated and coated SLNs. Ex vivo cellular uptake studies of SLNs formulations in alveolar macrophages depicted almost six times enhanced uptake due to mannose coating. The hematological studies proved mannose-conjugated system to be less immunogenic and suitable for sustained delivery as evaluated against uncoated formulation. Further, the serum level and organ distribution studies demonstrated efficiency of the system for prolonged circulation and spatial delivery of rifabutin to alveolar tissues. Finally, it was concluded that mannose-conjugated SLNs can be exploited for effective and targeted delivery of rifabutin compared to its uncoated formulation and ultimately increasing the therapeutic margin of safety while reducing the side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Nimje
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar, India
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83
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Lane ME, Brennan FS, Corrigan OI. Comparison of post-emulsification freeze drying or spray drying processes for the microencapsulation of plasmid DNA. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:831-8. [PMID: 15969941 DOI: 10.1211/0022357056406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, methods used to microencapsulate plasmid DNA in a biodegradable polymer were compared for their effects on the physicochemical characteristics of DNA-loaded microparticles and on the release and integrity of encapsulated DNA. Microparticles were formulated by either w/o/w emulsification and freeze-drying (EFD) or by w/o/w emulsification and spray-drying (ESD). The influence of both manufacturing processes on particle morphology, charge, release characteristics and biological activity of encapsulated DNA was evaluated. Particles produced by emulsification/spray-drying exhibited more diversity in shape and size than those produced by emulsification/freeze-drying. These particles also exhibited higher plasmid DNA encapsulation efficiency than particles produced by emulsification/freeze-drying. The fractional DNA release rates were similar over the first 25 days for both formulations, release rate declining more rapidly at later times for the ESD product. Mammalian cell transfection assays confirmed the biological activity of encapsulated DNA extracted from both types of particles, with significantly higher transfection levels being observed for ESD particles. Application of a double emulsion (w/o/w) before spray drying resulted in higher encapsulation levels (> 90%) relative to previous literature values, which used single (w/o) emulsions before spray drying. The emulsification/spray-drying technique described here appears to be a rapid and efficient method for the preparation of PLGA microparticles loaded with plasmid DNA.
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84
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Abstract
The lung is an attractive target for drug delivery due to noninvasive administration via inhalation aerosols, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, direct delivery to the site of action for the treatment of respiratory diseases, and the availability of a huge surface area for local drug action and systemic absorption of drug. Colloidal carriers (ie, nanocarrier systems) in pulmonary drug delivery offer many advantages such as the potential to achieve relatively uniform distribution of drug dose among the alveoli, achievement of improved solubility of the drug from its own aqueous solubility, a sustained drug release which consequently reduces dosing frequency, improves patient compliance, decreases incidence of side effects, and the potential of drug internalization by cells. This review focuses on the current status and explores the potential of colloidal carriers (ie, nanocarrier systems) in pulmonary drug delivery with special attention to their pharmaceutical aspects. Manufacturing processes, in vitro/in vivo evaluation methods, and regulatory/toxicity issues of nanomedicines in pulmonary delivery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Mansour
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Drug Development Division, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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85
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Hulse WL, Forbes RT, Bonner MC, Getrost M. Influence of protein on mannitol polymorphic form produced during co-spray drying. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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86
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Salama RO, Traini D, Chan HK, Sung A, Ammit AJ, Young PM. Preparation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Microparticles for Respiratory Protein Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2709-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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87
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Insulin-micro- and nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery. Int J Pharm 2009; 377:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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88
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Characterization of a new inhalable thymopentin formulation. Int J Pharm 2009; 375:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Revised: 01/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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89
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Nagda C, Chotai NP, Patel U, Patel S, Soni T, Patel P, Hingorani L. Preparation and characterization of spray-dried mucoadhesive microspheres of aceclofenac. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:1155-66. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040902810422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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90
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Saraf S. Process optimization for the production of nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:187-96. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240902735806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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91
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Tajber L, Corrigan D, Corrigan O, Healy A. Spray drying of budesonide, formoterol fumarate and their composites—I. Physicochemical characterisation. Int J Pharm 2009; 367:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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92
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Tajber L, Corrigan O, Healy A. Spray drying of budesonide, formoterol fumarate and their composites—II. Statistical factorial design and in vitro deposition properties. Int J Pharm 2009; 367:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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93
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Kraft KS, Grant M. Preparation of macromolecule-containing dry powders for pulmonary delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 480:165-74. [PMID: 19085124 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-429-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery by inhalation is routine for the treatment of local pulmonary conditions like asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Only recently, though, has the inhalation route been considered for administering drugs for systemic diseases. The pulmonary route is attractive for several reasons. It is non-invasive, it avoids first-pass metabolism, and it allows drug absorption from a large, highly vascularized surface area. However, consistent delivery to the deep lung requires drug particles within a very narrow size range. Several particle engineering approaches have been used to produce dry powders that will reach the alveolar space. Some of these methods, such as spray drying from solution, the formation of drug-containing liposomes, and the controlled crystallization of particles, are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Kraft
- MannKind Corporation, 1 Casper Street, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
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94
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Yamashita C. Development of Otsuka dry powder inhalation system using technology of freeze-drying. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2745/dds.24.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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95
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Sahoo NG, Abbas A, Judeh Z, Li CM, Yuen KH. Solubility Enhancement of a Poorly Water-Soluble Anti-Malarial Drug: Experimental Design and Use of a Modified Multifluid Nozzle Pilot Spray Drier. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:281-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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96
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Maltesen MJ, Bjerregaard S, Hovgaard L, Havelund S, van de Weert M. Quality by design – Spray drying of insulin intended for inhalation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:828-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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97
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Formulation, characteristics and aerosolization performance of azithromycin DPI prepared by spray-drying. POWDER TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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98
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Learoyd TP, Burrows JL, French E, Seville PC. Modified release of beclometasone dipropionate from chitosan-based spray-dried respirable powders. POWDER TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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99
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Kusonwiriyawong C, Pichayakorn W, Lipipun V, Ritthidej GC. Retained integrity of protein encapsulated in spray-dried chitosan microparticles. J Microencapsul 2008; 26:111-21. [DOI: 10.1080/02652040802190937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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100
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Mollmann SH, Bukrinsky JT, Elofsson U, Elversson J, Frokjaer S, Thalberg K, Millqvist-Fureby A. The Stability of Insulin in Solid Formulations Containing Melezitose and Starch. Effects of Processing and Excipients. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:765-78. [PMID: 16885131 DOI: 10.1080/03639040600712458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Solid insulin formulations obtained by different methods of preparation were compared with respect to chemical stability and morphology. Spray- and freeze-drying, solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) and precipitation into starch microspheres were the methods used for preparation of solid powders. The excipients applied were melezitose, starch, and sodium taurocholate. The stability of the samples was evaluated after storage in open containers at 25 degrees C and 30% RH for 6 months. All samples were amorphous after processing and storage as detected by XRD, except for the starch microspheres which were semi-crystalline. The spray- and freeze-dried samples containing melezitose and sodium taurocholate experienced a significant water uptake during storage, resulting in changes in morphology and disappearance of Tg. However, the chemical stability of these samples did not seem to be affected by the water uptake. Changes in morphology were not observed for the SEDS powders and the starch microspheres. The chemical stability of the samples was assessed by HPLC. In general, conventional spray- and freeze drying resulted in samples with higher chemical stability compared to SEDS powders and starch microspheres. Nevertheless, the excipients applied were observed to be of major importance, and further optimization of the formulation as well as processing conditions may lead to slightly different conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Mollmann
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
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