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Barsotti G, Pasquini A, Busillo L, Senese M, Cardini G, Guidi G. Corneal crystalline stromal dystrophy and lipidic metabolism in the dog. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32 Suppl 1:S227-9. [PMID: 18685968 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Barsotti
- Departement of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Zech LA, Hoeg JM. Correlating corneal arcus with atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. Lipids Health Dis 2008; 7:7. [PMID: 18331643 PMCID: PMC2279133 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A relationship between corneal arcus and atherosclerosis has long been suspected but is controversial. The homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients in this study present a unique opportunity to assess this issue. They have both advanced atherosclerosis and corneal arcus. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of 17 patients homozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia presenting to the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health. Plasma lipoproteins, circumferential extent of arcus, thoracic aorta and coronary calcific atherosclerosis score, and Achilles tendon width were measured at the National Institutes of Health. RESULTS Patients with corneal arcus had higher scores for calcific atherosclerosis (mean 2865 compared to 412), cholesterol-year score (mean 11830 mg-yr/dl compared to 5707 mg-yr/dl), and Achilles tendon width (mean 2.54 cm compared to 1.41 cm) than those without. Corneal arcus and Achilles tendon width were strongly correlated and predictive of each other. Although corneal arcus was correlated with calcific atherosclerosis (r = 0.67; p = 0.004), it was not as highly correlated as was the Achilles tendon width (r = 0.855; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Corneal arcus reflects widespread tissue lipid deposition and is correlated with both calcific atherosclerosis and xanthomatosis in these patients. Patients with more severe arcus tend to have more severe calcific atherosclerosis. Corneal arcus is not as good an indicator of calcific atherosclerosis as Achilles tendon thickness, but its presence suggests increased atherosclerosis in these hypercholesterolemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren A Zech
- Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 7N115, 10 Center Drive MSC 1666, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 190 Medical Sciences Building, 506 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jeffery M Hoeg
- Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 7N115, 10 Center Drive MSC 1666, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Weiss JS, Kruth HS, Kuivaniemi H, Tromp G, Karkera J, Mahurkar S, Lisch W, Dupps WJ, White PS, Winters RS, Kim C, Rapuano CJ, Sutphin J, Reidy J, Hu FR, Lu DW, Ebenezer N, Nickerson ML. Genetic analysis of 14 families with Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy reveals clues to UBIAD1 protein function. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:271-83. [PMID: 18176953 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy (SCCD) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive corneal opacification resulting from abnormal deposition of cholesterol and phospholipids. Recently, six different mutations on the UBIAD1 gene on chromosome 1p36 were found to result in SCCD. The purpose of this article is to further characterize the mutation spectrum of SCCD and identify structural and functional consequences for UBIAD1 protein activity. DNA sequencing was performed on samples from 36 individuals from 14 SCCD families. One affected individual was African American and SCCD has not been previously reported in this ethnic group. We identified UBIAD1 mutations in all 14 families which had 30 affected and 6 unaffected individuals. Eight different UBIAD1 mutations, 5 novel (L121F, D118G, and S171P in exon 1, G186R and D236E in exon 2) were identified. In four families with DNA samples from both affected and unaffected individuals, the D118G, G186R, T175I, and G177R mutations cosegregated with SCCD. In combination with our previous report, we have identified the genetic mutation in UBIAD1 in 20 unrelated families with 10 (including 5 reported here), having the N102S mutation. The results suggest that N102S may be a mutation hot spot because the affected families were unrelated including Caucasian and Asian individuals. There was no genotype phenotype correlation except for the T175I mutation which demonstrated prominent diffuse corneal haze, typically without corneal crystals. Protein analysis revealed structural and functional implications of SCCD mutations which may affect UBIAD1 function, ligand binding and interaction with binding partners, like apo E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne S Weiss
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Weiss JS, Kruth HS, Kuivaniemi H, Tromp G, Karkera J, Mahurkar S, Lisch W, Dupps WJ, White PS, Winters RS, Kim C, Rapuano CJ, Sutphin J, Reidy J, Hu FR, Lu DW, Ebenezer N, Nickerson ML. Genetic analysis of 14 families with Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy reveals clues to UBIAD1 protein function. Am J Med Genet A 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophages that contain abundant intracytoplasmic lipid are called 'foam cells'. In four canine globes submitted to the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW), foam cells formed a solid intraocular mass. The purpose of this study was to describe the histopathologic findings in these cases. PROCEDURE The electronic COPLOW database (1993-2006) was searched for the diagnosis of 'foam cell tumor'. Clinical history, gross pathology and histopathology (5-micron sections, hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue periodic acid Schiff) were reviewed in all cases. Cases were included if the globe was grossly filled by a solid mass and if all intraocular structures were effaced by lipid-laden foam cell macrophages admixed with birefringent, Alcian blue-positive crystals oriented in stellate patterns. RESULTS All three patients (four globes) satisfying the selection criteria were Miniature Schnauzers. In all cases the clinical history included diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and chronic bilateral uveitis that was interpreted to be lens-induced. All globes were enucleated because of glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS The term solid intraocular xanthogranuloma was used to describe these cases because the intraocular contents were effaced by a solid mass of foam cells and birefringent crystals. The cases in this report suggest that diabetic Miniature Schnauzers with hyperlipidemia are at risk for lipid and macrophage-rich uveitis, which may in some cases form a solid inflammatory intraocular mass, precipitate glaucoma, and lead to enucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi K Zarfoss
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Orr A, Dubé MP, Marcadier J, Jiang H, Federico A, George S, Seamone C, Andrews D, Dubord P, Holland S, Provost S, Mongrain V, Evans S, Higgins B, Bowman S, Guernsey D, Samuels M. Mutations in the UBIAD1 gene, encoding a potential prenyltransferase, are causal for Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy. PLoS One 2007; 2:e685. [PMID: 17668063 PMCID: PMC1925147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy (SCCD, MIM 121800) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive opacification of the cornea resulting from the local accumulation of lipids, and associated in some cases with systemic dyslipidemia. Although previous studies of the genetics of SCCD have localized the defective gene to a 1.58 Mbp interval on chromosome 1p, exhaustive sequencing of positional candidate genes has thus far failed to reveal causal mutations. We have ascertained a large multigenerational family in Nova Scotia affected with SCCD in which we have confirmed linkage to the same general area of chromosome 1. Intensive fine mapping in our family revealed a 1.3 Mbp candidate interval overlapping that previously reported. Sequencing of genes in our interval led to the identification of five putative causal mutations in gene UBIAD1, in our family as well as in four other small families of various geographic origins. UBIAD1 encodes a potential prenyltransferase, and is reported to interact physically with apolipoprotein E. UBIAD1 may play a direct role in intracellular cholesterol biochemistry, or may prenylate other proteins regulating cholesterol transport and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Orr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien Marcadier
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Antonio Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e del Comportamento, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stanley George
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christopher Seamone
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David Andrews
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paul Dubord
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon Holland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sylvie Provost
- Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vanessa Mongrain
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Susan Evans
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Brent Higgins
- Genome Atlantic, National Research Council of Canada Institute of Marine Biology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sharen Bowman
- Genome Atlantic, National Research Council of Canada Institute of Marine Biology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Duane Guernsey
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mark Samuels
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Salazar JJ, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, Rojas B, Ruiz E, Tejerina T, Triviño A, Ramírez JM. Alterations in the choroid in hypercholesterolemic rabbits: reversibility after normalization of cholesterol levels. Exp Eye Res 2006; 84:412-22. [PMID: 17178413 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial damage in atherosclerosis is characterized by abnormal vascular functionality. Hyperlipidemic patients show alterations in ocular vascularization. However, it is not known whether these alterations are reversible after the lipid profile returns to normal. This study evaluates a rabbit model of hypercholesterolemia, examining the ultrastructural changes in the choroid, and the changes in it after a period of normal blood-cholesterol values induced by a standard diet. Rabbits were divided into three groups: G0, fed a standard diet; G1A, fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months; and G1B, fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months followed by a standard diet for a further 6 months. Eyes were processed for transmission electron microscopy. G1A had a buildup of lipids at the suprachoroidea that compressed the vascular layers, and hypertrophy of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. In G1B there was less lipid accumulation than in G1A, but this was not followed by reversal of the choroidal damage. The suprachoroidea thickness of G1B was still greater than in G0 due to abundant collagen fibers. The intervascular spaces of the choroid had fewer lipids than G1A but more collagen fibers than G0. The large- and medium-sized vessel layers and choriocapillaris were less compressed than in G1A but exhibited basal membrane and endothelial changes similar to those in G1A. Normalization of serum cholesterol levels is not enough to reverse cholesterol-induced vascular damage to the choroid. These choroidal changes could be compatible with a chronic ischemia that could produce retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Richter M, Grest P, Spiess B. Bilateral Lipid Keratopathy and Atherosclerosis in an Alpaca (Lama pacos) due to Hypercholesterolemia. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Hyperlipidemic ocular lesions are described for Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits. Male WHHL rabbits 8 months old exhibited serum hyperlipidemia and ophthalmoscopically yellowish-white lesions along the corneoscleral junction and in the iris. Histopathologically, foamy macrophages aggregated in the stroma of the cornea, iris, and ciliary body were observed. These findings have been interpreted as lipid keratopathy. In addition, multiple clusters of a large number of foamy macrophages occurred throughout the choroid and sclera in association with the blood vessels. The lesions in the choroid and sclera could not be detected ophthalmoscopy, yet were much more prominent than those in the cornea, iris, and ciliary body, suggesting greater involvement and earlier onset of lipidosis at these sites associated with hyperlipidemia in WHHL rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Kouchi
- Toxicology Group, Safety Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enokicho, Suita, Osaka, 564-0053, Japan.
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