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Utility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium for an In Vitro Model of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1186:33-53. [PMID: 31654385 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28471-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of stem cell technology, including the technology to induce pluripotency in somatic cells, and direct differentiation of stem cells into specific somatic cell types, has created an exciting new field of scientific research. Much of the work with pluripotent stem (PS) cells has been focused on the exploration and exploitation of their potential as cells/tissue replacement therapies for personalized medicine. However, PS and stem cell-derived somatic cells are also proving to be valuable tools to study disease pathology and tissue-specific responses to injury. High-throughput drug screening assays using tissue-specific injury models have the potential to identify specific and effective treatments that will promote wound healing. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS-RPE) are well characterized cells that exhibit the phenotype and functions of in vivo RPE. In addition to their role as a source of cells to replace damaged or diseased RPE, iPS-RPE provide a robust platform for in vitro drug screening to identify novel therapeutics to promote healing and repair of ocular tissues after injury. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is an abnormal wound healing process that occurs after retinal tears or detachments. In this chapter, the role of iPS-RPE in the development of an in vitro model of PVR is described. Comprehensive analyses of the iPS-RPE response to injury suggests that these cells provide a physiologically relevant tool to investigate the cellular mechanisms of the three phases of PVR pathology: migration, proliferation, and contraction. This in vitro model will provide valuable information regarding cellular wound healing responses specific to RPE and enable the identification of effective therapeutics.
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Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause for failure of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair and is characterized by the growth and contraction of cellular membranes within the vitreous cavity and on both sides of the retinal surface as well as intraretinal fibrosis. Currently, PVR is thought to be an abnormal wound healing response that is primarily driven by inflammatory, retinal, and RPE cells. At this time, surgery is the only management option for PVR as there is no proven pharmacologic agent for the treatment or prevention of PVR. Laboratory research to better understand PVR pathophysiology and clinical trials of various agents to prevent PVR formation are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Idrees
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jayanth Sridhar
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ajay E. Kuriyan
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Paschalis EI, Lei F, Zhou C, Chen XN, Kapoulea V, Hui PC, Dana R, Chodosh J, Vavvas DG, Dohlman CH. Microglia Regulate Neuroglia Remodeling in Various Ocular and Retinal Injuries. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:539-549. [PMID: 30541880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive microglia and infiltrating peripheral monocytes have been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases of the retina and CNS. However, their specific contribution in retinal degeneration remains unclear. We recently showed that peripheral monocytes that infiltrate the retina after ocular injury in mice become permanently engrafted into the tissue, establishing a proinflammatory phenotype that promotes neurodegeneration. In this study, we show that microglia regulate the process of neuroglia remodeling during ocular injury, and their depletion results in marked upregulation of inflammatory markers, such as Il17f, Tnfsf11, Ccl4, Il1a, Ccr2, Il4, Il5, and Csf2 in the retina, and abnormal engraftment of peripheral CCR2+ CX3CR1+ monocytes into the retina, which is associated with increased retinal ganglion cell loss, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, and pigmentation onto the retinal surface. Furthermore, we show that other types of ocular injuries, such as penetrating corneal trauma and ocular hypertension also cause similar changes. However, optic nerve crush injury-mediated retinal ganglion cell loss evokes neither peripheral monocyte response in the retina nor pigmentation, although peripheral CX3CR1+ and CCR2+ monocytes infiltrate the optic nerve injury site and remain present for months. Our study suggests that microglia are key regulators of peripheral monocyte infiltration and retinal pigment epithelium migration, and their depletion results in abnormal neuroglia remodeling that exacerbates neuroretinal tissue damage. This mechanism of retinal damage through neuroglia remodeling may be clinically important for the treatment of patients with ocular injuries, including surgical traumas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios I Paschalis
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; .,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Fengyang Lei
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Chengxin Zhou
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Xiaohong Nancy Chen
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Vassiliki Kapoulea
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Pui-Chuen Hui
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Reza Dana
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Claes H Dohlman
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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London NJS, Kaiser RS, Khan MA, Alshareef RA, Khuthaila M, Shahlaee A, Obeid A, London VA, DeCroos FC, Gupta OP, Hsu J, Vander JF, Spirn MJ, Regillo CD. Determining the effect of low-dose isotretinoin on proliferative vitreoretinopathy: the DELIVER trial. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 103:1306-1313. [PMID: 30381390 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of low-dose, oral isotretinoin in lowering the risk of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. METHODS Prospective, open label, dual-cohort study with pathology-matched historical controls. The prospective experimental arms included two cohorts, composed of 51 eyes with recurrent PVR-related RRD and 58 eyes with primary RRD associated with high-risk features for developing PVR. Eyes in the experimental arms received 20 mg of isotretinoin by mouth once daily for 12 weeks starting the day after surgical repair. The primary outcome measure was single surgery anatomical success rate at 3 months following the study surgery. RESULTS The single surgery anatomic success rate was 78.4% versus 70.0% (p=0.358) in eyes with recurrent PVR-related retinal detachment exposed to isotretinoin versus historical controls, respectively. In eyes with RRD at high risk for developing PVR, the single surgery success rate was 84.5% versus 61.1% (p=0.005) for eyes exposed to isotretinoin versus historical controls, respectively. For eyes enrolled in the experimental arms, the most common isotretinoin-related side effects were dry skin/mucus membranes in 106 patients (97.2%), abnormal sleep/dreams in 4 patients (3.7%) and fatigue in 3 patients (2.8%). CONCLUSION The management and prevention of PVR is challenging and complex. At the dose and duration given in this study, oral istotretinoin may reduce the risk of PVR-associated recurrent retinal detachment in eyes with primary RRD at high risk of developing PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas J S London
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA .,Retina Consultants San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Richard S Kaiser
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohammed Ali Khan
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rayan A Alshareef
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Khuthaila
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abtin Shahlaee
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Anthony Obeid
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Francis Char DeCroos
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Omesh P Gupta
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason Hsu
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James F Vander
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marc J Spirn
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl D Regillo
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wong D, Chan YK, Bek T, Wilson I, Stefánsson E. Intraocular currents, Bernoulli's principle and non-drainage scleral buckling for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:213-221. [PMID: 29350687 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, it is not fully understood how non-drainage scleral buckling surgery brings about spontaneous reattachment of the detached retina when retinal breaks remain open at the end of surgery. Various explanations have been put forward, but none more interesting than the effect of fluid currents associated with eye movements. One such explanation involved the physics of the Bernoulli's principle. Daniel Bernoulli was an eighteenth century Swiss mathematician and he described an equation based on the conservation of energy. The sum of pressure energy, potential energy and kinetic energy remains constant. Bernoulli's equation usually applies to closed system such as the flow of fluid through pipes. When fluid flows through a constriction, the speed of fluid increases, the kinetic energy increases. If there was no change in elevation (potential energy), then the increase in kinetic energy must be accompanied by a decrease in pressure energy. In ophthalmic surgery, the Bernoulli's effect is the basis for venturi pumps that drive vitrectomy and phacoemulsification machines. This essay expounds on how Bernoulli's effect might be relevant to scleral buckling for retinal detachment repair. In the era when vitrectomy is increasing the primary surgical operation for retinal detachment, the pervasive advice is to emphasise the importance of patient adopting head posture and remaining still postoperatively. The exception is non-drainage scleral buckling surgery. Early postoperative mobilisation may be vital to achieve reattachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wong
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Y K Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - T Bek
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - I Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Stefánsson
- Landspitali University hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Thrombin-Induced Calpain Activation Promotes Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Internalization. Int J Cell Biol 2017; 2017:1908310. [PMID: 29250115 PMCID: PMC5700505 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1908310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease thrombin activates Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs), a family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activated by the proteolytic cleavage of their extracellular N-terminal domain. Four members of this family have been identified: PAR1–4. The activation of Protease-Activated Receptor 1(PAR1), the prototype of this receptor family, leads to an increase in intracellular Ca+2 concentration ([Ca+2]i) mediated by Gq11α coupling and phospholipase C (PLC) activation. We have previously shown that the stimulation of PAR1 by thrombin promotes intracellular signaling leading to RPE cell transformation, proliferation, and migration which characterize fibroproliferative eye diseases leading to blindness. Within this context, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in PAR1 inactivation is of utmost importance. Due to the irreversible nature of PAR1 activation, its inactivation must be efficiently regulated in order to terminate signaling. Using ARPE-19 human RPE cell line, we characterized thrombin-induced [Ca+2]i increase and demonstrated the calcium-dependent activation of μ-calpain mediated by PAR1. Calpains are a family of calcium-activated cysteine proteases involved in multiple cellular processes including the internalization of membrane proteins through clathrin-coated vesicles. We demonstrated that PAR1-induced calpain activation results in the degradation of α-spectrin by calpain, essential for receptor endocytosis, and the consequent decrease in PAR1 membrane expression. Collectively, the present results identify a novel μ-calpain-dependent mechanism for PAR1 inactivation following exposure to thrombin.
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Amarnani D, Machuca-Parra AI, Wong LL, Marko CK, Stefater JA, Stryjewski TP, Eliott D, Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Kim LA. Effect of Methotrexate on an In Vitro Patient-Derived Model of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3940-3949. [PMID: 28777835 PMCID: PMC5544356 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop a method for isolating, culturing, and characterizing cells from patient-derived membranes in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) to be used for drug testing. Methods PVR membranes were obtained from six patients with grade C PVR. Membrane fragments were analyzed by gross evaluation, fixed for immunohistologic studies to establish cell identity, or digested with collagenase II to obtain single cell suspensions for culture. PVR-derived primary cultures were used to examine the effects of methotrexate (MTX) on proliferation, migration, and cell death. Results Gross analysis of PVR membranes showed presence of pigmented cells, indicative of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Immunohistochemistry identified cells expressing α-smooth muscle actin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, Bestrophin-1, and F4/80, suggesting the presence of multiple cell types in PVR. Robust PVR primary cultures (C-PVR) were successfully obtained from human membranes, and these cells retained the expression of cell identity markers in culture. C-PVR cultures formed membranes and band-like structures in culture reminiscent of the human condition. MTX significantly reduced the proliferation and band formation of C-PVR, whereas it had no significant effect on cell migration. MTX also induced regulated cell death within C-PVR as assessed by increased expression of caspase-3/7. Conclusions PVR cells obtained from human membranes can be successfully isolated, cultured, and profiled in vitro. Using these primary cultures, we identified MTX as capable of significantly reducing growth and inducing cell death of PVR cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanesh Amarnani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Lindsay L Wong
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Christina K Marko
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - James A Stefater
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tomasz P Stryjewski
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Dean Eliott
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Leo A Kim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Akhundova LA, Kasimov EM. [Surgical treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with high risk of proliferative vitreoretinopathy]. Vestn Oftalmol 2017; 133:51-57. [PMID: 28745657 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2017133351-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM to analyze the effect of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in patients undergoing 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with a high risk of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a prospective consecutive study of 231 eyes of 227 patients. All eyes underwent vitrectomy with silicone oil/gas tamponade for RRD with a high risk of PVR: in 42 eyes the ILM was peeled (group 1) and in the remaining 189 eyes - was not (group 2). The follow-up period was at least 3 months. RESULTS In group 1, single-surgery anatomic success was achieved in 85.4% and definitive reattachment - in 95.2% of patients. In group 2, single-surgery anatomic success was achieved in 67.2% and definitive reattachment - in 89.4% of patients. None of the patients from group 1, who had their ILM peeled, developed epiretinal membrane. Final BCVA in groups 1 and 2 was 1.2±0.5 logMAR and 1.34±0.82 logMAR respectively (p=0.297). CONCLUSION ILM peeling during vitrectomy in RRD patients at high risk of PVR provides high primary anatomic success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Akhundova
- National Centre of Ophthalmology named after acad. Zarifa Aliyeva, 32/15 Javadkhan St., Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ 1114
| | - E M Kasimov
- National Centre of Ophthalmology named after acad. Zarifa Aliyeva, 32/15 Javadkhan St., Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ 1114
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Correlation between miR-148 Expression in Vitreous and Severity of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3427319. [PMID: 28261609 PMCID: PMC5316437 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3427319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. We had earlier reported positive hsa-miR-148a-3p expression in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and its involvement in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelium in vitro. Here we investigated the association of hsa-miR-148a-3p expression levels in the vitreous fluid of patients with RRD with severity of RRD. Methods. The hsa-miR-148a-3p expression levels in the vitreous fluid, range (degree) of retinal detachment (RD), and pixels of retinal break were measured in 27 eyes with RRD. The association of hsa-miR-148a-3p expression levels with other factors was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. Results. The hsa-miR-148a-3p expression levels, time from onset of RRD to vitrectomy, range of RD, and pixels of retinal breaks were 23.68 ± 43.00, 12.07 ± 15.36 days, 155.85 ± 86.67 degrees, and 37000 ± 67100 pixels, respectively. Five eyes with RRD had vitreous hemorrhage preoperatively. The hsa-miR-148a-3p expression levels were significantly associated with pixels of retinal breaks (β = 0.699) and the time from onset of RRD to vitrectomy (β = 0.358) but not with the range of RD or presence of vitreous hemorrhage. Conclusion. The hsa-miR-148a-3p expression levels in the vitreous fluid were significantly associated with the size of retinal break and disease duration.
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Casticin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of EBV-infected human retina pigmental epithelial cells through the modulation of intracellular lipogenesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 255:557. [PMID: 27838737 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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LONG-TERM RESULTS OF TOTAL RETINECTOMY IN CASES WITH ADVANCED PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY. Retina 2016; 37:1529-1534. [PMID: 27828913 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term results of total retinectomy in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy. METHODS Seven eyes of 7 patients had pars plana vitrectomy, with or without pars plana lensectomy, and total retinectomy, with or without silicone oil tamponade, for the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (Grade D1-3) after previous complex vitreoretinal surgery procedures. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, details of previous operations, and development of complications were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS Five eyes had a history of penetrating eye trauma, one had persistent fetal vasculature, and one had Coats disease. Patients were all male, with a mean age of 15 ± 11 years (range, 2-31). The mean follow-up was 49.7 ± 50.2 months (range, 12-132). In 3 eyes (42%), enucleation and evisceration were avoided over a mean 100 ± 30.2 month follow-up. All 7 eyes had corneal opacity and band keratopathy after a mean 4.4 ± 3.2 months. Four eyes had phthisis bulbi after a mean 7 ± 4.2 months. No patients developed rubeosis iridis related to the total retinectomy. CONCLUSION Total retinectomy may be a last option to preserve the eyeball in cases with massive fibrosis and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, despite previous complex surgical treatments.
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Small Interfering RNA Targeted to ASPP2 Promotes Progression of Experimental Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7920631. [PMID: 27378826 PMCID: PMC4917715 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7920631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is vital in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) development. Apoptosis-stimulating proteins of p53 (ASPP2) have recently been reported to participate in EMT. However, the role of ASPP2 in PVR pathogenesis has not been identified. Methods. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of ASPP2 in epiretinal membranes of PVR patients. ARPE-19 cells were transfected with ASPP2-siRNA, followed with measurement of cell cytotoxicity, proliferation, and migration ability. EMT markers and related inflammatory and fibrosis cytokines were measured by western blot or flow cytometry. Additionally, PVR rat models were induced by intravitreal injection of ARPE-19 cells transfected with ASPP2-siRNA and evaluated accordingly. Results. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed less intense expression of ASPP2 in PVR membranes. ASPP2 knockdown facilitated the proliferation and migration of RPE cells and enhanced the expression of mesenchymal markers such as alpha smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and ZEB1. Meanwhile, ASPP2-siRNA increased EMT-related and inflammatory cytokines, including TGF-β, CTGF, VEGF, TNF-α, and interleukins. PVR severities were more pronounced in the rat models with ASPP2-siRNA treatment. Conclusions. ASPP2 knockdown promoted EMT of ARPE-19 cells in vitro and exacerbated the progression of experimental PVR in vivo, possibly via inflammatory and fibrosis cytokines.
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Proteomic Analysis of the Vitreous following Experimental Retinal Detachment in Rabbits. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:583040. [PMID: 26664739 PMCID: PMC4667062 DOI: 10.1155/2015/583040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) remains incompletely understood, with no clinically effective treatment for potentially severe complications such as photoreceptor cell death and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Here we investigate the protein profile of the vitreous following experimental retinal detachment using a comparative proteomic based approach. Materials and Methods. Retinal detachment was created in the right eyes of six New Zealand red pigmented rabbits. Sham surgery was undertaken in five other rabbits that were used as controls. After seven days the eyes were enucleated and the vitreous was removed. The vitreous samples were evaluated with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the differentially expressed proteins were identified with tandem mass spectrometry. Results. Ten protein spots were found to be at least twofold differentially expressed when comparing the vitreous samples of the sham and retinal detachment surgery groups. Protein spots that were upregulated in the vitreous following retinal detachment were identified as albumin fragments, and those downregulated were found to be peroxiredoxin 2, collagen-Iα1 fragment, and α-1-antiproteinase F. Conclusions. Proteomic investigation of the rabbit vitreous has identified a set of proteins that help further our understanding of the pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and its complications.
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Tranos P, Vakalis A, Asteriadis S, Lokovitis E, Georgalas I, Stavrakas P. Anatomic and functional outcomes of retinectomy for the management of complicated retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:1515-21. [PMID: 26491338 PMCID: PMC4599044 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s89467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to report the anatomic and functional outcomes of retinectomy for the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), comparing them with previously reported data and determining prognostic factors. Fifty-one eyes of 51 patients with established PVR grade C in which retinectomy was performed were retrospectively enrolled in the study. Primary outcome measures were anatomic success rate and final visual acuity. Secondary outcome measures were intraoperative complications, number of re-operations, and postoperative hypotony. Prognostic factors in relation to retinal re-attachment and final visual acuity were retrospectively analyzed. The rate of complete retinal re-attachment after one operation was 80% and after two operations it was 84%. At the end of the follow-up, the macula was attached in 96% of the cases. Mean LogMAR best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved significantly from 2.45±0.66 preoperatively to 1.37±0.75 at the end of the follow-up (P<0.001). BCVA improved in 37 eyes (72%), remained the same in eleven eyes (22%) and worsened in three eyes (6%). Postoperative hypotony was observed in 2% of cases. Postoperative BCVA was significantly correlated with preoperative BCVA (P<0.001), extension of PVR (P=0.013), preoperative use of gas instead of silicone oil (SO) (P=0.01), and removal of SO (P=0.05). SO was left in situ in 35% of eyes. In conclusion, retinectomy is a surgical option providing good anatomical and reasonable visual outcomes in complicated retinal detachment with PVR. Better preoperative visual acuity, lesser extension of PVR, and the use of gas tamponade during the primary repair are relevant factors for a successful outcome whereas re-proliferation of epiretinal membranes seems to be the main reason of anatomical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ilias Georgalas
- First Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Stavrakas
- Second Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, Parrales A, Alvarez-Arce A, López-Colomé AM. Thrombin promotes the expression of Ccnd1 gene in RPE cells through the activation of converging signaling pathways. Exp Eye Res 2015; 139:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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66
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Zhou RM, Wang XQ, Yao J, Shen Y, Chen SN, Yang H, Jiang Q, Yan B. Identification and characterization of proliferative retinopathy-related long noncoding RNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:324-30. [PMID: 26241674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a serious complication of retinal detachment and vitreoretinal surgery, which can lead to severe vision reduction. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in many biological processes and disease development. We attempted to determine the role of lncRNAs in the setting of PVR. Microarray analysis revealed that 78 lncRNAs were abnormally expressed in the epiretinal membranes (ERMs) of PVR patients, including 48 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated lncRNA transcripts. We subsequently focus on one lncRNA, MALAT1, and investigated its expression pattern in the biofluid of PVR patients. MALAT1 was significantly up-regulated in the cellular and plasma fraction of peripheral blood in PVR patients. MALAT1 expression was obviously reduced after PVR operation. In vitro experiments revealed the role of MALAT1 in regulating RPE proliferation and migration, which is critical for ERMs formation. This study suggests that lncRNAs are the potential regulators of PVR pathology. MALAT1 is a potential prognostic indicator and a target for the diagnosis and gene therapy for PVR diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Mei Zhou
- Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Wang
- Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yao
- Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sai-Nan Chen
- Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Integrated Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Biao Yan
- Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Integrated Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Kuo HK, Chen YH, Huang F, Wu YC, Shiea J, Wu PC. The upregulation of zinc finger protein 670 and prostaglandin D2 synthase in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 254:205-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Triphala and their active compounds chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid prevented epithelial to mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells, by inhibiting SMAD-3 phosphorylation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120512. [PMID: 25793924 PMCID: PMC4368423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium is involved in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) that often leads to retinal detachment. In this study, Triphala, an ayurvedic formulation and two of its active ingredients, namely chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid were evaluated for anti-EMT properties based on in vitro experiments in human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) under TGFβ1 induced conditions. ARPE-19 cells were treated with TGFβ1 alone or co-treated with various concentrations of aqueous extract (AqE) (30 - 300 μg/ml); alcoholic extract (AlE) (50 - 500 μg/ml) of triphala and the active principles chebulagic acid (CA) and chebulinic acid (CI) (CA,CI: 50 - 200 μM). The expression of EMT markers namely MMP-2, αSMA, vimentin and the tight junction protein ZO-1 were evaluated by qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. The functional implications of EMT, namely migration and proliferation of cells were assessed by proliferation assay, scratch assay and transwell migration assay. AqE, AlE, CA and CI reduced the expression and activity of MMP-2 at an ED50 value of 100 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μM and 100 μM, respectively. At these concentrations, a significant down-regulation of the expression of αSMA, vimentin and up-regulation of the expression of ZO-1 altered by TGFβ1 were observed. These concentrations also inhibited proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cells induced by TGFβ1. EMT was found to be induced in ARPE-19 cells, through SMAD-3 phosphorylation and it was inhibited by AqE, AlE, CA and CI. Further studies in experimental animals are required to attribute therapeutic potential of these extracts and their active compounds, as an adjuvant therapy in the disease management of PVR.
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Shen L, Mao J, Chen Y, Sun S, Han Y, Cheng L. Transscleral Permeation of Subtenon Triamcinolone in Different Vitreoretinal Diseases. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:649-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Kuo HK, Chen YH, Wu PC, Kuo YH. The Effects of Ozurdex® (Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant) on Experimental Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmologica 2015; 233:198-203. [DOI: 10.1159/000371901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate a new sustained-release formulation of dexamethasone (Ozurdex®) for inhibiting proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and its effect on the expression of retinal glial reaction and inflammation in experimental PVR eyes. Methods: We used 30 pigmented rabbits for this study. One week after gas compression, the eyes were injected with 5 × 104 retinal pigment epithelial cells into the vitreous cavity to induce PVR. Concurrently, one eye also received an intravitreal injection of Ozurdex; the other eye was used as a control. PVR was graded by indirect ophthalmoscopy on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The expression of the retinal glial reaction and inflammation in experimental PVR eyes were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Results: PVR severity increased gradually and peaked after 14 days, and no differences in PVR severity between the study and control groups were observed at any time point. The expression of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) increased on days 7 and 14 in both the PVR control and study groups. While the use of Ozurdex in the study group showed less GFAP expression, this difference was not significant. The expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 significantly increased on days 7 and 14 in PVR control eyes. There was a significant difference in TNF-α between PVR control eyes and Ozurdex-treated eyes on days 7 (p < 0.001) and 14 (p = 0.019). Ozurdex in the study group showed lower IL-6 expression; however, this difference was not significant on days 7 (p = 0.063) and 14 (p = 0.052). Conclusions: The intravitreal injection of Ozurdex suppressed the expression of inflammatory markers; however, it did not mitigate the severity of experimental PVR in this animal model.
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PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY AND SCLERAL BUCKLE VERSUS PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY ALONE FOR PATIENTS WITH RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT AT HIGH RISK FOR PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY. Retina 2014; 34:1945-51. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tosi GM, Marigliani D, Romeo N, Toti P. Disease pathways in proliferative vitreoretinopathy: an ongoing challenge. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1577-83. [PMID: 24604697 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable advances in vitreoretinal surgery, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) remains a common cause of severe visual loss or blindness. One of the critical reasons for PVR-induced blindness is tractional retinal detachment due to the formation of contractile preretinal fibrous membranes. This membrane formation is characterized by the proliferation and migration of cells and the excessive synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Herein we present the disease pathways of PVR, reviewing the role of both systemic and intraocular cells as well as molecular mediators. A chronological sequence of events leading to PVR is also hypothesized. Better understanding of the pathogenesis of PVR is needed in order to improve disease management. Efforts should be oriented towards greater cooperation between basic researchers and clinicians, aimed at matching the different clinical scenarios with the biological markers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Tosi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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73
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Boscher C, Kuhn F. An endoscopic overview of the anterior vitreous base in retinal detachment and anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:e298-304. [PMID: 24428936 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is an important cause of persistent or recurrent retinal detachment (RD). Endoscopy provides 360° panoramic viewing of the vitreous cavity and high-magnification viewing of the anterior vitreous base (AVB). This study describes the 'in vivo' anatomy and pathoanatomy of the AVB using an ocular endoscope in RD and anterior PVR. METHODS An intraoperative analysis of over 2000 consecutive eyes undergoing vitrectomy for RD operated with endoscopy-assisted vitrectomy was performed. It was recorded in notes dictated during surgery and in standardized operative reports. Around 1500 surgical videotapes, with the exclusion of diabetic retinopathy and trauma, selected by reviewing the OR reports and notes were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Seven endoscopic criteria associated with anterior PVR complicating RD are described: 'en bloc' stiff anterior vitreous retraction, ciliary detachment, seeding of the AVB by abundant pigmented and/or white granulations, anterior tissue displacement, stiff 'wrinkling' at the vitreoretinal juncture, persistent shallow ciliary/RD under perfluorocarbon liquids and traction-related retinal surface haemorrhages. Causes responsible for failure of conventional vitrectomy for RD are highlighted. Findings in case of hypotony and cyclitic membranes are described. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopy is a significant adjunct to our understanding of the development of anterior loop traction by obviating the two constitutive parts of the AVB, anterior and posterior, their interconnections and their respective connections to the anterior segment and to the retina. It provides a unique evaluation and thorough eradication of the anterior vitreous cortex as a scaffold for anterior PVR. It might be an adjunct to the prevention of anterior PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferenc Kuhn
- Milos Klinica; Belgrade Serbia
- Zagorskiego Eye Hospital; Naleczow Poland
- Helen Keller Foundation for Research and Education; Birmingham AL USA
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74
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Role of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell β-Catenin Signaling in Experimental Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1419-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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75
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Suesskind D, Altpeter E, Schrader M, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Aisenbrey S. Pars plana vitrectomy for treatment of advanced Coats' disease--presentation of a modified surgical technique and long-term follow-up. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 252:873-9. [PMID: 24218042 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To present a modified surgical technique in the treatment of retinal detachment secondary to advanced Coats' disease in children, and report on long-term anatomical and functional outcome. METHODS We analysed an interventional case series of 13 patients (13 eyes) with advanced Coats' disease characterised by retinal detachment in addition to massive subretinal exudates and vascular malformation. The presented patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), including a modified technique of exocryotherapy applied after fluid-air exchange in order to achieve complete treatment of the vascular changes, to reduce associated side-effects, and to avoid retinectomy and silicone oil tamponade. RESULTS Within a median follow-up period of 37 months (range: 18-66 months), no enucleation was necessary. Four eyes (31 %) did not need any further therapy, and in nine eyes (69 %) additional treatments were performed. Six patients (46 %) required revisional surgery with silicone oil tamponade. In ten eyes (77 %), the pathologic vessels and exudates finally regressed and the retina reattached. Visual acuity (VA) could be stabilized in the majority of patients: in three eyes (27 %) VA improved, in four eyes (36 %) VA remained stable, in four eyes (36 %) visual acuity (VA) deteriorated, and in two eyes VA could not be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The presented modified technique allows for sufficient cryotherapy of vascular malformations, even in the presence of massive exudation, in a subset of patients with advanced Coats' disease, and thus may reduce surgery-related complications and improve the rehabilitation process of these young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Suesskind
- Center for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Schleichstr. 12-16, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany,
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76
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Yamben IF, Rachel RA, Shatadal S, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Warming S, Griep AE. Scrib is required for epithelial cell identity and prevents epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the mouse. Dev Biol 2013; 384:41-52. [PMID: 24095903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The integrity and function of epithelial tissues depend on the establishment and maintenance of defining characteristics of epithelial cells, cell-cell adhesion and cell polarity. Disruption of these characteristics can lead to the loss of epithelial identity through a process called epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which can contribute to pathological conditions such as tissue fibrosis and invasive cancer. In invertebrates, the epithelial polarity gene scrib plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining cell adhesion and polarity. In this study we asked if the mouse homolog, Scrib, is required for establishment and/or maintenance of epithelial identity in vivo. To do so, we conditionally deleted Scrib in the head ectoderm tissue that gives rise to both the ocular lens and the corneal epithelium. Deletion of Scrib in the lens resulted in a change in epithelial cell shape from cuboidal to flattened and elongated. Early in the process, the cell adhesion protein, E-cadherin, and apical polarity protein, ZO-1, were downregulated and the myofibroblast protein, αSMA, was upregulated, suggesting EMT was occurring in the Scrib deficient lenses. Correlating temporally with the upregulation of αSMA, Smad3 and Smad4, TGFβ signaling intermediates, accumulated in the nucleus and Snail, a TGFβ target and transcriptional repressor of the gene encoding E-cadherin, was upregulated. Pax6, a lens epithelial transcription factor required to maintain lens epithelial cell identity also was downregulated. Loss of Scrib in the corneal epithelium also led to molecular changes consistent with EMT, suggesting that the effect of Scrib deficiency was not unique to the lens. Together, these data indicate that mammalian Scrib is required to maintain epithelial identity and that loss of Scrib can culminate in EMT, mediated, at least in part, through TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idella F Yamben
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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Sharma M, Tiwari A, Sharma S, Bhoria P, Gupta V, Gupta A, Luthra-Guptasarma M. Fibrotic remodeling of the extracellular matrix through a novel (engineered, dual-function) antibody reactive to a cryptic epitope on the N-terminal 30 kDa fragment of fibronectin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69343. [PMID: 23935989 PMCID: PMC3720593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of scar tissue as a result of exaggerated deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to tissue contraction and impaired function of the organ. Fibronectin (Fn) is an essential component of the ECM, and plays an important role in fibrosis. One such fibrotic pathology is that of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a sight-threatening complication which develops as a consequence of failure of surgical repair of retinal detachment. Such patients often require repeated surgeries for retinal re-attachment; therefore, a preventive measure for PVR is of utmost importance. The contractile membranes formed in PVR, are composed of various cell types including the retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE); fibronectin is an important constituent of the ECM surrounding these cells. Together with the vitreous, fibronectin creates microenvironments in which RPE cells proliferate. We have successfully developed a dual-action, fully human, fibronectin-specific single chain variable fragment antibody (scFv) termed Fn52RGDS, which acts in two ways: i) binds to cryptic sites in fibronectin, and thereby prevents its self polymerization/fibrillogenesis, and ii) interacts with the cell surface receptors, ie., integrins (through an attached “RGD” sequence tag), and thereby blocks the downstream cell signaling events. We demonstrate the ability of this antibody to effectively reduce some of the hallmark features of fibrosis - migration, adhesion, fibronectin polymerization, matrix metalloprotease (MMP) expression, as well as reduction of collagen gel contraction (a model of fibrotic tissue remodeling). The data suggests that the antibody can be used as a rational, novel anti-fibrotic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryada Sharma
- Department of Immunopathology,Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Department of Immunopathology,Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Department of Immunopathology,Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Preeti Bhoria
- Department of Internal Medicine,Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology,Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amod Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology,Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manni Luthra-Guptasarma
- Department of Immunopathology,Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
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ULTRA-WIDEFIELD AUTOFLUORESCENCE IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF SCLERAL BUCKLING SURGERY FOR RETINAL DETACHMENT. Retina 2013; 33:1421-7. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e318283138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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79
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Mony S, Lee SJ, Harper JF, Barwe SP, Langhans SA. Regulation of Na,K-ATPase β1-subunit in TGF-β2-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2013; 115:113-22. [PMID: 23810808 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreo retinopathy (PVR) is associated with extracellular matrix membrane (ECM) formation on the neural retina and disruption of the multilayered retinal architecture leading to distorted vision and blindness. During disease progression in PVR, retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) lose cell-cell adhesion, undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and deposit ECM leading to tissue fibrosis. The EMT process is mediated via exposure to vitreous cytokines and growth factors such as TGF-β2. Previous studies have shown that Na,K-ATPase is required for maintaining a normal polarized epithelial phenotype and that decreased Na,K-ATPase function and subunit levels are associated with TGF-β1-mediated EMT in kidney cells. In contrast to the basolateral localization of Na,K-ATPase in most epithelia, including kidney, Na,K-ATPase is found on the apical membrane in RPE cells. We now show that EMT is also associated with altered Na,K-ATPase expression in RPE cells. TGF-β2 treatment of ARPE-19 cells resulted in a time-dependent decrease in Na,K-ATPase β1 mRNA and protein levels while Na,K-ATPase α1 levels, Na,K-ATPase activity, and intracellular sodium levels remained largely unchanged. In TGF-β2-treated cells reduced Na,K-ATPase β1 mRNA inversely correlated with HIF-1α levels and analysis of the Na,K-ATPase β1 promoter revealed a putative hypoxia response element (HRE). HIF-1α bound to the Na,K-ATPase β1 promoter and inhibiting the activity of HIF-1α blocked the TGF-β2 mediated Na,K-ATPase β1 decrease suggesting that HIF-1α plays a potential role in Na,K-ATPase β1 regulation during EMT in RPE cells. Furthermore, knockdown of Na,K-ATPase β1 in ARPE-19 cells was associated with a change in cell morphology from epithelial to mesenchymal and induction of EMT markers such as α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin, suggesting that loss of Na,K-ATPase β1 is a potential contributor to TGF-β2-mediated EMT in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Mony
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Center I, 1701 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
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80
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Garweg JG, Tappeiner C, Halberstadt M. Pathophysiology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in retinal detachment. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58:321-9. [PMID: 23642514 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Because proliferative vitreoretinopathy cannot be effectively treated, its prevention is indispensable for the success of surgery for retinal detachment. The elaboration of preventive and therapeutic strategies depends upon the identification of patients who are genetically predisposed to develop the disease, as well as upon an understanding of the biological process involved and the role of local factors, such as the status of the uveovascular barrier. Detachment of the retina or vitreous activates glia to release cytokines and ATP, which not only protect the neuroretina but also promote inflammation, retinal ischemia, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling. The vitreal microenvironment favors cellular de-differentiation and proliferation of cells with nonspecific nutritional requirements. This may render a pharmacological inhibition of their growth difficult without causing damage to the pharmacologically vulnerable neuroretina. Moreover, reattachment of the retina relies upon the local induction of a controlled wound-healing response involving macrophages and proliferating glia. Hence, the functional outcome of proliferative vitreoretinopathy will be determined by the equilibrium established between protective and destructive repair mechanisms, which will be influenced by the location and the degree of damage to the photoreceptor cells that is induced by peri-retinal gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus G Garweg
- Swiss Eye Institute and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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81
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Huang XG, Chen YZ, Zhang ZT, Wei YT, Ma HZ, Zhang T, Zhang SC. Rac1 modulates the vitreous-induced plasticity of mesenchymal movement in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 41:779-87. [PMID: 23331298 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitreous has been shown to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation because it induces fibroblast-like morphology, enhanced migration and invasion in retinal pigment epithelial cells in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Rac1 is the principal mediator of cell migration. In the current study, the relationship between Rac1 and cell migration, and invasion in vitreous-transformed retinal pigment epithelial cells was investigated using NSC23766, a specific inhibitor of Rac guanosine-5'-triphosphatase activity, and the involvement of a Rac1 guanosine-5'-triphosphatase-dependent pathway was detected. DESIGN One-way design with multiple levels and repeated measurement design. PARTICIPANTS AND SAMPLES The vitreous humor was collected from 20 healthy donor eyes and the retinal pigment epithelial cells were obtained from 9 healthy donor eyes. METHODS Human low-passage retinal pigment epithelial cells were treated with normal medium or 25% vitreous medium. Rac1 activity was measured using a pull-down assay. The cytotoxicity of NSC23766 was measured using the trypan blue dye exclusion test. Cell migration was measured using a wound healing assay. Cell invasion was determined using a transwell invasion assay. Protein expression of Rac1 and phosphorylation of LIM kinase 1 and cofilin were detected by Western blot analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cell migration, invasion, Rac1 activity and phosphorylation of LIM kinase 1 and cofilin. RESULTS Rac1guanosine-5'-triphosphatase was activated in vitreous-transformed retinal pigment epithelial cells. A Rac inhibitor suppressed vitreous-induced migration and invasion in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cofilin phosphorylation was activated by vitreous treatment but blocked by NSC23766. CONCLUSIONS Rac1 mediates vitreous-transformed retinal pigment epithelial cells' plasticity of mesenchymal movement via Rac1 guanosine-5'-triphosphatase-dependent pathways that modulate LIM kinase 1 and cofilin activity. Rac inhibition may be considered a novel treatment for proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-gao Huang
- State Key Ophthalmic Laboratory, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou, China
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Parrales A, López E, Lee-Rivera I, López-Colomé AM. ERK1/2-dependent activation of mTOR/mTORC1/p70S6K regulates thrombin-induced RPE cell proliferation. Cell Signal 2013; 25:829-38. [PMID: 23291002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), proliferation and migration of RPE cells characterize the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and other fibro-proliferative eye diseases leading to blindness. A common event in these pathologies is the alteration of the BRB which allows the interaction of RPE cells with thrombin, a pro-inflammatory protease contained in serum. Thrombin promotion of cytoskeletal reorganization, proliferation, and migration has been reported in different cell types, although the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes remain poorly understood. Our previous work demonstrated that thrombin promotes RPE cell proliferation, cytoskeletal remodeling and migration, hallmark processes in the development of PVR. Thrombin induction of RPE cell proliferation requires PI3K, PDK1, and Akt/PKB (Akt) signaling leading to cyclin D1 gene expression. Since Akt functions as an upstream activator of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and is also a downstream target for mTORC2, the aim of this work was to determine whether mTOR is involved in thrombin-induced RPE cell proliferation by regulating cyclin D1 expression in immortalized rat RPE-J cell line. Results demonstrate that thrombin-induced cyclin D1 expression and cell proliferation require Akt-independent phosphorylation/activation of mTOR at Ser 2448 mediated by PI3K/PKC-ζ/ERK1/2 signaling, concomitant to Akt-dependent activation of p70S6K carried by mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Parrales
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., Mexico
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Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy is a disease process that follows the proliferation of ectopic cell sheets in the vitreous and/or periretinal area, causing periretinal membrane formation and traction, in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Currently, vitreous surgery is the standard treatment; however, the results aren't satisfactory given the vision loss that ensues and that redetachment is relatively common. It is becoming clearer that there exists an interplay between various cytokines/growth factors, matrix proteins, and the different cell types that drive the undesirable formation of periretinal membranes. This fundamental understanding is aiding in identifying different adjunct agents that can block the cellular events intrinsic to proliferative vitreoretinopathy. In this review, we describe the current understanding on the pathogenesis and discuss how the fundamental understanding of the biochemical/molecular events is instrumental in developing the novel treatment strategies that are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ama Sadaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
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Prediction of proliferative vitreoretinopathy after retinal detachment surgery: potential of biomarker profiling. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 154:347-354.e2. [PMID: 22541653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the potential of a combined assessment of clinical risk factors and biomarker profiling in the prediction of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) after retinal detachment surgery. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. METHODS Multiplex bead-based immunoassays were used for the simultaneous measurement of 50 biomarkers in subretinal fluid samples obtained from patients who underwent scleral buckling surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Of 306 samples that were collected and stored in our BioBank, we selected 21 samples from patients in whom a redetachment developed as a result of PVR within 3 months after reattachment surgery for primary RRD (PVR group). These were compared with age-, sex-, and storage time-matched RRD samples from 54 patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course after primary RRD repair (RRD group). RESULTS Preoperative PVR was the only clinical variable that was an independent predictor of postoperative PVR development (P = .035) and resulted in an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.83). The addition of the biomarkers chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22, interleukin-3, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor improved the model significantly (P < .001) and resulted in an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.04). A sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 94.2% were reached, using a cutoff value of 5%. CONCLUSIONS In combination with preoperative PVR grade, the measurement of a single biomarker or a small multibiomarker panel shows great potential and may predict postoperative PVR development after primary RRD in a highly sensitive and specific manner.
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Ghosh F, Johansson K. Neuronal and glial alterations in complex long-term rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:704-11. [PMID: 22578195 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.663856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore neuronal and glial alterations in eyes with complex long-term rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHODS Morphological analysis was performed on eight retinal specimens derived from patients treated with peripheral retinectomy for RRD complicated by retinal shortening or retinal thinning. All eyes had undergone previous surgeries including silicone oil tamponade, and had a median total detachment time of 2.5 months (range 2-12). Specimens were examined with hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry directed against activated Müller cells, ganglion cells, rod bipolar cells, and photoreceptors. RESULTS Retinal specimens displayed severe loss of photoreceptor and rod bipolar cells. Remaining neuronal cells exhibited disorganized perikarya and neurites with disruption of the normal retinal lamination. Müller cell activation was evident in all specimens with subretinal and epiretinal hypertrophy present in tissue derived from shortened retinal detachments. CONCLUSION Long-term RRD leads to retinal remodeling characterized by loss of first and second order retinal neurons, disruption of the entire retinal lamination and gliosis. The severity of histopathological changes indicates that anatomical as well as functional recovery of the involved retina is precarious. The findings may be important when devising surgical strategies to avoid permanent retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden.
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Selective activation of p120ctn-Kaiso signaling to unlock contact inhibition of ARPE-19 cells without epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36864. [PMID: 22590627 PMCID: PMC3348893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact-inhibition ubiquitously exists in non-transformed cells and explains the poor regenerative capacity of in vivo human retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) during aging, injury and diseases. RPE injury or degeneration may unlock mitotic block mediated by contact inhibition but may also promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributing to retinal blindness. Herein, we confirmed that EMT ensued in post-confluent ARPE-19 cells when contact inhibition was disrupted with EGTA followed by addition of EGF and FGF-2 because of activation of canonical Wnt and Smad/ZEB signaling. In contrast, knockdown of p120-catenin (p120) unlocked such mitotic block by activating p120/Kaiso, but not activating canonical Wnt and Smad/ZEB signaling, thus avoiding EMT. Nuclear BrdU labeling was correlated with nuclear release of Kaiso through p120 nuclear translocation, which was associated with activation of RhoA-ROCK signaling, destabilization of microtubules. Prolonged p120 siRNA knockdown followed by withdrawal further expanded RPE into more compact monolayers with a normal phenotype and a higher density. This new strategy based on selective activation of p120/Kaiso but not Wnt/β-catenin signaling obviates the need of using single cells and the risk of EMT, and may be deployed to engineer surgical grafts containing RPE and other tissues.
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Chen HC, Zhu YT, Chen SY, Tseng SCG. Wnt signaling induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition with proliferation in ARPE-19 cells upon loss of contact inhibition. J Transl Med 2012; 92:676-87. [PMID: 22391957 PMCID: PMC3961713 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are hallmarks of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. This study aims at clarifying the role of growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), in controlling how RPE proliferates while undergoing EMT. When contact inhibition of post-confluent ARPE-19 cells was disrupted by EGTA, an increase of BrdU labeling was noted only in the presence of EGF and/or FGF-2, and was accompanied by EMT as evidenced by the loss of a normal RPE phenotype (altered cytolocalization of RPE65, N-cadherin, ZO-1, and Na,K-ATPase) and the gain of a mesenchymal phenotype (increased expression of vimentin, S100A4, and α-smooth muscle actin). EMT with proliferation by EGTA+EGF+FGF-2 was accompanied by activation of canonical Wnt signaling (judged by the TCF/LEF promoter activity, increased nuclear levels of and interaction between β-catenin and LEF1 proteins, and the replication by overexpression of β-catenin), abolished by concomitant addition of XAV939, a Wnt inhibitor, but not associated with suppression of Hippo signaling (negative expression of nuclear TAZ or YAP and cytoplasmic p-TAZ or p-YAP). The causative role of Wnt signaling on EMT with proliferation was confirmed by overexpression of stable S33Y β-catenin with EGTA treatment. In addition, contact inhibition disrupted by EGTA in the presence of TGF-β1 also led to EMT, but suppressed proliferation and Wnt signaling. The Wnt signaling triggered by EGF+FGF-2 was sufficient and synergized with TGF-β1 in activating the Smad/ZEB1/2 signaling responsible for EMT. These findings establish a framework for further dissecting how RPE might partake in a number of proliferative vitreoretinopathies characterized by EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Chen
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ting Zhu
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Scheffer C. G. Tseng
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, USA
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91
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Wu X, Yang X, Jiang H, Xu Y, Liu T, Zang X, Gong H. Safety evaluation of intracameral and subconjunctival injection of a novel mucoadhesive polysaccharide isolated from Bletilla striata in rabbit eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2012; 28:369-80. [PMID: 22432946 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2011.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety of intracameral and subconjunctival injection of a novel mucoadhesive polysaccharide isolated from Bletilla striata in rabbit eye. METHODS One hundred microliters (100 μL) of Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BsP) at concentrations of 10, 40, and 80 mg/mL was intracamerally or subconjunctivally injected into rabbit eyes. Phosphate-buffered saline and 10 mg/mL hyaluronic acid solution were also injected as controls. BsP safety was evaluated via clinical follow-up and histological analysis. The dead corneal endothelial cells were observed by vital staining with alizarin red and trypan blue at 14 days after intracameral injection. Finally, in the intracameral injection study, scanning electron microscopy was performed for evaluation of the structure of the corneal endothelium and anterior lens capsules. RESULTS Subconjunctival injection of 10 mg/mL BsP does not cause pathological changes or an inflammatory response. Concentration greater than 10 mg/mL of BsP (40 or 80 mg/mL) leaded to a slight inflammatory response, but the rabbits recovered well in 3 days. The pathological observation further confirmed the safety of subconjunctival injection of BsP, and subconjunctival injection of 80 mg/mL BsP caused no lesion of the ocular tissues. Intracameral injection of 80 mg/mL of BsP did not cause a significant inflammatory reaction, and an even lower inflammatory response was observed in rabbits intracamerally injected with 40 or 10 mg/mL BsP. All rabbits intracamerally injected with BsP recovered within 7-14 days. BsP had little effect on the blood-aqueous barrier's integrity when the concentration was 10 mg/mL; at 40 or 80 mg/mL, a mild effect was observed, and the rabbits recovered in 1-3 days. Intracameral BsP injected at a concentration of 80 mg/mL had a negative impact on the corneal endothelium and lens, but concentrations of 40 or 10 mg/mL could be injected safely. CONCLUSIONS BsP injection into the subconjunctival space and anterior chamber in rabbits at low concentrations (such as 10 mg/mL) did not have adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianggen Wu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, No. 5 Yanerdao Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China.
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92
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Huang X, Wei Y, Ma H, Zhang S. Vitreous-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements via the Rac1 GTPase-dependent signaling pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:395-400. [PMID: 22349509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is mainly caused by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell migration, invasion, proliferation and transformation into fibroblast-like cells that produce the extracellular matrix (ECM). The vitreous humor is known to play an important role in PVR. An epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) of human RPE cells induced by 25% vitreous treatment has been linked to stimulation of the mesenchymal phenotype, migration and invasion. Here, we characterized the effects of the vitreous on the cell morphology and cytoskeleton in human RPE cells. The signaling pathway that mediates these effects was investigated. Serum-starved RPE cells were incubated with 25% vitreous, and the morphological changes were examined by phase-contrast microscopy. Filamentous actin (F-actin) was examined by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Protein phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, Smad2/3, LIM kinase (LIMK) 1 and cofilin was analyzed by Western blot analysis. Vitreous treatment induced cytoskeletal rearrangements, activated Rac1 and enhanced the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2 and Smad2/3. When the cells were treated with a Rac activation-specific inhibitor, the cytoskeletal rearrangements were prevented, and the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 was blocked. Vitreous treatment also enhanced the phosphorylation of LIMK1 and cofilin and the Rac inhibitor blocked this effect. We propose that vitreous-transformed human RPE cells undergo cytoskeletal rearrangements via Rac1 GTPase-dependent pathways that modulate LIMK1 and cofilin activity. The TGFβ-like activity of the vitreous may participate in this effect. Actin polymerization causes the cytoskeletal rearrangements that lead to the plasticity of vitreous-transformed RPE cells in PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionggao Huang
- State Key Ophthalmic Laboratory, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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93
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Ruiz-Loredo AY, López-Colomé AM. New insights into the regulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 293:85-121. [PMID: 22251559 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394304-0.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays an essential role in the function of the neural retina and the maintenance of vision. Most of the functions displayed by RPE require a dynamic organization of the acto-myosin cytoskeleton. Myosin II, a main cytoskeletal component in muscle and non-muscle cells, is directly involved in force generation required for organelle movement, selective molecule transport within cell compartments, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and cell division, among others. Contractile processes are triggered by the phosphorylation of myosin II light chains (MLCs), which promotes actin-myosin interaction and the assembly of contractile fibers. Considerable evidence indicates that non-muscle myosin II activation is critically involved in various pathological states, increasing the interest in studying the signaling pathways controlling MLC phosphorylation. Particularly, recent findings suggest a role for non-muscle myosin II-induced contraction in RPE cell transformation involved in the establishment of numerous retinal diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding myosin function in RPE cells, as well as the signaling networks leading to MLC phosphorylation under pathological conditions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying RPE dysfunction would improve the development of new therapies for the treatment or prevention of different ocular disorders leading to blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Yolanda Ruiz-Loredo
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico DF, Mexico
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Parrales A, López E, López-Colomé A. Thrombin activation of PI3K/PDK1/Akt signaling promotes cyclin D1 upregulation and RPE cell proliferation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1758-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kleinberg TT, Tzekov RT, Stein L, Ravi N, Kaushal S. Vitreous substitutes: a comprehensive review. Surv Ophthalmol 2011; 56:300-23. [PMID: 21601902 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vitreoretinal disorders constitute a significant portion of treatable ocular disease. Advances in vitreoretinal surgery have included the development and characterization of suitable substitutes for the vitreous. Air, balanced salt solutions, perfluorocarbons, expansile gases, and silicone oil serve integral roles in modern vitreoretinal surgery. Vitreous substitutes vary widely in their properties, serve different clinical functions, and present different shortcomings. Permanent vitreous replacement has been attempted with collagen, hyaluronic acid, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and natural hydrogel polymers. None, however, have proven to be clinically viable. A long-term vitreous substitute remains to be found, and recent research suggests promise in the area of synthetic polymers. Here we review the currently available vitreous substitutes, as well those in the experimental phase. We classify these compounds based on their functionality, composition, and properties. We also discuss the clinical use, advantages, and shortcomings of the various substitutes. In addition we define the ideal vitreous substitute and highlight the need for a permanent substitute with long-term viability and compatibility. Finally, we attempt to define the future role of biomaterials research and the various functions they may serve in the area of vitreous substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri T Kleinberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
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Chen J, Gao Q, Liu Y, Ge J, Cao X, Luo Y, Huang D, Zhou G, Lin S, Lin J, To CH, Siu AW. Clinical device-related article evaluation of morphology and functions of a foldable capsular vitreous body in the rabbit eye. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 97:396-404. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Alge-Priglinger CS, André S, Schoeffl H, Kampik A, Strauss RW, Kernt M, Gabius HJ, Priglinger SG. Negative regulation of RPE cell attachment by carbohydrate-dependent cell surface binding of galectin-3 and inhibition of the ERK-MAPK pathway. Biochimie 2010; 93:477-88. [PMID: 21094672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion and spreading of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on fibronectin-rich extracellular matrices is a crucial event in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). In the present study we explored the capacity of galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding endogenous lectin, to inhibit early PVR-associated cellular events from a therapeutic perspective. We assessed the relative expression levels of galectin-3 in native RPE and dedifferentiated, cultured RPE. Galectin-3 was constitutively expressed under in vivo and in vitro conditions and was abundant in cultured cells. Treatment of human RPE cells with soluble galectin-3 disclosed no toxicity within control limits up to 250 μg/ml. When added to the medium, galectin-3 dose-dependently inhibited attachment and spreading of the cells on fibronectin by more than 75%. When coated on the plastic surface, galectin-3 alone impaired attachment and spreading of RPE cells, and reduced attachment but not spreading on fibronectin. Galectin-3 bound to the cell surface, and, as determined by the use of the competing sugar β-lactose, galectin-3-mediated effects were dependent on carbohydrate binding. To ascertain the role of the ability of galectin-3 to form pentamers, we proteolytically removed the N-terminal, cross-linking section. The remaining C-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain alone failed to bind to cells and was functionally inactive. These results emphasize the relevance of both properties, i.e., glycan-binding and cross-linking of glycan moieties, for the inhibitory activity of galectin-3. Incubation of mobilized RPE cells with galectin-3 significantly disturbed microfilament assembly and, in correlation with decreased attachment, inhibited ERK phosphorylation. Therefore, galectin-3, acting as a cross-linking lectin on the cell surface, negatively regulates attachment and spreading of RPE cells in vitro. This effect, at least in part, is attributed to an inhibition of the ERK-MAPK pathway, which prevents cytoskeletal rearrangements needed for RPE cell attachment and spreading. Further investigation at this pathway may disclose a promising nouveau perspective for treatment and prophylaxis of early PVR.
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Gold nanoparticles downregulate VEGF-and IL-1β-induced cell proliferation through Src kinase in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:769-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Rasier R, Gormus U, Artunay O, Yuzbasioglu E, Oncel M, Bahcecioglu H. Vitreous levels of VEGF, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in retinal detachment. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:505-9. [PMID: 20465445 DOI: 10.3109/02713681003597248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine intravitreal levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD). METHODS Vitreous samples were collected from 22 eyes of 22 patients during vitrectomy procedures for RD. For controls, vitreous samples were obtained from 12 eyes of 12 patients without RDs during pars plana vitrectomies. Control group patients included four with macular holes and eight with epiretinal membranes; none had any associated vitreoretinopathy. All vitreous samples were immediately frozen at -80 degrees C until assayed. RESULTS VEGF concentrations were significantly elevated in samples from patients with RDs compared to samples from control patients (p < 0.001). Vitreous concentrations of IL-8 were also significantly elevated in patients with macular edema when compared to control patients (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in vitreous concentrations of TNF-alpha in subjects with RDs compared to control subjects (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increases in IL-8 (an inflammatory angiogenic mediator) and VEGF (a regulatory mediator of cellular proliferation and permeability) may be related to development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Rasier
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Kunavisarut P, Bijlsma WR, Pathanapitoon K, Patikulsila D, Choovuthayakorn J, Rothova A. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 2010; 150:218-22. [PMID: 20525529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the prevalence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and prognosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis-related retinal detachment (RD) surgery in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). DESIGN Retrospective interventional cohort study. METHODS Thirty-five human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with CMV retinitis-related RD who underwent surgical repair were assessed for PVR, CD4-positive T cell counts, and use of HAART. Main outcome measures included anatomic and functional outcomes of RD surgery as well as the presence of PVR and CD4-positive T cell counts. RESULTS PVR was present in 10 of 35 patients (29%) at the time of the first surgery. The presence of PVR was associated with worse preoperative and postoperative visual acuity (P = .017 and P = .009, respectively), with the CD4-positive T cell counts above 200 cells/microL (P = .054), and with a longer interval between the diagnosis of RD and surgery (P = .025). The odds ratio for development of PVR in patients with CD4-positive T cells above 200 cells/microL was 11.3 (95% confidence interval 1.01-125). PVR was not associated with age, gender, or duration of HIV infection. Anatomic reattachment was obtained in 31 patients (89%), though the functional outcomes were limited. The central location of CMV retinitis was associated with postoperative visual acuity (VA) of less than 0.1 (P = .000). Postoperative logMAR VA was associated with preoperative logMAR VA (P < .001) and development of PVR (P = .009). CONCLUSION PVR was present in 29% of CMV retinitis-related RD and was associated with higher CD4-positive T cell counts and longer interval between the diagnosis of RD and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paradee Kunavisarut
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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