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Haroutiunian S, Drennan DA, Lipman AG. Topical NSAID Therapy for Musculoskeletal Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2010; 11:535-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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52
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Li N, Su Q, Tan F, Zhang J. Effect of 1,4-cyclohexanediol on percutaneous absorption and penetration of azelaic acid. Int J Pharm 2010; 387:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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53
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Pugh WJ, Wong R, Falson F, Michniak BB, Moss GP. Discriminant analysis as a tool to identify compounds with potential as transdermal enhancers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:1389-96. [PMID: 16259770 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.57.11.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships were sought for 73 enhancers of hydrocortisone permeation from propylene glycol across hairless mouse skin. Enhancers had chain lengths (CC) from 0 to 16 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 H-bonding atoms (HB), molecular weight 60 to 450, log P (calculated) −1.7 to 9.7 and log S (calculated) −7.8 to 0.7. These predictive properties were chosen because of their ready availability. Enhancement ratio (ER) was defined as hydrocortisone transferred after 24 h relative to control. Values for the ER ranged from 0.2 to 25.3. Multiple regression analysis failed to predict activity; ER values for the ‘good’ enhancers (ER>10) were underestimated. Simple guidelines suggested that high ER was associated with CC>12 and HB 2–5. This was refined by multivariate analysis to identify significant predictors. Discriminant analysis using CC, HB, and molecular weight correctly assigned 11 of the 12 ‘good’ enhancers (92%). The incorrectly assigned compound was a known, idiosyncratic Br compound. Seventeen of the 61 ‘poor’ enhancers (28%) were incorrectly assigned but four could be considered marginal (ER>8). The success of this simple approach in identifying potent enhancers suggested its potential in predicting novel enhancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Pugh
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
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54
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Li YZ, Quan YS, Zang L, Jin MN, Kamiyama F, Katsumi H, Tsutsumi S, Yamamoto A. Trypsin as a novel potential absorption enhancer for improving the transdermal delivery of macromolecules. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.08.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim was to assess the effect of trypsin on the transdermal delivery of macromolecules by applying its specific biochemical properties to the stratum corneum of the skin.
Methods
Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled dextrans (FDs), with molecular weights of 4 to 250 kDa, and FITC-insulin were used as model macromolecules and a model polypeptide, and the in-vitro transdermal permeation experiments, with or without trypsin (0.1–2.5%), were carried out using rat skin and cultured human epidermis. The mechanism for the enhancement of trypsin was also studied using fluorescence and conventional light microscopy.
Key findings
Trypsin significantly increased the transdermal permeability of all FDs through the rat skin (2.0- to 10.0-fold). It also markedly enhanced the permeation of FD4 through three-dimensional cultured human epidermis (3.1-fold), which was used to evaluate the transport pathways other than the transfollicular route. Furthermore, the permeation flux of FITC-insulin was increased by 10.0-fold with trypsin pretreatment (from 0.02 ± 0.00 to 0.20 ± 0.07 μg/cm2 per h). Mechanistic studies indicated that trypsin affects both the intercellular pathway and the hair follicular route, and may alter stratum corneum protein structures, thereby affecting skin barrier properties.
Conclusions
This study suggests that trypsin could be effective as a biochemical enhancer for the transdermal delivery of macromolecules including peptide and protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-zhe Li
- Institute for Frontier Medical Science, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Ying-shu Quan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan
- CosMED Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 448-5 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lei Zang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan
| | - Mei-na Jin
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan
| | - Fumio Kamiyama
- CosMED Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 448-5 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Katsumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan
| | - Sadami Tsutsumi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Science, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan
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55
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Zbytovská J, Vávrová K, Kiselev M, Lessieur P, Wartewig S, Neubert R. The effects of transdermal permeation enhancers on thermotropic phase behaviour of a stratum corneum lipid model. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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56
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Shanmugam S, Baskaran R, Nagayya-Sriraman S, Yong CS, Choi HG, Woo JS, Yoo BK. The Effect of Methylsulfonylmethane on Hair Growth Promotion of Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate for the Treatment of Alopecia. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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57
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Chen J, Hammell DC, Spry M, D’Orazio JA, Stinchcomb AL. In vitro skin diffusion study of pure forskolin versus a forskolin-containing Plectranthus barbatus root extract. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:769-771. [PMID: 19281221 PMCID: PMC5082746 DOI: 10.1021/np800541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro skin diffusion study of pure forskolin (1) versus a 1-containing Plectranthus barbatus root extract (P. barbatus extract) in hairless guinea pig skin and human skin in a flow-through diffusion cell system was conducted and is being reported for the first time. Both topical agents were formulated in a solution of 70% ethanol and 30% propylene glycol (v/v). The results showed that forskolin can be delivered through the stratum corneum and that the flux of this compound was enhanced when 1 was delivered as a constituent of the P. barbatus extract as compared to an equivalent amount in pure form. These results suggest that the P. barbatus extract used contains permeation enhancement activity from other compound(s) contained in the crude root extract. It is possible that P. barbatus root extract may be used as an economical source of 1 to perform topical chemical manipulation of pigmentation in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Dana C. Hammell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Malinda Spry
- Markey Cancer Center and the Graduate Center for Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - John A. D’Orazio
- Markey Cancer Center and the Graduate Center for Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Audra L. Stinchcomb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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58
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Dicarboxylic acid esters as transdermal permeation enhancers: Effects of chain number and geometric isomers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:344-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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59
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Jiang J, Liang YY, Cui LL, Hou XM, Tang Y, Ye XT, Yang YJ, Song MH. Influence of porous PTFE/LDPE/PP composite electret in skin ultrastructure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/142/1/012050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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60
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Bhandari KH, Lee DX, Newa M, Yoon SI, Kim JS, Kim DD, Kim JA, Yoo BK, Woo JS, Lyoo WS, Lee JH, Choi HG, Yong CS. Evaluation of skin permeation and accumulation profiles of a highly lipophilic fatty ester. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:242-9. [PMID: 18365697 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the skin permeation and accumulation profiles of a highly lipophilic fatty ester using the combination of various permeation enhancing techniques to study the potential of highly lipophilic fatty esters as local topical agents. Permeation and accumulation profiles of ketorolac stearate (C18:0) were studied using solubility improved formulation, supersaturated solution of permeant in enhancer vehicle, lipophilic receptor solution, enhancer pretreatment, and the removal of stratum corneum and delipidization of skins. Impermeability and minimal skin accumulation of ketorolac stearate could delineate a preliminary possibility for designing safer topical agents without systemic absorption.
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61
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Alves MP, Scarrone AL, Santos M, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS. Human skin penetration and distribution of nimesulide from hydrophilic gels containing nanocarriers. Int J Pharm 2007; 341:215-20. [PMID: 17482392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the in vitro skin penetration of a drug model (nimesulide) from semi-solid topical formulations containing nanospheres, nanocapsules or nanoemulsion. Nanoprecipitation, interfacial deposition and spontaneous emulsification methods were used to prepare the nanostructured suspension. The hydrodynamic diameters were 252nm for the nanoemulsion, 277nm for the nanocapsules and 202nm for the nanospheres containing nimesulide. The different nanocarrier systems were incorporated in the hydrophilic gels and their ability of delivering the drug into the human skin were investigated using stripping technique and Franz-type diffusion cells. The amount of nimesulide released into the stratum corneum (SC) from the gel containing nanocapsules (GNM-NC) and the gel containing nanospheres (GNM-NS) was similar. On the other hand, for the gel containing nanoemulsion (GNM-NE), the nimesulide was not quantified in SC, but it has been directly permeated for the dermis. The penetration of the nimesulide using the gel containing nanocapsules (GNM-NC) was larger in the deeper skin than using the gel containing nanospheres (GNM-NS) or the one containing nanoemulsion (GNM-NE). The gels containing nanocarriers (GNM-NC, GNM-NS and GNM-NE) were able to release the drug in the viable layer of the skin, comparing to a non-particulated nimesulide-loaded formulation at the same concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta P Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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62
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Bhandari KH, Newa M, Yoon SII, Kim JS, Jang KY, Kim JA, Yoo BK, Woo JS, Lee JH, Kim DD, Choi HG, Yong CS. Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties, Skin Permeation and Accumulation Profiles of Ketorolac Fatty Ester Prodrugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:2211-6. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jae Hwi Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University
| | - Dae Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
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63
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Femenía-Font A, Padula C, Marra F, Balaguer-Fernández C, Merino V, López-Castellano A, Nicoli S, Santi P. Bioadhesive monolayer film for the in vitro transdermal delivery of sumatriptan. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:1561-9. [PMID: 16721755 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The work presented here aims to develop a bioadhesive monolayer film containing sumatriptan as adjuvant for the treatment of headache pain in a severe migraine attack. Permeation experiments were performed from the films prepared and from the respective solution, to evaluate the relevant permeation parameters. The effect of the penetration enhancers Transcutol, 2-pyrrolidone, and polyethylene glycol 600 was evaluated. The results obtained show that Transcutol and 2-pyrrolidone decreased sumatriptan permeation from solution, whereas a modest increase was produced by polyethylene glycol 600. The enhancers produced the same effects when they were included in the film. Compared to solution, the film showed a higher sumatriptan flux in the early times of the experiment. When the film was applied in occlusive conditions the profiles were much higher, indicating the importance of patch drying. Concerning skin retention, the bioadhesive film produced a reduction of the amount of sumatriptan remaining in the skin, but this can be advantageous in the control of drug input, since it reduces the reservoir effect in the skin and allows for an immediate interruption of drug input when the patch is removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Femenía-Font
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46113 Moncada, Spain
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64
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Changez M, Varshney M, Chander J, Dinda AK. Effect of the composition of lecithin/n-propanol/isopropyl myristate/water microemulsions on barrier properties of mice skin for transdermal permeation of tetracaine hydrochloride: In vitro. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 50:18-25. [PMID: 16690263 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Effect of composition of lecithin water-in-oil and oil-in-water microemulsion on in vitro transdermal permeation of tetracaine hydrochloride was studied on mice model. The results were compared with an aqueous solution of tetracaine hydrochloride (2.7 mg/ml). In vitro skin flux and permeability coefficients were obtained using the Franz diffusion cell. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to study the mechanism of action of the microemulsion. Micrographs of TEM and CLSM studies were analyzed by using Image Pro Plus image software. Skin flux of tetracaine hydrochloride was found to be dependent on the composition of lecithin/n-propanol/isopropyl myristate/water microemulsions. At lower Km ratio (i.e. 0.5:1 and 0.8:1) of microemulsion, the rate of permeation of tetracaine hydrochloride was higher when compared to the microemulsion of higher Km ratio (1:1 and 1.5:1). Image analysis of TEM micrograph, 6h after application of lecithin microemulsion, showed 3.5+/-0.75-fold (p<0.001) increase in the intercellular space in the epidermis and 3.8+/-0.4-fold (p<0.001) enhancement in upper dermis. CLMS results show that sweat gland and hair follicles also provided path for permeation of the drug through the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Changez
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India.
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65
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Changez M, Chander J, Dinda AK. Transdermal permeation of tetracaine hydrochloride by lecithin microemulsion: In vivo. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 48:58-66. [PMID: 16497490 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vivo transdermal permeation of tetracaine hydrochloride encapsulated in lecithin water-in-oil and oil-in-water microemulsion was studied. The effect of the composition of the lecithin microemulsion on analgesic response of tetracaine hydrochloride was evaluated on Wistar rats by tail flick method. To find out the toxicity of lecithin/n-propanol/isopropyl myristate/water/tetracaine hydrochloride microemulsion histopathological and irritation response were measured in Swiss mice. Time course studies were also conducted for the biochemical response of microemulsion by measuring catalase, glutathione and lipid peroxidation levels of the treated mice skin. The analgesic response was found to be dependent on the drug concentration and composition of the systems. The histopathological, irritation and biochemical findings reveal that lecithin/n-propanol/isopropyl myristate/water/tetracaine hydrochloride microemulsion is a safe carrier for transdermal drug delivery systems. Confocal laser scanning microscopy observation indicated that sweat gland and hair follicle also provided the path for transdermal permeation of lecithin/n-propanol/isopropyl myristate/water microemulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Changez
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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66
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Guo H, Liu Z, Li J, Nie S, Pan W. Effects of Isopropyl Palmitate on the Skin Permeation of Drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:2324-6. [PMID: 17077540 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The model penetrants oxaprozin, nimesulide, gliclazide, and ribavirin, because of their different lipophilicities, were selected to assess the enhancing activity of pre-treatment solutions consisting of isopropyl palmitate (IP) in ethanol (5%, 10%, 15%and 20%, w/w, respectively) across excised rat skin using Franz diffusion cells and HPLC detection. All pre-treatment solutions produced a significant increase in the flux and permeation of all four penetrants (p<0.001) and a relationship between penetrant lipophilicity and enhancement effect was observed. The general order of IP effectiveness at concentration was 20%>15%>10%>5% (w/w). The lag-time of drugs did not significantly change except for ribavirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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67
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Abstract
To increase the skin permeation of large peptides like insulin, it is necessary to utilize a combination of enhancement strategies. In this regard, this study investigated the effect of terpenes/EtOH combination in comparison to EtOH and neat terpene on transdermal iontophoretic permeation of insulin. Ex-vivo experiments were conducted using full thickness rat skin after pre-treatment for 2 h with 5% of menthol, menthone, cineole and pulegone in EtOH; EtOH alone; neat menthone with and without iontophoresis (0.5 mA/cm(2); 6 h). FT-IR studies were carried out using rat epidermal sheets after pre-treatment with enhancer solution for 2 h and tritiated water permeation studies was used to investigate the alteration in skin barrier property after enhancer or current treatment. The lag time was significantly reduced (P<0.05) with terpene/EtOH pre-treatment in comparison to passive control and EtOH pre-treatment, although there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the terpenes. Synergistic enhancement in flux was observed with terpene/EtOH, and menthone/EtOH showed highest enhancement among the terpene/EtOH combinations. On the other hand, enhancement with neat menthone was higher than with menthone/EtOH. FT-IR studies showed that terpene/EtOH, EtOH and neat terpene act at the intercellular lipids. The skin barrier property was significantly (P<0.05) compromised with neat menthone treatment. Iontophoresis had a lesser effect on skin barrier property compared to chemical enhancer pre-treatment. Terpene/EtOH caused synergistic enhancement of insulin permeation when combined with iontophoresis and was influenced by the type and concentration of terpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omathanu Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Section 67, SAS Nagar, 160 062 Punjab, India
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