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A chemical compound based on methylxanthine-polyphenols lowers nitric oxide levels and increases post-thaw human sperm viability. ZYGOTE 2017; 25:719-730. [PMID: 29179786 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199417000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We produced a new chemical compound based on methylxanthines and polyphenols (CCMP) present in the chemical matrix of guaraná (Paullinia cupana), a seed extract with antioxidant properties. After supplementation with the standard extract of resveratrol, a well documented antioxidant found in other plant sources, we investigated whether this resveratrol-enriched compound could improve sperm viability and modulate differentially reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in thawed sperm. Sperm samples obtained from healthy young donors were treated with different concentrations of guaraná extract (0.1, 1, 5 or 10 mg/ml) and cells were frozen at -80°C for 24 h. In addition, the potential protective effects of guaraná treatment on sperm treated with pro-oxidant compound (200 µM hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) were assessed. Samples were also exposed to three concentrations of CCMP before being frozen in liquid nitrogen (-196°C) or in an ultrafreezer (-80°C) for 24 h, and both pre-freezing and post-thaw measurements of viability and oxidative stress were performed. Guaraná supplementation at 10 mg/ml significantly increased post-thaw viability and decreased oxidative metabolism of the sperm. Moreover, selected concentrations of CCMP improved viability and oxidative metabolism in sperm samples pre-freezing. Furthermore, CCMP showed cryoprotective activity by increasing viability and decreasing oxidative stress in post-thaw samples. In summary, these findings suggested that CCMP supplementation acts as a cryoprotectant to modulate ROS and NO levels in thawed sperm. CCMP could be used to enhance sperm quality and reproductive success.
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52
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Cryoprotective effect of resveratrol on DNA damage and crucial human sperm messenger RNAs, possibly through 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Cell Tissue Bank 2017; 19:87-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-017-9642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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53
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Agarwal A, Majzoub A. Role of Antioxidants in Assisted Reproductive Techniques. World J Mens Health 2017; 35:77-93. [PMID: 28497913 PMCID: PMC5583374 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.2017.35.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has been recognized as a significant cause of suboptimal assisted reproductive outcome. Many of the sperm preparation and manipulation procedures that are necessary in the in vitro environment can result in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) thereby exposing the gametes and growing embryos to significant oxidative damage. Antioxidants have long been utilized in the management of male subfertility as they can counterbalance the elevated levels of ROS inducing a high state of OS. Few studies have looked into the clinical effectiveness of antioxidants in patients undergoing assisted reproduction. While an overall favorable outcome has been perceived, the specific clinical indication and optimal antioxidant regimen remain unknown. The goal of our review is to explore the sources of ROS in the in vitro environment and provide a clinical scenario-based approach to identify the circumstances where antioxidant supplementation is most beneficial to enhance the outcome of assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine and the Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Ahmad Majzoub
- Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Agarwal A, Sharma R, Henkel R, Roychoudhury S, Sikka SC, du Plessis S, Sarda YB, Speyer C, Nouh M, Douglas C, Kayali Z, Elshaer A, Sabanegh E. Cumene hydroperoxide induced changes in oxidation-reduction potential in fresh and frozen seminal ejaculates. Andrologia 2017; 50. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - R. Sharma
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - R. Henkel
- Department of Medical Bioscience; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
| | - S. Roychoudhury
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics; Assam University; Silchar India
| | - S. C. Sikka
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center; New Orleans LA USA
| | - S. du Plessis
- Medical Physiology; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg South Africa
| | - Y. B. Sarda
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - C. Speyer
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - M. Nouh
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - C. Douglas
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Z. Kayali
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - A. Elshaer
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - E. Sabanegh
- Department of Urology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
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A new media without animal component for sperm cryopreservation: motility and various attributes affecting paternal contribution of sperm. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017; 34:647-657. [PMID: 28281145 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-0888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was the development of a safe sperm cryopreservation New Media (NM), composed of consistent and reproducible components devoid of any animal origin, and evaluation of NM in terms of its effect on sperm structure and function as compared to regularly used yolk media (TYM) (Irvine Scientific). METHODS We evaluated patient semen samples and cryopreserved them in duplicates in either NM or TYM. The samples were cryopreserved for either a short term of 1 week or long term of 1 month prior to thawing. The parameters investigated include sperm motility via computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA), sperm concentration, and sperm biomarkers that promote paternal contribution of spermatozoa to fertilization including hyaluronic acid binding, chromatin maturity, apoptotic markers, cytoplasmic retention, and sperm DNA integrity. RESULTS As compared to TYM, NM was equally capable of sperm cryopreservation with both short-term and long-term storage in media, and after freeze-thaw and gradient processing of sperm. HA binding of sperm was comparable post thaw in both NM and yolk media. There are also no differences observed between the samples cryopreserved in NM or TYM in terms of their aniline blue staining, CK immunocytochemistry, caspase 3 immunostaining, or DNA nick translation. CONCLUSIONS NM has the advantage of being xeno-free, yet in preservation of sperm motility and other sperm attributes, the NM is as effective as the TYM.
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Extender supplementation with catalase maintains the integrity of sperm plasma membrane after freezing–thawing of semen from capuchin monkey. ZYGOTE 2017; 25:231-234. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199416000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWe aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of ACP-118® extender with the antioxidant catalase (10 and 50 µg/ml) on Sapajus apella sperm motility, vigour, and plasma membrane integrity during the processes of seminal liquefaction, cooling, and freezing. Catalase did not affect any of the evaluated parameters after semen dilution or cooling. Cryopreserved sperm in the presence of 50 µg/ml catalase presented a plasma membrane integrity similar to that fresh sperm, however.
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57
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Koh SA, Sanders K, Burton P. Effect of male age on oxidative stress markers in human semen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/2058915816673242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of oxidative stress markers in human semen within the context of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and investigated if these markers varied according to male age. 148 semen samples were collected from 139 men presenting at Concept Fertility Centre, Western Australia, from 2009 to 2012. Semen analyses were performed and demographic information including smoking status and abstinence period was collected. Reactive oxygen species production, lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), total antioxidant capacity and DNA fragmentation ( terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine diphosphate nick-end labelling) were measured as markers of oxidative stress. Semen parameters and oxidative stress markers were compared against age as a continuous variable, and between males <40 and males ≥40 years of age. Older males aged ≥40 years exhibited higher levels of sperm oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) compared to younger males ( p = 0.029), but no other oxidative stress marker significantly varied with age. An age-related decrease in sperm concentration ( p = 0.011) and motility ( p = 0.015) was observed after processing. Lower sperm concentration and reduced motility pre- and post-semen processing were significantly correlated with elevated oxidative DNA damage (all p < 0.001). Our results suggest that oxidative stress may be an important mediator between male age and fertility. This is concerning within the context of an ageing ART cohort, as sperm oxidative DNA damage is associated with a range of suboptimal fertility outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ann Koh
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Katherine Sanders
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Burton
- Concept Fertility Centre, Subiaco, WA, Australia
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Rossi M, Falomo ME, Mantovani R. Role of coenzyme Q and vitamin E on stallion semen motility evaluated both in frozen and cooled-stored semen. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1239511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nenkova G, Stefanov R, Chervenkov M, Alexandrova A. Preventive effect of Desferal on sperm motility and morphology. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:423-8. [PMID: 27470902 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal ions, mainly iron, are involved in the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which are the most powerful inducers of oxidative damage to all biomolecules. The lipids in sperm membranes are highly susceptible to oxidation. Sperm lipid peroxidation (LPO) leads to decrease of motility and reduction of likelihood for sperm-oocyte fusion. The excess radical production may affect also the spermatozoa morphology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Desferal on the LPO, motility, and morphology of boar sperm subjected to oxidative stress. After collection, the ejaculates were equally separated and diluted in a commercial semen extender (experiment 1) or in physiological saline (experiment 2). The ejaculates of the 2 experiments were divided into aliquots, which were incubated with one of the following agents: FeSO4 (0.1mM), H2 O2 (0.5mM), or FeSO4 + H2 O2 (Fenton system), in the presence or absence of Desferal. The application of Desferal in the incubation medium had a protective effect against FeSO4 + H2 O2 -induced sperm damage, namely, decrease of LPO; decrease the quantity of immotile spermatozoa and decrease the number of morphological abnormalities, regardless of the used medium. In experiment 2, the presence of FeSO4 in the incubation medium induced LPO in the same range as the combination FeSO4 + H2 O2 , in which the effect was reduced by Desferal. Thus, the supplement of Desferal to media used for sperm storage and processing could be a useful tool for diminishing oxidative injury and improving the quality of the semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Nenkova
- Laboratory of Free Radical Processes, Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rossen Stefanov
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mihail Chervenkov
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Free Radical Processes, Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Amidi F, Pazhohan A, Shabani Nashtaei M, Khodarahmian M, Nekoonam S. The role of antioxidants in sperm freezing: a review. Cell Tissue Bank 2016; 17:745-756. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-016-9566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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61
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Saeednia S, Shabani Nashtaei M, Bahadoran H, Aleyasin A, Amidi F. Effect of nerve growth factor on sperm quality in asthenozoosprmic men during cryopreservation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:29. [PMID: 27233989 PMCID: PMC4884433 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although routinely used in assisted reproductive technology, human sperm cryopreservation is not an entirely successful procedure. This study determined the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) supplementation of cryopreservation medium on post-thaw viability, motility, intracellular nitric oxide (NO) concentration, and DNA fragmentation of human spermatozoa in asthenozoospermic men. METHODS Semen samples were collected from 25 asthenozoosprmic men and divided into the following groups (n = 5/group): fresh semen (control); frozen-thawed semen without treatment; frozen-thawed semen with NGF treatment (0.5, 1, and 5 ng/ml). Prior to dividing the asthenozoospermic samples, 200 μl of each sample was collected for NGF content assessment by ELISA and then compared with normozoospermic semen samples (25 normozoospermic men). Sperm motility and viability were assessed according to WHO criteria. Furthermore, intracellular nitric oxide and DNA fragmentation were evaluated by Flow Cytometry. RESULTS NGF content was significantly higher in normozoospermic compared with asthenozoospermic men. Cryopreservation of asthenozoospermic semen samples significantly decreased sperm viability and motility, and increased intracellular nitric oxide concentration and DNA damage (p < 0.01). In asthenozoospermic frozen-thawed samples treated with 0.5 ng/ml exogenous NGF, we observed a significantly increased viability, motility, and decreased DNA fragmentation (p < 0.05), but intracellular nitric oxide concentration was not reduced. The other high doses (1 and 5 ng/ml) had no significant effect on the variables. CONCLUSION Supplementation with exogenous NGF could have partial and limited protective effect during cryopreservation of human spermatozoa but further research is needed to evaluate the possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saeednia
- School of medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Maryam Shabani Nashtaei
- Department of Anatomy, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Bahadoran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Aleyasin
- Department of Infertility, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardin Amidi
- Department of Anatomy, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Nekoonam S, Nashtaei MS, Naji M, Zangi BM, Amidi F. Effect of Trolox on sperm quality in normozospermia and oligozospermia during cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2016; 72:106-11. [PMID: 26943951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of different concentrations of Trolox supplementation to cryoprotective agent (CPA) on post-thaw apoptosis-like events that include translocation of phosphatidyl serine (PS) to the cell surface, alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and DNA integrity of normozoospermic and oligoozoospermic semen samples. Spermatozoa from 20 normozoospermic men and 20 patients with oligoozoospermia were cryopreserved with cryo-protective agent containing 0, 20, 40, and 80 μM Trolox. Pre-cryopreservation and post-thaw sperm MMP, PS externalization and DNA fragmentation were evaluated by flow cytometry. Sperm frozen in extender with Trolox had greater MMP, lower DNA fragmentation and externalization of PS in both groups, though the most effective dose of Trolox in normozoospermic and oligoozoospermic semen samples were different. These findings support the use of Trolox as freezing extender supplement to improve the quality of cryopreserved human sperm, measured in terms of early apoptosis changes and DNA integrity, in both normozoospermic and oligoozoospermic men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Nekoonam
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Shabani Nashtaei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Naji
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center (UNRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Minaei Zangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fardin Amidi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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63
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Zhu Z, Fan X, Lv Y, Zhang N, Fan C, Zhang P, Zeng W. Vitamin E Analogue Improves Rabbit Sperm Quality during the Process of Cryopreservation through Its Antioxidative Action. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145383. [PMID: 26700473 PMCID: PMC4689478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of cryopreservation results in high concentration of reactive oxygen species which is detrimental to spermatozoa. The aim of this study was to investigate whether addition of vitamin E analogue to freezing extender can facilitate the cryosurvival of spermatozoa in rabbits, and how vitamin E protects spermatozoa against damages during the process of preservation. Freshly ejaculated semen was diluted with Tris-citrate-glucose extender supplemented with different concentrations of Trolox (a vitamin E analogue). The level of radical oxygen species (ROS) in spermatozoa that was exposed to Trolox was significantly lower than that of the control during each step of the process of preservation. The percentage of frozen-thawed spermatozoa with lipid peroxidation in the Trolox treatments was significantly lower than that of the control. The motility, intact acrosome, membrane integrity and mitochondrial potentials of the frozen-thawed spermatozoa in the treatment of 200 μM Trolox were significantly higher than those of the control. These observations suggest that addition of vitamin E to a freezing extender leads to higher integrity of acrosome, plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane potential as well as higher motility. Vitamin E protects spermatozoa through its capacity to quench ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation during the process of preservation. Addition of Trolox is recommended to facilitate the improvement of semen preservation for the rabbit breeding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoteng Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yinghua Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chuning Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- * E-mail:
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64
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Yeste M. Sperm cryopreservation update: Cryodamage, markers, and factors affecting the sperm freezability in pigs. Theriogenology 2015; 85:47-64. [PMID: 26506124 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is the most efficient method for long-term preservation of mammalian sperm. However, freeze-thawing procedures may strongly impair the sperm function and survival and thus decrease the reproductive performance. In addition, the sperm resilience to withstand cryopreservation, also known as freezability, presents a high individual variability. The present work summarizes the principles of cryoinjury and the relevance of permeating and nonpermeating cryoprotective agents. Descriptions about sperm cryodamage are mainly focused on boar sperm, but reference to other mammalian species is also made when relevant. Main cryoinjuries not only regard to sperm motility and membrane integrity, but also to the degradation effect exerted by freeze-thawing on other important components for sperm fertilizing ability, such as mRNAs. After delving into the main differences between good and poor freezability boar ejaculates, those protein markers predicting the sperm ability to sustain cryopreservation are also mentioned. Moreover, factors that may influence sperm freezability, such as season, diet, breed, or ejaculate fractions are discussed, together with the effects of different additives, like seminal plasma and antioxidants. After briefly referring to the effects of long-term sperm preservation in frozen state and the reproductive performance of frozen-thawed boar sperm, this work speculates with new research horizons on the preservation of boar sperm, such as vitrification and freeze-drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Yeste
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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65
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Huang VW, Lee CL, Lee YL, Lam KK, Ko JK, Yeung WS, Ho PC, Chiu PC. Sperm fucosyltransferase-5 mediates spermatozoa–oviductal epithelial cell interaction to protect human spermatozoa from oxidative damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:516-26. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Agarwal A, Durairajanayagam D, du Plessis SS. Utility of antioxidants during assisted reproductive techniques: an evidence based review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:112. [PMID: 25421286 PMCID: PMC4258799 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a common treatment of choice for many couples facing infertility issues, be it due to male or female factor, or idiopathic. Employment of ART techniques, however, come with its own challenges as the in vitro environment is not nearly as ideal as the in vivo environment, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) build-up leading to oxidative stress is kept in check by the endogenous antioxidants system. While physiological amounts of ROS are necessary for normal reproductive function in vivo, in vitro manipulation of gametes and embryos exposes these cells to excessive ROS production either by endogenous or exogenous environmental factors. In this review, we discuss the sources of ROS in an in vitro clinical setting and the influence of oxidative stress on gamete/embryo quality and the outcome of IVF/ICSI. Sources of ROS and different strategies of overcoming the excessive generation of ROS in vitro are also highlighted. Endogenously, the gametes and the developing embryo become sources of ROS. Multiple exogenous factors act as potential sources of ROS, including exposure to visible light, composition of culture media, pH and temperature, oxygen concentration, centrifugation during spermatozoa preparation, ART technique involving handling of gamete/embryo and cryopreservation technique (freeze/thawing process). Finally, the use of antioxidants as agents to minimize ROS generation in the in vitro environment and as oral therapy is highlighted. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are discussed and the outcome of studies using these antioxidants as oral therapy in the male or female or its use in vitro in media is presented. While results of studies using certain antioxidant agents are promising, the current body of evidence as a whole suggests the need for further well-designed and larger scale randomized controlled studies, as well as research to minimize oxidative stress conditions in the clinical ART setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Damayanthi Durairajanayagam
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MARA University of Technology, Sungai Buloh, Selangor 47000 Malaysia
| | - Stefan S du Plessis
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
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Büyükleblebici S, Tuncer PB, Bucak MN, Eken A, Sarıözkan S, Taşdemir U, Endirlik BÜ. Cryopreservation of bull sperm: Effects of extender supplemented with different cryoprotectants and antioxidants on sperm motility, antioxidant capacity and fertility results. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 150:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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68
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Sharma R, Kattoor AJ, Ghulmiyyah J, Agarwal A. Effect of sperm storage and selection techniques on sperm parameters. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2014; 61:1-12. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2014.976720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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69
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Olszewska-Slonina D. Sperm cyropreservation and oxidative damage. What does it mean? Cent European J Urol 2014; 66:50-1. [PMID: 24578989 PMCID: PMC3921833 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2013.01.art15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Olszewska-Slonina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Genetics, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Paoli D, Lombardo F, Lenzi A, Gandini L. Sperm Cryopreservation: Effects on Chromatin Structure. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 791:137-50. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7783-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mortimer D, Barratt CLR, Björndahl L, de Jager C, Jequier AM, Muller CH. What should it take to describe a substance or product as 'sperm-safe'. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 19 Suppl 1:i1-45. [PMID: 23552271 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male reproductive potential continues to be adversely affected by many environmental, industrial and pharmaceutical toxins. Pre-emptive testing for reproductive toxicological (side-)effects remains limited, or even non-existent. Many products that come into direct contact with spermatozoa lack adequate testing for the absence of adverse effects, and numerous products that are intended for exposure to spermatozoa have only a general assumption of safety based on the absence of evidence of actual harm. Such assumptions can have unfortunate adverse impacts on at-risk individuals (e.g. couples who are trying to conceive), illustrating a clear need for appropriate up-front testing to establish actual 'sperm safety'. METHODS After compiling a list of general areas within the review's scope, relevant literature and other information was obtained from the authors' personal professional libraries and archives, and supplemented as necessary using PubMed and Google searches. Review by co-authors identified and eliminated errors of omission or bias. RESULTS This review provides an overview of the broad range of substances, materials and products that can affect male fertility, especially through sperm fertilizing ability, along with a discussion of practical methods and bioassays for their evaluation. It is concluded that products can only be claimed to be 'sperm-safe' after performing objective, properly designed experimental studies; extrapolation from supposed predicate products or other assumptions cannot be trusted. CONCLUSIONS We call for adopting the precautionary principle, especially when exposure to a product might affect not only a couple's fertility potential but also the health of resulting offspring and perhaps future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mortimer
- Oozoa Biomedical Inc., Caulfeild Village, West Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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72
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Banihani S, Agarwal A, Sharma R, Bayachou M. Cryoprotective effect ofl-carnitine on motility, vitality and DNA oxidation of human spermatozoa. Andrologia 2013; 46:637-41. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Banihani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - A. Agarwal
- Center for Reproductive Medicine; Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - R. Sharma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine; Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - M. Bayachou
- Department of Chemistry; Cleveland State University; Cleveland OH USA
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73
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Brugnon F, Ouchchane L, Pons-Rejraji H, Artonne C, Farigoule M, Janny L. Density gradient centrifugation prior to cryopreservation and hypotaurine supplementation improve post-thaw quality of sperm from infertile men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:2045-57. [PMID: 23760160 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can selection of spermatozoa by density gradient centrifugation prior to cryopreservation and/or hypotaurine supplementation improve the post-thaw quality of sperm from infertile men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia? SUMMARY ANSWER Sperm selection by density gradient centrifugation before freezing and supplementation of the media by hypotaurine is beneficial for the cryopreservation of semen samples of patients with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Sperm from men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia are more susceptible than normal to cryoinjury. Density gradient centrifugation before sperm freezing may allow the selection of a subpopulation of spermatozoa more resistant to cryopreservation. Hypotaurine is an antioxidant with a protective effect on sperm functions. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The experiment was carried out according to a factorial design involving two binary factors resulting in four treatment combinations which were randomly allocated in oligoasthenoteratozoospermia sperm samples from 64 patients recruited between January 2009 and June 2010. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Semen was provided by 64 men undergoing evaluation for infertility at the Centre for Reproductive Medicine of the University Hospital in Clermont-Ferrand, France, between January 2009 and June 2010. Four treatment combinations were tested: sperm freezing before selection without (F-S/H-; n = 16) and with hypotaurine supplementation (F-S/H+; n = 16); sperm selection before freezing without (S-F/H-; n = 16) and with hypotaurine supplementation (S-F/H+; n = 16). Measurements of sperm recovery rates and markers of apoptosis (externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation) were compared in recovered spermatozoa after each procedure. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Higher recovery rates of progressive and total motile spermatozoa were observed when sperm selection was performed before freezing (P < 0.05). The protective effect of hypotaurine was only observed on the percentage of live spermatozoa with PS externalization among total live spermatozoa (AN+ PI-/((AN+ PI-) + (AN- PI-)) when the sperm selection by density gradient centrifugation was performed before freezing (S-F/H+ versus S-F/H-: 6.8 ± 1.09 versus 11.8 ± 2.03%, P = 0.04). The percentage of mitochondrial membrane potential (DiOC6(3) (high)) spermatozoa was higher (P = 0.001) when sperm selection was done before freezing compared with procedures in which sperm selection was done after sperm freezing with (S-F/H+ versus F-S/H+: 58.1 ± 3.50 versus 46.7 ± 5.48%) or without (S-F/H- versus F-S/H-: 57.0 ± 5.18 versus 35.4 ± 4.99%) hypotaurine supplementation. The percentages of TUNEL+ spermatozoa were significantly lower (P = 0.001) when sperm selection was done before sperm freezing compared with procedures in which sperm selection was done after sperm freezing with (S-F/H+ versus F-S/H+: 38.6 ± 9.59 versus 55.7 ± 5.88%) or without hypotaurine supplementation (S-F/H- versus F-S/H-: 37.2 ± 7.91 versus 71.0 ± 5.66%). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The ICSI outcomes were not assessed and the fertility of the spermatozoa remains unknown. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Sperm selection by density gradient centrifugation before freezing and hypotaurine supplementation could improve the cryopreservation of sperm from oligoasthenoteratozoospermic men and make a larger number of functional spermatozoa available for ICSI. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERETS(S) This work was supported by a hospital grant (Projet Hospitalier Recherche Clinique, CHU Clermont Ferrand, France). None of the authors has any conflict of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brugnon
- Assistance Médicale á la Procréation, CECOS, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CHU Estaing, place Aubrac, 63000 Clermont Ferrand, France.
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74
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Walczak-Jedrzejowska R, Wolski JK, Slowikowska-Hilczer J. The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male fertility. Cent European J Urol 2013; 66:60-7. [PMID: 24578993 PMCID: PMC3921845 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2013.01.art19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress results from the imbalance between production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the protective effect of the antioxidant system responsible for their neutralization and removal. An excess of ROS causes a pathological reaction resulting in damage to cells and tissues. Spermatozoa are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of ROS. Oxidative stress affects their activity, damages DNA structure, and accelerates apoptosis, all of which consequently decrease their numbers, hinders motility and development of normal morphology, and impairs function. This leads to disturbances in fertility or embryo development disorder. The main cellular source of ROS in the semen are immature sperm cells and white blood cells. The increase in the number of leukocytes may be due to infection and inflammation, but can also be secondary to harmful environmental factors, long sexual abstinence, or varicocele. The protective antioxidant system in the semen is composed of enzymes, as well as nonenzymatic substances, which closely interact with each other to ensure optimal protection against ROS. Non–enzymatic antioxidants include vitamins A, E, C, and B complex, glutathione, pantothenic acid, coenzyme Q10 and carnitine, and micronutrients such as zinc, selenium, and copper. It seems that a deficiency of any of them can cause a decrease in total antioxidant status. In vitro and in vivo that studies demonstrate many antioxidants possess a beneficial effect on fertility and, therefore, their use is recommended as supportive therapy for the treatment of infertility in men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Karol Wolski
- Urology-Oncology Department, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre, Warsaw, Poland ; Fertility Center "Novum", Warsaw, Poland
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75
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Zribi N, Chakroun NF, Ben Abdallah F, Elleuch H, Sellami A, Gargouri J, Rebai T, Fakhfakh F, Keskes LA. Effect of freezing–thawing process and quercetin on human sperm survival and DNA integrity. Cryobiology 2012; 65:326-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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76
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Moubasher AE, El Din AME, Ali ME, El-sherif WT, Gaber HD. Catalase improves motility, vitality and DNA integrity of cryopreserved human spermatozoa. Andrologia 2012; 45:135-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2012.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Moubasher
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology; Faculty of Medicine; Assiut University; Assiut; Egypt
| | - A. M. E. El Din
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; Assiut University; Assiut; Egypt
| | - M. E. Ali
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology; Faculty of Medicine; Assiut University; Assiut; Egypt
| | - W. T. El-sherif
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; Assiut University; Assiut; Egypt
| | - H. D. Gaber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology; Faculty of Medicine; Assiut University; Assiut; Egypt
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Human Sperm Cryopreservation: Update on Techniques, Effect on DNA Integrity, and Implications for ART. Adv Urol 2011; 2012:854837. [PMID: 22194740 PMCID: PMC3238352 DOI: 10.1155/2012/854837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa-introduced in the 1960's-has been recognized as an efficient procedure for management of male fertility before therapy for malignant diseases, vasectomy or surgical infertility treatments, to store donor and partner spermatozoa before assisted reproduction treatments and to ensure the recovery of a small number of spermatozoa in severe male factor infertility. Despite the usefulness of it, cryopreservation may lead to deleterious changes of sperm structure and function: while the effects of cryopreservation on cells are well documented, to date there is no agreement in the literature on whether or not cryopreservation affects sperm chromatin integrity or on the use of a unique and functional protocol for the freezing-thawing procedure. Therefore, sperm cryopreservation is an important component of fertility management and much of its successful application seems to affect the reproductive outcome of assisted reproduction technologies (ART): appropriate use of cryoprotectants before and sperm selection technologies after cryopreservation seem to have the greatest impact on preventing DNA fragmentation, thus improving sperm cryosurvival rates.
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78
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Banihani S, Sharma R, Bayachou M, Sabanegh E, Agarwal A. Human sperm DNA oxidation, motility and viability in the presence of l-carnitine during in vitro incubation and centrifugation. Andrologia 2011; 44 Suppl 1:505-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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79
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The effect of antioxidants on the quality of cryopreserved semen in two salmonid fish, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Theriogenology 2011; 76:882-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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80
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Zini A, Al-Hathal N. Antioxidant therapy in male infertility: fact or fiction? Asian J Androl 2011; 13:374-81. [PMID: 21516118 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertile men have higher levels of semen reactive oxygen species (ROS) than do fertile men. High levels of semen ROS can cause sperm dysfunction, sperm DNA damage and reduced male reproductive potential. This observation has led clinicians to treat infertile men with antioxidant supplements. The purpose of this article is to discuss the rationale for antioxidant therapy in infertile men and to evaluate the data on the efficacy of dietary and in vitro antioxidant preparations on sperm function and DNA damage. To date, most clinical studies suggest that dietary antioxidant supplements are beneficial in terms of improving sperm function and DNA integrity. However, the exact mechanism of action of dietary antioxidants and the optimal dietary supplement have not been established. Moreover, most of the clinical studies are small and few have evaluated pregnancy rates. A beneficial effect of in vitro antioxidant supplements in protecting spermatozoa from exogenous oxidants has been demonstrated in most studies; however, the effect of these antioxidants in protecting sperm from endogenous ROS, gentle sperm processing and cryopreservation has not been established conclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Zini
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Que. H3T 1M5, Canada.
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81
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Gadea J, Molla M, Selles E, Marco M, Garcia-Vazquez F, Gardon J. Reduced glutathione content in human sperm is decreased after cryopreservation: Effect of the addition of reduced glutathione to the freezing and thawing extenders. Cryobiology 2011; 62:40-6. [PMID: 21156167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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82
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Garcez ME, dos Santos Branco C, Lara LV, Pasqualotto FF, Salvador M. Effects of resveratrol supplementation on cryopreservation medium of human semen. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2118-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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83
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Tatone C, Di Emidio G, Vento M, Ciriminna R, Artini PG. Cryopreservation and oxidative stress in reproductive cells. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010; 26:563-7. [PMID: 20230330 DOI: 10.3109/09513591003686395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the optimisation of cryopreservation protocols, post-thawing trauma to mammalian gametes cannot be completely avoided. Based on recent literature, cellular cryodamage in reproductive cells has been extensively characterised in terms of changes in the cell structure, whereas biochemical alterations have been poorly investigated. The present paper reviews the current knowledge about the involvement of oxidative stress in frozen-thawed cells by considering the most relevant studies in sperm and oocytes. Recognising that spermatozoa are highly susceptible to oxidative damage induced by cryopreservation, the need for further research is highlighted in order to understand whether changes in the redox state have a role in the reduced developmental potential of cryopreserved human reproductive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Tatone
- Department of Health Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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84
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Said TM, Gaglani A, Agarwal A. Implication of apoptosis in sperm cryoinjury. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 21:456-62. [PMID: 20800544 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an ongoing physiological phenomenon that has been documented to play a role in male infertility, if deregulated. Caspase activation, externalization of phosphatidylserine, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation are markers of apoptosis found in ejaculated human spermatozoa. These markers appear in excess in subfertile men and functionally incompetent spermatozoa. Sperm cryopreservation is a widely used procedure in the context of assisted reproductive techniques. Cryopreservation and thawing is a procedure that inflicts irreversible injury on human spermatozoa. The damage is manifested by a decrease in recovery of viable spermatozoa with optimum fertilization potential. This review describes the implication of apoptosis as one of the possible mechanisms involved in sperm cryoinjury. Evidence shows significant increase in some apoptosis markers following cryopreservation and thawing. On the other hand, the increase in sperm DNA fragmentation following cryopreservation and thawing requires further investigation. Specific technical measures should be applied to minimize the induction of apoptosis in human spermatozoa during cryopreservation and thawing. These include standardization of freezing protocols and cryoprotectant use. Selection of non-apoptotic spermatozoa may also prove to be of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer M Said
- The Toronto Institute for Reproductive Medicine - ReproMed, 56 Aberfoyle Crescent, Toronto, ON, Canada M8X2W4
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85
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Zini A, San Gabriel M, Baazeem A. Antioxidants and sperm DNA damage: a clinical perspective. J Assist Reprod Genet 2009; 26:427-32. [PMID: 19768529 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-009-9343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Infertile men possess substantially more sperm DNA damage than do fertile men, damage that may impact negatively on reproductive outcomes. In this era of assisted reproductive technologies there is mounting concern regarding the safety of utilizing DNA-damaged spermatozoa in this setting. Therefore, it is important to identify strategies that may reduce sperm DNA damage. The purpose of this review is to discuss the rationale for antioxidant therapy in men with sperm DNA damage and to evaluate the data on the efficacy of dietary and in vitro antioxidant preparations on sperm DNA damage. METHODS We reviewed the literature on antioxidants and sperm DNA damage. RESULTS To date, the data suggest that dietary antioxidants may be beneficial in reducing sperm DNA damage, particularly, in men with high levels of DNA fragmentation. However, the mechanism of action of dietary antioxidants has not been established and most of the clinical studies are small. A beneficial effect of in vitro antioxidant supplements in protecting sperm DNA from exogenous oxidants has been demonstrated, however, the effect of these antioxidants in protecting sperm from endogenous ROS, gentle sperm processing and cryopreservation has not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Zini
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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86
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Thomson LK, Fleming SD, Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN, Zieschang JA, Clark AM. Cryopreservation-induced human sperm DNA damage is predominantly mediated by oxidative stress rather than apoptosis. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:2061-70. [PMID: 19525298 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas studies have revealed that the cryopreservation of human semen increases sperm DNA fragmentation, the mechanisms involved in this type of cryo-injury are largely unknown. Elucidation of these mechanisms may provide insight into preventing such injury. METHODS We obtained 60 semen samples from 60 men and conducted experiments to determine the cause of cryopreservation-induced DNA fragmentation using 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) as a biomarker of oxidative stress, percentage caspase positive cells as an indicator of apoptosis, the potential antioxidant genistein and the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK. RESULTS Cryopreservation led to a significant increase in percentage DNA fragmentation, percentage 8OHdG and percentage caspase positive cells (P < 0.001). Percentage DNA fragmentation was positively correlated with percentage 8OHdG before (r = 0.756, P < 0.001) and after cryopreservation (r = 0.528, P = 0.017). The addition of 50 and 100 microM genistein to the cryoprotectant had a significant protective effect on sperm DNA (P < 0.001) although the caspase inhibitor demonstrated no difference to the control. CONCLUSIONS Human sperm DNA fragmentation is associated with an increase in oxidative stress during cryopreservation, rather than the activation of caspases and apoptosis. The estrogenic compound genistein may be useful in reducing this effect but larger trials are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Thomson
- Fertility First, PO Box 807, Hurstville, NSW 2220, Australia.
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