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Report of the ISHLT Working Group on primary lung graft dysfunction Part IV: Prevention and treatment: A 2016 Consensus Group statement of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017; 36:1121-1136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
End-organ failure is associated with high mortality and morbidity, in addition to increased health care costs. Organ transplantation is the only definitive treatment that can improve survival and quality of life in such patients; however, due to the persistent mismatch between organ supply and demand, waiting lists continue to grow across the world. Careful intensive care management of the potential organ donor with goal-directed therapy has the potential to optimize organ function and improve donation yield.
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von Dossow V, Costa J, D'Ovidio F, Marczin N. Worldwide trends in heart and lung transplantation: Guarding the most precious gift ever. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31:141-152. [PMID: 29110788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation is sadly a therapy to die for. The survival of a recipient with end-stage heart or lung disease requires the demise of a human being through brain death or cessation of circulation, with the noblest final act of offering one's organs to another. However, transplantation is constrained by severe hemodynamic, regulatory, inflammatory, and metabolic stresses in the donor, rendering the majority of offered organs unsuitable for transplantation. Coupled with our inability to acquire exact molecular and cellular information and missed opportunities for effectively modulating deteriorations of donors and allografts, anesthesia and critical care contributes to ongoing organ shortages. Progress is made with improving waiting lists by bridging patients for transplantation using mechanical support. However, this represents more complex recipients, higher risk transplant operations, and increased resource utilization. The advent of ex vivo perfusion allows implementing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies with real potential of reconditioning less ideal organs. This review advocates a paradigm change in critical care management of the potential donor for improving retrieval practices and for more intellectual involvement of our specialties in organ preservation, ex vivo evaluation and reconditioning, and the need for great advancement in our efficiency in converting unacceptable allografts to suitable donor organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera von Dossow
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph Costa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank D'Ovidio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nandor Marczin
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, UK; Centre of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Ex vivo treatment with inhaled N-acetylcysteine in porcine lung transplantation. J Surg Res 2017; 218:341-347. [PMID: 28985871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown the beneficial effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on posttransplant lung function, when both donor and recipient were pretreated intravenously. However, systemic treatment of multiorgan donors may not be clinically relevant. Thus, we hypothesized that ex vivo treatment of donors with nebulized NAC would be adequate to prevent from ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. METHODS Lungs were retrieved from domestic pigs and stored at 4°C for 24 h followed by 2 h of ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) to administer 50 mg/kg of NAC via nebulization in the NAC group (n = 6). The control group received nebulized saline (n = 5). Left lungs were transplanted and isolated at 1 h of reperfusion by occluding the right main bronchus and pulmonary artery, followed by 5 h of observation. Physiological data during EVLP and after reperfusion were recorded. Inflammatory response, markers of oxidative stress, and microscopic lung injury were analyzed. RESULTS There was a trend toward better oxygenation throughout reperfusion period in the treatment group, which was accompanied by inhibited inflammatory response related to reduction in myeloperoxidase activity during EVLP and nuclear factor-κB activation at the end of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Ex vivo treatment of donor lungs with inhaled NAC reduced inflammatory response via its antioxidant activity in experimental porcine lung transplantation.
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Giwa S, Lewis JK, Alvarez L, Langer R, Roth AE, Church GM, Markmann JF, Sachs DH, Chandraker A, Wertheim JA, Rothblatt M, Boyden ES, Eidbo E, Lee WPA, Pomahac B, Brandacher G, Weinstock DM, Elliott G, Nelson D, Acker JP, Uygun K, Schmalz B, Weegman BP, Tocchio A, Fahy GM, Storey KB, Rubinsky B, Bischof J, Elliott JAW, Woodruff TK, Morris GJ, Demirci U, Brockbank KGM, Woods EJ, Ben RN, Baust JG, Gao D, Fuller B, Rabin Y, Kravitz DC, Taylor MJ, Toner M. The promise of organ and tissue preservation to transform medicine. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:530-542. [PMID: 28591112 PMCID: PMC5724041 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to replace organs and tissues on demand could save or improve millions of lives each year globally and create public health benefits on par with curing cancer. Unmet needs for organ and tissue preservation place enormous logistical limitations on transplantation, regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and a variety of rapidly advancing areas spanning biomedicine. A growing coalition of researchers, clinicians, advocacy organizations, academic institutions, and other stakeholders has assembled to address the unmet need for preservation advances, outlining remaining challenges and identifying areas of underinvestment and untapped opportunities. Meanwhile, recent discoveries provide proofs of principle for breakthroughs in a family of research areas surrounding biopreservation. These developments indicate that a new paradigm, integrating multiple existing preservation approaches and new technologies that have flourished in the past 10 years, could transform preservation research. Capitalizing on these opportunities will require engagement across many research areas and stakeholder groups. A coordinated effort is needed to expedite preservation advances that can transform several areas of medicine and medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Giwa
- Organ Preservation Alliance, NASA Research Park, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Ossium Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jedediah K Lewis
- Organ Preservation Alliance, NASA Research Park, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Regenerative Biology Research Group, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alvin E Roth
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James F Markmann
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David H Sachs
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anil Chandraker
- American Society of Transplantation, Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, USA
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason A Wertheim
- American Society of Transplant Surgeons, Arlington Virginia, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Edward S Boyden
- MIT Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elling Eidbo
- Association of Organ Procurement Organizations, Vienna, Virginia, USA
| | - W P Andrew Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gloria Elliott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Nelson
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Nazih Zuhdi Transplant Institute, Integris Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jason P Acker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Society for Cryobiology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Boris Schmalz
- Organ Preservation Alliance, NASA Research Park, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Brad P Weegman
- Organ Preservation Alliance, NASA Research Park, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alessandro Tocchio
- Organ Preservation Alliance, NASA Research Park, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Greg M Fahy
- 21st Century Medicine, Fontana, California, USA
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology-Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Utkan Demirci
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering (by courtesy), Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Erik J Woods
- Ossium Health, San Francisco, California, USA
- Society for Cryobiology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert N Ben
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John G Baust
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Dayong Gao
- Society for Cryobiology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barry Fuller
- Division of Surgery &Interventional Science, University College Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Michael J Taylor
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Tane S, Noda K, Shigemura N. Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion. Chest 2017; 151:1220-1228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Pharmacological Reconditioning of Marginal Donor Rat Lungs Using Inhibitors of Peroxynitrite and Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase During Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion. Transplantation 2017; 100:1465-73. [PMID: 27331361 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor lungs obtained after prolonged warm ischemia (WI) may be unsuitable for transplantation due to the risk of reperfusion injury, but could be reconditioned using ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). Key processes of reperfusion injury include the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nitrogen species (RNS) and the activation of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP). We explored whether rat lungs obtained after WI could be reconditioned during EVLP using the ROS/RNS scavenger Mn(III)-tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride (MnTBAP) or the PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB). METHODS Rat lungs obtained after 3 hours cold ischemia (CI group, control), or 1 hour WI plus 2 hours CI (WI group) were placed in an EVLP circuit for normothermic perfusion for 3 hours. Lungs retrieved after WI were treated or not with 3-AB (1 mg/mL) or MnTBAP (0.3 mg/mL), added to the perfusate. Measurements included physiological variables (lung compliance, vascular resistance, oxygenation capacity), lung weight gain, levels of proteins, lactate dehydrogenase, protein carbonyl (marker of ROS), 3-nitrotyrosine (marker of RNS), poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) (PAR, marker of PARP activation) and IL-6, in the bronchoalveolar lavage or the lung tissue, and histology. RESULTS In comparison to the CI group, the lungs from the WI group displayed higher protein carbonyls, 3-nitrotyrosine, PAR, lactate dehydrogenase and proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage, lung weight gain, perivascular edema, as well as reduced static compliance, but similar oxygenation. All these alterations were markedly attenuated by 3-AB and MnTBAP. CONCLUSIONS After EVLP, lungs obtained after WI exhibit oxidative stress, PARP activation, and tissue injury, which are suppressed by pharmacological inhibitors of ROS/RNS and PARP.
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Intratracheal Administration of Small Interfering RNA Targeting Fas Reduces Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Crit Care Med 2017; 44:e604-13. [PMID: 26963318 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation and results in increased morbidity and mortality. Fas-mediated apoptosis is one of the pathologic mechanisms involved in the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that the inhibition of Fas gene expression in lungs by intratracheal administration of small interfering RNA could reduce lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in an ex vivo model reproducing the procedural sequence of lung transplantation. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS C57/BL6 mice weighing 28-30 g. INTERVENTIONS Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in lungs isolated from mice, 48 hours after treatment with intratracheal small interfering RNA targeting Fas, control small interfering RNA, or vehicle. Isolated lungs were exposed to 6 hours of cold ischemia (4°C), followed by 2 hours of warm (37°C) reperfusion with a solution containing 10% of fresh whole blood and mechanical ventilation with constant low driving pressure. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Fas gene expression was significantly silenced at the level of messenger RNA and protein after ischemia-reperfusion in lungs treated with small interfering RNA targeting Fas compared with lungs treated with control small interfering RNA or vehicle. Silencing of Fas gene expression resulted in reduced edema formation (bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentration and lung histology) and improvement in lung compliance. These effects were associated with a significant reduction of pulmonary cell apoptosis of lungs treated with small interfering RNA targeting Fas, which did not affect cytokine release and neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Fas expression silencing in the lung by small interfering RNA is effective against ischemia-reperfusion injury. This approach represents a potential innovative strategy of organ preservation before lung transplantation.
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Iskender I, Cosgun T, Arni S, Trinkwitz M, Fehlings S, Yamada Y, Cesarovic N, Yu K, Frauenfelder T, Jungraithmayr W, Weder W, Inci I. Cytokine filtration modulates pulmonary metabolism and edema formation during ex vivo lung perfusion. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017; 37:S1053-2498(17)31802-8. [PMID: 28587802 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has improved the process of donor lung management. Cytokine accumulation during EVLP has been shown to correlate with worse outcome after lung transplantation. Our objective in this study was to test the safety and efficacy of cytokine filtration during EVLP in a large animal model. METHODS Pig donor lungs were preserved for 24 hours at 4°C, followed by 12 hours of EVLP, according to the Toronto protocol. The perfusate was continuously run through an absorbent device (CytoSorb) via a veno-venous shunt from the reservoir in the filter group. EVLP was performed according to the standard protocol in the control group (n = 5 each). EVLP physiology, lung X-ray, perfusate biochemistry, inflammatory response and microscopic injury were assessed. RESULTS Cytokine filtration significantly improved airway pressure and dynamic compliance during the 12-hour perfusion period. Lung X-rays acquired at the end of perfusion showed increased consolidation in the control group. Electrolyte imbalance, determined by increased hydrogen, potassium and calcium ion concentrations in the perfusate, was markedly worsened in the control group. Glucose consumption and lactate production were markedly reduced, along with the lactate/pyruvate ratio in the filter group. Cytokine expression profile, tissue myeloperoxidase activity and microscopic lung injury were significantly reduced in the filter group. CONCLUSIONS Continuous perfusate filtration through sorbent beads is effective and safe during prolonged EVLP. Cytokine removal decreased the development of pulmonary edema and electrolyte imbalance through the suppression of anaerobic glycolysis and neutrophil activation in this setting. Further studies are needed to test the beneficial effect of cytokine filtration on post-transplant lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Iskender
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tugba Cosgun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Arni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Trinkwitz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Fehlings
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yoshito Yamada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Department of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Keke Yu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Frauenfelder
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Jungraithmayr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Weder
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilhan Inci
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich-University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Organ donor management: Eight common recommendations and actions that deserve reflection. Med Intensiva 2017; 41:559-568. [PMID: 28318674 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite major advances in our understanding of the physiopathology of brain death (BD), there are important controversies as to which protocol is the most appropriate for organ donor management. Many recent reviews on this subject offer recommendations that are sometimes contradictory and in some cases are not applied to other critically ill patients. This article offers a review of the publications (many of them recent) with an impact upon these controversial measures and which can help to confirm, refute or open new areas of research into the most appropriate measures for the management of organ donors in BD, and which should contribute to discard certain established recommendations based on preconceived ideas, that lead to actions lacking a physiopathological basis. Aspects such as catecholamine storm management, use of vasoactive drugs, hemodynamic objectives and monitoring, assessment of the heart for donation, and general care of the donor in BD are reviewed.
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An Update on Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in Pulmonary Transplantation. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-017-0171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Organ transplantation improves survival and quality of life in patients with end-organ failure. Waiting lists continue to grow across the world despite remarkable advances in the transplantation process, from the creation of public engagement campaigns to the development of critical pathways for the timely identification, referral, approach, and treatment of the potential organ donor. The pathophysiology of dying triggers systemic changes that are intimately related to organ viability. The intensive care management of the potential organ donor optimizes organ function and improves the donation yield, representing a significant step in reducing the mismatch between organ supply and demand. Different beliefs and cultures reflect diverse legislations and donation practices amongst different countries, creating a challenge to standardized practices. Maintaining public trust is necessary for continued progress in organ donation and transplantation, hence the urge for a joint effort in creating uniform protocols that ensure transparent practices within the medical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Maciel
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D Y Hwang
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D M Greer
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Dabak G, Dalar L, Taşçı E, Clark S. Lung transplantation in Turkey: lessons from surgeons and pulmonologists. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:1434-1442. [PMID: 27966310 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1506-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM In order to actualize an efficient lung transplantation program, it is necessary to determine priorities and set up strategies. This study aimed to estimate the present situation in Turkey by determining the level of interest and knowledge of pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons regarding lung transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire was prepared to establish the level of interest and knowledge of physicians on lung transplantation. It was sent to 2131 pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons, and 130 physicians completed the questionnaire. RESULTS Of the 130 physicians who responded, 42 were thoracic surgeons and 88 were pulmonologists. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the availability of lung transplantation at their hospitals. The rates of correct answers to the questions and responses supporting the transplant initiative were higher in the thoracic surgeon group than in the pulmonologist group. CONCLUSION The establishment of a successful system for lung transplantation in Turkey requires an increase in interest, knowledge, and dedication of physicians, coupled with adequate and continuous training. There also needs to be sufficient equipment and financing in addition to disciplined multidisciplinary teams and cooperation. This survey shows there is still much work to be done to achieve success in lung transplantation in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Dabak
- Department of Chest Diseases, İstanbul Occupational Diseases Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Levent Dalar
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Bilim University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Taşçı
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kartal Koşuyolu Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Stephen Clark
- Cardiopulmonary Transplant Unit, Freeman Hospital and University of Northumbria, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The number of patients listed for lung transplantation largely exceeds the number of available transplantable organs because of a shortage of organ donors and a low utilization rate of lungs from those donors who are available. In recent years, novel strategies have been developed to increase the donor lung pool: improved donor management, the use of lungs from donations after cardiac death (DCD), the use of lobar lung living-donors (LLLD) and the use of ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) to assess and repair injured donor lungs. RECENT FINDINGS An adapted donor management strategy could expand the donor pool up to 20%. DCD lung transplant is an increasing part of the donor pool expansion. Outcomes after controlled DCD seem to be similar to donation after brain death. LLLD transplantation has excellent results for small and critically ill patients. EVLP treatment allows for a significant increase in the rate of suitable lungs and represents an optimal platform for lung reconditioning and specific lung therapies. SUMMARY A significant increase in the number of available lungs for transplantation is expected in the future because of the wider use of lungs from controlled or uncontrolled DCD and LLLD lungs, and with organ-specific EVLP treatment strategies.
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Controlled non-heart beating donor lung transplantation: initial experience in Spain. Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 51:e45-7. [PMID: 26121917 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the number of lung transplants in Spain is increasing annually, more organs are required to ease waiting lists. Controlled non-heart beating donors (NHBD) (Maastricht III) are a reality at international level, and contribute significantly to increasing donor numbers. In this study, we present our NHBD protocol and the initial experience in Spain using lung grafts from this type of donor. Three bilateral lung transplants were performed between January 2012 and December 2014. Preservation was by ex-vivo lung perfusion in 2 cases and by traditional cold ischemia in the other. None of the patients developed grade 3 primary graft dysfunction, no in-hospital mortality was recorded and 1-year survival was 100%. These initial results, and international experience, should help to develop similar protocols to encourage the use of controlled non-heart beating donors.
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Miñambres E, Pérez-Villares JM, Chico-Fernández M, Zabalegui A, Dueñas-Jurado JM, Misis M, Mosteiro F, Rodriguez-Caravaca G, Coll E. Lung donor treatment protocol in brain dead-donors: A multicenter study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34:773-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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C. MTP, L. CS. TRASPLANTE PULMONAR: ESTADO ACTUAL. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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69
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Borro JM. The future of lung transplantation. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2015; 21:3-4. [PMID: 25854128 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppnen.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J M Borro
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, University Hospital of A Coruña, Spain; University of A Coruña, Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
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Liu R, Fang X, Meng C, Xing J, Liu J, Yang W, Li W, Zhou H. Lung inflation with hydrogen during the cold ischemia phase decreases lung graft injury in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1214-22. [PMID: 25662956 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214563895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury when it is inhaled by donor or/and recipient. This study examined the effects of lung inflation with 3% hydrogen during the cold ischemia phase on lung graft function in rats. The donor lung was inflated with 3% hydrogen, 40% oxygen, and 57% nitrogen at 5 mL/kg, and the gas was replaced every 20 min during the cold ischemia phase for 2 h. In the control group, the donor lung was inflated with 40% oxygen and 60% nitrogen at 5 mL/kg. The recipient was euthanized 2 h after orthotropic lung transplantation. The hydrogen concentration in the donor lung during the cold ischemia phase was 1.99-3%. The oxygenation indices in the arterial blood and pulmonary vein blood were improved in the hydrogen group. The inflammation response indices, including lung W/D ratio, the myeloperoxidase activity in the grafts, and the levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in serum, were significantly lower in the hydrogen group (5.2 ± 0.8, 0.76 ± 0.32 U/g, 340 ± 84 pg/mL, and 405 ± 115 pg/mL, respectively) than those in the control group (6.5 ± 0.7, 1.1 ± 0.5 U/g, 443 ± 94 pg/mL, and 657 ± 96 pg/mL, respectively (P < 0.05), and the oxidative stress indices, including the superoxide dismutase activity and the level of malonaldehyde in lung grafts were improved after hydrogen application. Furthermore, the lung injury score determined by histopathology, the cell apoptotic index, and the caspase-3 protein expression in lung grafts were decreased after hydrogen treatment, and the static pressure-volume curve of lung graft was improved by hydrogen inflation. In conclusion, lung inflation with 3% hydrogen during the cold ischemia phase alleviated lung graft injury and improved graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China Hei Long Jiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xianhai Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China Hei Long Jiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Chao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China Hei Long Jiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jingchun Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China Hei Long Jiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China Hei Long Jiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wanchao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China Hei Long Jiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China Hei Long Jiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Huacheng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China Hei Long Jiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin 150081, China Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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Borro JM. WITHDRAWN: The future of lung transplantation. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2014:S0873-2159(14)00122-6. [PMID: 25444516 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppneu.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn for editorial reasons because the journal will be published only in English. In order to avoid duplicated records, this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rppnen.2014.09.006. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Borro
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, University Hospital of A Coruña, Spain; University of A Coruña, Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
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Kajbafzadeh AM, Sabetkish N, Sabetkish S, Tavangar SM, Hossein Beigi RS, Talebi MA, Akbarzadeh A, Nikfarjam L. Lung tissue engineering and preservation of alveolar microstructure using a novel casting method. Biotech Histochem 2014; 90:111-23. [PMID: 25268847 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2014.957724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a rat model to decellularize and seed alveolar cells on a three-dimensional lung scaffold to preserve alveolar microarchitecture. We verified the preservation of terminal respiratory structure by casting and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the casts after decellularization. Whole lungs were obtained from 12 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats, cannulated through the trachea under sterile conditions, and decellularized using a detergent-based method. Casting of both natural and decellularized lungs was performed to verify preservation of the inner microstructure of scaffolds for further cell seeding. Alveolar cell seeding was performed using green fluorescent protein (GFP) lung cells and non-GFP lung cells, and a peristaltic pump. We assessed cell seeding using histological and immunohistochemical staining, and enzymatic evaluation. All cellular components were removed completely from the scaffolds, and histological staining and SEM of casts were used to verify the preservation of tissue structure. Tensile tests verified conservation of biomechanical properties. The hydroxyproline content of decellularized lungs was similar to native lung. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations showed effective cell seeding on decellularized matrices. Enzymatic measurement of trypsin and alpha 1 antitrypsin suggested the potential functional properties of the regenerated lungs. Casts produced by our method have satisfactory geometrical properties for further cell seeding of lung scaffolds. Preservation of micro-architecture and terminal alveoli that was confirmed by SEM of lung casts increases the probability of an effective cell seeding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Hayanga JWA, D'Cunha J. The surgical technique of bilateral sequential lung transplantation. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:1063-9. [PMID: 25132973 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.07.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the first successful lung transplant performed three decades ago, the technique of lung transplantation has evolved with acceptable short- and long-term outcomes such that it has become the standard for those with end stage pulmonary disease. Herein, we describe our current favored approach and discuss some of the current areas in need of further investigation as they relate to the technical aspects of the operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Awori Hayanga
- 1 Spectrum Health, Richards DeVos Heart & Lung Transplantation Program, Grand Rapids, MI, USA ; 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan D'Cunha
- 1 Spectrum Health, Richards DeVos Heart & Lung Transplantation Program, Grand Rapids, MI, USA ; 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Stanzi A, Neyrinck A, Somers J, Cauwenberghs H, Verbeken E, Santambrogio L, Van Raemdonck D. Do we need to cool the lung graft after ex vivo lung perfusion? A preliminary study. J Surg Res 2014; 192:647-55. [PMID: 25201574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP), pulmonary grafts are usually flush-cooled and stored on ice until implantation although evidence for this practice lacks. We compared outcomes between 2 post-EVLP preservation strategies in a porcine left single-lung transplantation model. MATERIAL AND METHODS After cold flush and 2-h EVLP, donor lungs were prepared and split. In [C], (n = 5) lungs cooled on device to 15°C were preserved in ice-water; in [W] (n = 5), lungs were disconnected from EVLP at 37°C and kept at room temperature. The left lung was transplanted in a recipient animal. Posttransplant, 6 h-monitoring included hourly assessment of pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary artery pressure, plateau airway pressure, compliance, and oxygenation before and after exclusion of the right lung. Lung biopsies and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed at retrieval, at the end of EVLP (R lung), and 1 and 6 h after reperfusion (L lung). RESULTS Lungs in [W] showed the highest compliance (P < 0.05) and the lowest plateau airway pressure (not statistically significant) throughout the whole reperfusion period. Oxygenation and pulmonary artery pressure were similar between groups. Pulmonary vascular resistance was stable in [C], but rose after reperfusion in [W]. Histologic signs of lung injury and BAL neutrophilia were more pronounced in [C] at 1 h (not statistically significant and P < 0.05, respectively). BAL cytokine levels and lung tissue expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Normothermic preparation after EVLP results in similar graft performances compared with lung cooling after EVLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Stanzi
- Laboratory for Experimental Thoracic Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Arne Neyrinck
- Laboratory for Experimental Thoracic Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Anesthesia, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jana Somers
- Laboratory for Experimental Thoracic Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Cauwenberghs
- Department of Anesthesia, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Verbeken
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luigi Santambrogio
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Dirk Van Raemdonck
- Laboratory for Experimental Thoracic Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Methangkool E, Mahajan A, Gao G, Chua JH. CASE 8—2014Anesthetic Management of Bilateral Lung Transplantation From Donor Lungs Managed by the Organ Care System. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014; 28:1133-6. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Andreasson ASI, Dark JH, Fisher AJ. Ex vivo lung perfusion in clinical lung transplantation--State of the art. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 46:779-88. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current pressures of organ supply and demand require maximization of potential for organ donation. The donor population is older and has more significant comorbidity than in the past.Optimal management of the donor after brain death (DBD) is essential to ensure that the greatest number of organs can be transplanted per donor. Defining evidence-based drugs and techniques to assist this has never been more important. RECENT FINDINGS Care of patients with catastrophic brain injury incorporating supportive therapy targeted at specific goals and delivered by experienced specialists provides the best donation outcomes. Such pathways represent best practice critical care applied to this population. In this context, the value of some previously recommended therapies appears questionable and warrants reassessment. Prolonged (>24 h) incorporeal organ conditioning may have significant benefits.Extracorporeal support in the resuscitation arena is emerging and, in patients who fail to respond, may yield a new source of donors. SUMMARY Early identification of potential DBD, best practice critical care, and achieving defined treatment goals are associated with more transplantable organs. Study of a complex intervention like donor management presents significant problems of organization, ethics and consent. This situation is recognized internationally and progress is being made.
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Raemdonck D, Neyrinck A, Cypel M, Keshavjee S. Ex‐vivo lung perfusion. Transpl Int 2014; 28:643-56. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Raemdonck
- Department of Thoracic Surgery University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory for Experimental Thoracic Surgery KU Leuven University Leuven Belgium
| | - Arne Neyrinck
- Laboratory for Experimental Thoracic Surgery KU Leuven University Leuven Belgium
- Department of Anaesthesiology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Division of Thoracic Surgery Toronto General Hospital Toronto ON Canada
- The Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories Toronto General Research Institute Toronto ON Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery Toronto General Hospital Toronto ON Canada
- The Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories Toronto General Research Institute Toronto ON Canada
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Miñambres E, Coll E, Duerto J, Suberviola B, Mons R, Cifrian JM, Ballesteros MA. Effect of an intensive lung donor-management protocol on lung transplantation outcomes. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 33:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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