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Image-guided radiotherapy platform using single nodule conditional lung cancer mouse models. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5870. [PMID: 25519892 PMCID: PMC4271540 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Close resemblance of murine and human trials is essential to achieve the best predictive value of animal-based translational cancer research. Kras-driven genetically engineered mouse models of non-small-cell lung cancer faithfully predict the response of human lung cancers to systemic chemotherapy. Owing to development of multifocal disease, however, these models have not been usable in studies of outcomes following focal radiotherapy (RT). We report the development of a preclinical platform to deliver state-of-the-art image-guided RT in these models. Presence of a single tumour as usually diagnosed in patients is modelled by confined injection of adenoviral Cre recombinase. Furthermore, three-dimensional conformal planning and state-of-the-art image-guided dose delivery are performed as in humans. We evaluate treatment efficacies of two different radiation regimens and find that Kras-driven tumours can temporarily be stabilized upon RT, whereas additional loss of either Lkb1 or p53 renders these lesions less responsive to RT.
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Giannopoulou E, Siatis KE, Metsiou D, Kritikou I, Papachristou DJ, Kalofonou M, Koutras A, Athanassiou G, Kalofonos HP. The inhibition of aromatase alters the mechanical and rheological properties of non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines affecting cell migration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:328-37. [PMID: 25450981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor invasion and metastasis are key aspects of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). During migration, cells undergo mechanical alterations. The mechanical phenotype of breast cancer cells is correlated with aromatase gene expression. We have previously shown that targeting aromatase is a promising strategy for NSCLC. The aim of this study was to examine morphological and mechanical changes of NSCLC cells, upon treatment with aromatase inhibitor and correlate their ability to migrate and invade. In vitro experiments were performed using H23 and A549 NSCLC cell lines and exemestane was used for aromatase inhibition. We demonstrated that exemestane reduced H23 cell migration and invasion and caused changes in cell morphology including increased vacuolar structures and greater pleomorphism. In addition, exemestane changed the distribution of α-tubulin in H23 and A549 cells in a way that might destabilize microtubules polymerization. These effects were associated with increased cell viscosity and decreased elastic shear modulus. Although exemestane caused similar effects in A549 cells regarding viscosity and elastic shear modulus, it did not affect A549 cell migration and caused an increase in invasion. The increased invasion was in line with vimentin perinuclear localization. Our data show that the treatment of NSCLC cells with an aromatase inhibitor not only affects cell migration and invasion but also alters the mechanical properties of the cells. It suggests that the different origin of cancer cells is associated with different morphological characteristics and mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giannopoulou
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - K E Siatis
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - D Metsiou
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - I Kritikou
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - D J Papachristou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, 26504, Greece
| | - M Kalofonou
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - A Koutras
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece.
| | - H P Kalofonos
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece.
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Reischauer C, Froehlich JM, Pless M, Binkert CA, Koh DM, Gutzeit A. Early treatment response in non-small cell lung cancer patients using diffusion-weighted imaging and functional diffusion maps--a feasibility study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108052. [PMID: 25289671 PMCID: PMC4188818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the feasibility of monitoring treatment response to chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma using functional diffusion maps (fDMs). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the Cantonal Research Ethics Committee and informed written consent was obtained from all patients. Nine patients (mean age = 66 years; range = 53-76 years, 5 females, 4 males) with overall 13 lesions were included. Imaging was performed within two weeks before initiation of chemotherapy and at one, two, and six weeks after initiation of chemotherapy. Imaging included a respiratory-triggered diffusion-weighted sequence including three b-factors (100, 600, and 800 s/mm2). Treatment response was defined by change in tumor diameter on computed tomography (CT) after two cycles of chemotherapy. Changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) on a per-lesion basis and the percentages of voxel with significantly increased or decreased ADCs on fDMs were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Changes in tumor size were used as covariate to examine the ability of ADCs and fDM parameters to predict treatment response. RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the percentage of voxels with increased ADCs on fDMs (p = 0.002) as well as the mean ADC increase (p = 0.011) were significantly higher in good responders with a large reduction in tumor size on CT. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the percentage of voxels with significantly increased ADCs on fDMs seems to be a promising biomarker for early prediction of treatment response in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma. Contrary to averaged values, this approach allows the spatial heterogeneity of treatment response to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Reischauer
- Institute of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Research Unit, Hirslanden Hospital St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Johannes Malte Froehlich
- Institute of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Research Unit, Hirslanden Hospital St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Miklos Pless
- Department of Oncology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | | | - Dow-Mu Koh
- Academic Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- CR-UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Gutzeit
- Institute of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Research Unit, Hirslanden Hospital St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Cheng X, Chen H. Tumor heterogeneity and resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer: challenges and perspectives. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1689-704. [PMID: 25285017 PMCID: PMC4181629 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s66502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, mostly nonsmall cell lung cancer, continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. With the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors that selectively target lung cancer-related epidermal growth factor receptor mutations, management of advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer has been greatly transformed. Improvements in progression-free survival and life quality of the patients were observed in numerous clinical studies. However, overall survival is not prolonged because of later-acquired drug resistance. Recent studies reveal a heterogeneous subclonal architecture of lung cancer, so it is speculated that the tumor may rapidly adapt to environmental changes via a Darwinian selection mechanism. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of both spatial and temporal tumor heterogeneity as potential mechanisms underlying epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in nonsmall cell lung cancer and summarize the possible origins of tumor heterogeneity covering theories of cancer stem cells and clonal evolution, as well as genomic instability and epigenetic aberrations in lung cancer. Moreover, investigational measures that overcome heterogeneity-associated drug resistance and new assays to improve tumor assessment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Wu J, Cai J, He Z, Yuan J, Zhu X, Li Y, Li M, Guan H. PSAT1 regulates cyclin D1 degradation and sustains proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E39-50. [PMID: 25142862 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple nodes in the one-carbon metabolism pathway play important regulatory roles in cancer cell growth and tumorigenesis. The specific biological functions of metabolic enzymes in regulating the signaling pathways that are associated with tumor cell growth and survival, however, remain unclear. Our current study found that phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1), an enzyme catalyzing serine biosynthesis, was significantly up-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and was involved in the regulation of E2F activity. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that PSAT1 promoted cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Mechanistic study suggested that elevated PSAT1 led to inhibition of cyclin D1 degradation and subsequently an alteration in Rb-E2F pathway activity, which in turn enhanced G1 progression and proliferation of NSCLC cells. Moreover, phosphorylation of cyclin D1 at threonine 286 by GSK-3β was required for PSAT1-induced blockage of cyclin D1 degradation. We also found that the activity of p70S6K mediated the effects of PSAT1 on GSK-3β phosphorylation and cyclin D1 degradation. We further identified that PSAT1 was over-expressed in NSCLC and predicted poor clinical outcome of patients with the disease. Correlation analysis showed that PSAT1 expression positively correlated with the levels of phosphorylated GSK-3β, cyclin D1 and phosphorylated Rb in NSCLC primary tumors. These findings uncover a mechanism for constitutive activation of E2F via which unrestrained cell cycle progression occurs in NSCLC and may represent a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
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Pentheroudakis G, Kotteas EA, Kotoula V, Papadopoulou K, Charalambous E, Cervantes A, Ciuleanu T, Fountzilas G, Pavlidis N. Mutational profiling of the RAS, PI3K, MET and b-catenin pathways in cancer of unknown primary: a retrospective study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:761-9. [PMID: 24997156 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP) had a poor prognosis, determined by clinico-histological characteristics, partly due to the lack of insights on its biology. We screened tumour DNA from 87 patients with CUP for CTNNB1 (coding exons 2,3,4,5), MET (coding exon 18), PIK3CA (coding exons 9,20), KRAS (coding exons 1,2), BRAF (coding exon 15) gene mutations by using dd-sequencing and evaluated their impact on prognosis. Mutated gene incidences in the 87 CUP cases were: KRAS 11 (12.6 %), BRAF 5 (5.7 %), PIK3CA 8 (9 %), MET 6 (6.7 %) and CTNNB1 18 (20.7 %). Several mutations in the KRAS gene were not the commonly encountered mutations in other solid tumours. Activating mutations were observed in 10.2 % in KRAS, 4.5 % in BRAF, 6.6 % in PIK3CA, 4.5 % in MET, and 19.5 % in CTNNB1. Activating mutations in PIK3CA coding exon 9 were inversely correlated with MET coding exon 18 activating mutations (p = 0.036). MET activating mutations were prognostic for poor Progression-Free Survival (median PFS 5 vs 9 months, p = 0.009) and Overall Survival (median OS 7 vs 20 months, p = 0.005). The complex profile of either CTNNB1 or MET mutations also had an adverse prognostic significance (median OS 11 vs 21 months, p = 0.015). No other gene mutation exhibited prognostic significance. In multivariate analysis, poor performance status, male gender, visceral disease and adenocarcinoma histology, but not gene mutations, were independently associated with poor patient outcome. CTNNB1 gene mutations are frequent, and along with MET mutations have an adverse prognostic effect in patients with CUP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pentheroudakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece,
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Stella GM, Inghilleri S, Pignochino Y, Zorzetto M, Oggionni T, Morbini P, Luisetti M. Activation of oncogenic pathways in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:650-5. [PMID: 24935008 PMCID: PMC4225690 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is defined as a specific form of chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause. The most recent hypotheses on IPF pathogenesis suggest a central role of epithelial cell damage, followed by a dysregulated molecular cross talk between epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Thus, IPF progression has often been assimilated to that of cancer, and several signaling patterns appear to be disrupted in both diseases. Here, we analyze the expression in an IPF series of a panel of molecules, which are known to play a role in tumorigenic process. Our findings, although preliminary, reveal that IPF landscape is enriched in neoplastic potential expressed in a context of complex genomic polyclonality and cellular heterogeneity. These results provide a rationale for further investigations aimed to exploit—in a similar fashion to cancer—targeted therapies for a “precision medicine” approach to IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Stella
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Pneumology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Simona Inghilleri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Pneumology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ymera Pignochino
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, Candiolo Italy
| | - Michele Zorzetto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Pneumology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tiberio Oggionni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Pneumology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Morbini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Luisetti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Pneumology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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