51
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Godula K, Bertozzi CR. Synthesis of glycopolymers for microarray applications via ligation of reducing sugars to a poly(acryloyl hydrazide) scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9963-5. [PMID: 20608651 PMCID: PMC2907714 DOI: 10.1021/ja103009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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In this paper, we report on a general synthetic strategy for the assembly of glycopolymers that capitalizes on the intrinsic reactivity of reducing glycans toward hydrazides to form stable cyclic N-glycosides. We developed a poly(acryloyl hydrazide) (PAH) scaffold to which we conjugated a variety of reducing glycans ranging in structure from simple mono- and disaccharides to considerably more complex human milk and blood oligosaccharides. The conjugation proceeds under mild conditions with excellent ligation efficiencies and in a stereoselective manner, providing glycopolymers with pendant glycans accommodated mostly in their cyclic β-glycosidic form. Utilizing a biotin-terminated PAH scaffold prepared via RAFT polymerization, we quickly assembled a panel of glycopolymers that we microarrayed on streptavidin-coated glass. We then demonstrated that in these microarrays, the glycopolymer ligands bind lectins according to the structures of their pendant glycans. Importantly, glycopolymers containing biologically relevant branched oligosaccharides, such as sialyl Lewisx, as well as sulfated glycosaminoglycan-like epitopes can be readily prepared using our methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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52
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Ligand identification of carbohydrate-binding proteins employing a biotinylated glycan binding assay and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2010; 406:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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53
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Serna S, Etxebarria J, Ruiz N, Martin-Lomas M, Reichardt NC. Construction ofN-Glycan Microarrays by Using Modular Synthesis and On-Chip Nanoscale Enzymatic Glycosylation. Chemistry 2010; 16:13163-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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54
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Patwa T, Li C, Simeone DM, Lubman DM. Glycoprotein analysis using protein microarrays and mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:830-44. [PMID: 20077480 PMCID: PMC2889184 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation plays an important role in a multitude of biological processes such as cell-cell recognition, growth, differentiation, and cell death. It has been shown that specific glycosylation changes are key in disease progression and can have diagnostic value for a variety of disease types such as cancer and inflammation. The complexity of carbohydrate structures and their derivatives makes their study a real challenge. Improving the isolation, separation, and characterization of carbohydrates and their glycoproteins is a subject of increasing scientific interest. With the development of new stationary phases and molecules that have affinity properties for glycoproteins, the isolation and separation of these compounds have advanced significantly. In addition to detection with mass spectrometry, the microarray platform has become an essential tool to characterize glycan structure and to study glycosylation-related biological interactions, by using probes as a means to interrogate the spotted or captured glycosylated molecules on the arrays. Furthermore, the high-throughput and reproducible nature of microarray platforms have been highlighted by its extensive applications in the field of biomarker validation, where a large number of samples must be analyzed multiple times. This review covers a brief survey of the other experimental methodologies that are currently being developed and used to study glycosylation and emphasizes methodologies that involve the use of microarray platforms. This review describes recent advances in several options of microarray platforms used in glycoprotein analysis, including glycoprotein arrays, glycan arrays, lectin arrays, and antibody/lectin arrays. The translational use of these arrays in applications related to characterization of cells and biomarker discovery is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Diane M. Simeone
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David M. Lubman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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55
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Utkina N, Yoon SJ, Hakomori SI. Glycosyl conjugates of biotinylated diaminopyridine applied for study of carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction. Glycoconj J 2010; 27:601-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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56
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Ruhaak LR, Zauner G, Huhn C, Bruggink C, Deelder AM, Wuhrer M. Glycan labeling strategies and their use in identification and quantification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:3457-81. [PMID: 20225063 PMCID: PMC2911528 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most methods for the analysis of oligosaccharides from biological sources require a glycan derivatization step: glycans may be derivatized to introduce a chromophore or fluorophore, facilitating detection after chromatographic or electrophoretic separation. Derivatization can also be applied to link charged or hydrophobic groups at the reducing end to enhance glycan separation and mass-spectrometric detection. Moreover, derivatization steps such as permethylation aim at stabilizing sialic acid residues, enhancing mass-spectrometric sensitivity, and supporting detailed structural characterization by (tandem) mass spectrometry. Finally, many glycan labels serve as a linker for oligosaccharide attachment to surfaces or carrier proteins, thereby allowing interaction studies with carbohydrate-binding proteins. In this review, various aspects of glycan labeling, separation, and detection strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. R. Ruhaak
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G. Zauner
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C. Huhn
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C. Bruggink
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. M. Deelder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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57
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Parera Pera N, Branderhorst HM, Kooij R, Maierhofer C, van der Kaaden M, Liskamp RMJ, Wittmann V, Ruijtenbeek R, Pieters RJ. Rapid Screening of Lectins for Multivalency Effects with a Glycodendrimer Microarray. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1896-904. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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58
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Abstract
Glycans are ubiquitous components of all organisms. Efforts to elucidate glycan function and to understand how they are assembled and disassembled can reap benefits in fields ranging from bioenergy to human medicine. Significant advances in our knowledge of glycan biosynthesis and function are emerging, and chemical biology approaches are accelerating the pace of discovery. Novel strategies for assembling oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and other glycoconjugates are providing access to critical materials for interrogating glycan function. Chemoselective reactions that facilitate the synthesis of glycan-substituted imaging agents, arrays, and materials are yielding compounds to interrogate and perturb glycan function and dysfunction. To complement these advances, small molecules are being generated that inhibit key glycan-binding proteins or biosynthetic enzymes. These examples illustrate how chemical glycobiology is providing new insight into the functional roles of glycans and new opportunities to interfere with or exploit these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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59
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Seo JH, Kim CS, Hwang BH, Cha HJ. A functional carbohydrate chip platform for analysis of carbohydrate-protein interaction. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:215101. [PMID: 20431189 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/21/215101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A carbohydrate chip based on glass or other transparent surfaces has been suggested as a potential tool for high-throughput analysis of carbohydrate-protein interactions. Here we proposed a facile, efficient, and cost-effective method whereby diverse carbohydrate types are modified in a single step and directly immobilized onto a glass surface, with retention of functional orientation. We modified various types of carbohydrates by reductive amination, in which reducing sugar groups were coupled with 4-(2-aminoethyl)aniline, which has di-amine groups at both ends. The modified carbohydrates were covalently attached to an amino-reactive NHS-activated glass surface by formation of stable amide bonds. This proposed method was applied for efficient construction of a carbohydrate microarray to analyze carbohydrate-protein interactions. The carbohydrate chip prepared using our method can be successfully used in diverse biomimetic studies of carbohydrates, including carbohydrate-biomolecule interactions, and carbohydrate sensor chip or microarray development for diagnosis and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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60
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Müsken A, Souady J, Dreisewerd K, Zhang W, Distler U, Peter-Katalinić J, Miller-Podraza H, Karch H, Müthing J. Application of thin-layer chromatography/infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry to structural analysis of bacteria-binding glycosphingolipids selected by affinity detection. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1032-1038. [PMID: 20213676 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) play key roles in the manifestation of infectious diseases as attachment sites for pathogens. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) overlay assay represents one of the most powerful approaches for the detection of GSL receptors of microorganisms. Here we report on the direct structural characterization of microbial GSL receptors by employment of the TLC overlay assay combined with infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IR-MALDI-o-TOF-MS). The procedure includes TLC separation of GSL mixtures, overlay of the chromatogram with GSL-specific bacteria, detection of bound microbes with primary antibodies against bacterial surface proteins and appropriate alkaline phosphatase labeled secondary antibodies, and in situ MS analysis of bacteria-specific GSL receptors. The combined method works on microgram scale of GSL mixtures and is advantageous in that it omits laborious and time-consuming GSL extraction from the silica gel layer. This technique was successfully applied to the compositional analysis of globo-series neutral GSLs recognized by P-fimbriated Escherichia coli bacteria, which were used as model microorganisms for infection of the human urinary tract. Thus, direct TLC/IR-MALDI-o-TOF-MS adds a novel facet to this fast and sensitive method offering a wide range of applications for the investigation of carbohydrate-specific pathogens involved in human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Müsken
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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61
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Abstract
Glycan arrays have become a powerful tool for the high-throughput elucidation of interactions of different carbohydrate structures with a wide variety of biological targets, including antibodies, proteins, viruses and cells. This technique is especially suitable for glycomics studies, because arrays present carbohydrate ligands in a manner that mimics interactions at cell-cell interfaces. This review assesses the recent advances involving glycan arrays, including new methods for glycan-array fabrication, new platforms for novel biological information, and new perceptions of glycomics for improving the understanding of disease-related glycobiology. Furthermore, this review attempts to forecast trends in the development of glycan arrays and possible solutions for some remaining challenges to improve this new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hui Liang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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62
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Smith DF, Song X, Cummings RD. Use of glycan microarrays to explore specificity of glycan-binding proteins. Methods Enzymol 2010; 480:417-44. [PMID: 20816220 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)80033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microarrays of defined glycans represent a high throughput approach to determining the specificity of lectins, or more generally glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). The utility of a glycan microarray is directly related to the number and variety of the glycans available on the printed surface for interrogation by GBPs. The Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG), funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), has generated a glycan microarray available to the public as an investigator-driven resource, where hundreds of GBPs have been analyzed. Here we describe the methods generally used by the CFG to prepare glycan arrays and interrogate them with GBPs. We also describe our new approach to normalizing glycan microarray data derived from concentration-dependent analyses of GBP binding, and the application of this approach with the plant lectin Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA-I) and human galectin-8. The use of glycan microarrays with this approach readily generates a prediction of the glycan determinants required for high affinity binding by a GBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, The Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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63
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Leppänen A, Cummings RD. Fluorescence-Based Solid-Phase Assays to Study Glycan-Binding Protein Interactions with Glycoconjugates. Methods Enzymol 2010; 478:241-64. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)78012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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64
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Fais M, Karamanska R, Russell DA, Field RA. Lectin and carbohydrate microarrays: New high-throughput methods for glycoprotein, carbohydrate-binding protein and carbohydrate-active enzyme analysis. J Cereal Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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65
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Oyelaran O, Gildersleeve JC. Glycan arrays: recent advances and future challenges. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:406-13. [PMID: 19625207 PMCID: PMC2749919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate arrays, also referred to as glycan arrays, are composed of various oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides immobilized on a solid support in a spatially defined arrangement. This technology provides a powerful, high-throughput approach to examining carbohydrate-macromolecule interactions, and glycan arrays have had a significant impact on the field of glycobiology. This review focuses on recent advances in glycan array technology, limitations, and opportunities for improvement. In particular, new methods for the production of natural glycan arrays and chemoenzymatic approaches are greatly expanding the diversity of structures on arrays. Since multivalent complex formation is generally required to achieve tight binding, methods to evaluate and modulate presentation are vital for enhancing the capabilities of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyindasola Oyelaran
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702
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66
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Song X, Lasanajak Y, Xia B, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Fluorescent glycosylamides produced by microscale derivatization of free glycans for natural glycan microarrays. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:741-50. [PMID: 19618966 DOI: 10.1021/cb900067h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy for creating naturally derived glycan microarrays has been developed. Glycosylamines are prepared from free reducing glycans and stabilized by reaction with acryloyl chloride to generate a glycosylamide in which the reducing monosaccharide has a closed-ring structure. Ozonolysis of the protected glycan yields an active aldehyde, to which a bifunctional fluorescent linker is coupled by reductive amination. The fluorescent derivatives are easily coupled through a residual primary alkylamine to generate glycan microarrays. This strategy preserves structural features of glycans required for antibody recognition and allows development of natural arrays of fluorescent glycans in which the cyclic pyranose structure of the reducing-end sugar residue is retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Baoyun Xia
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - David F. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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67
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Abstract
Carbohydrates encode biological information necessary for cellular function. The structural diversity and complexity of these sugar residues have necessitated the creation of novel methodologies for their study. This review highlights recent technological advancements that are starting to unravel the intricate web of carbohydrate biology. New methods for the analysis of both glycoconjugates and glycan structures are discussed. With the use of these innovative tools, the field of glycobiology is poised to take center-stage in the postgenomic era of modern biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York, New York 10003-6688
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York, New York 10003-6688
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68
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Song X, Lasanajak Y, Rivera-Marrero C, Luyai A, Willard M, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Generation of a natural glycan microarray using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FmocCl) as a cleavable fluorescent tag. Anal Biochem 2009; 395:151-60. [PMID: 19699706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycan microarray technology has become a successful tool for studying protein-carbohydrate interactions, but a limitation has been the laborious synthesis of glycan structures by enzymatic and chemical methods. Here we describe a new method to generate quantifiable glycan libraries from natural sources by combining widely used protease digestion of glycoproteins and Fmoc chemistry. Glycoproteins including chicken ovalbumin, bovine fetuin, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were digested by Pronase, protected by FmocCl, and efficiently separated by 2D-HPLC. We show that glycans from HRP glycopeptides separated by HPLC and fluorescence monitoring retained their natural reducing end structures, mostly core alpha1,3-fucose and core alpha1,2-xylose. After simple Fmoc deprotection, the glycans were printed on NHS-activated glass slides. The glycans were interrogated using plant lectins and antibodies in sera from mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni, which revealed the presence of both IgM and IgG antibody responses to HRP glycopeptides. This simple approach to glycopeptide purification and conjugation allows for the development of natural glycopeptide microarrays without the need to remove and derivatize glycans and potentially compromise their reducing end determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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69
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Luyai A, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Song X. Facile preparation of fluorescent neoglycoproteins using p-nitrophenyl anthranilate as a heterobifunctional linker. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1618-24. [PMID: 19624117 PMCID: PMC2729569 DOI: 10.1021/bc900189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A facile preparation of neoglycoconjugates has been developed with a commercially available chemical, p-nitrophenyl anthranilate (PNPA), as a heterobifunctional linker. The two functional groups of PNPA, the aromatic amine and the p-nitrophenyl ester, are fully differentiated to selectively conjugate with glycans and other biomolecules containing nucleophiles. PNPA is efficiently conjugated with free reducing glycans via reductive amination. The glycan−PNPA conjugates (GPNPAs) can be easily purified and quantified by UV absorption. The active p-nitrophenyl ester in the GPNPA conjugates readily reacts with amines under mild conditions, and the resulting conjugates acquire strong fluorescence. This approach was used to prepare several fluorescent neoglycoproteins. The neoglycoproteins were covalently printed on activated glass slides and were bound by appropriate lectins recognizing the glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Luyai
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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70
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Leipold MD, Herrera I, Ornatsky O, Baranov V, Nitz M. ICP-MS-based multiplex profiling of glycoproteins using lectins conjugated to lanthanide-chelating polymers. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:443-9. [PMID: 19072657 DOI: 10.1021/pr800645r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lectins have been increasingly important in the study of glycoproteins. Here, we report a glycoprofiling method based on the covalent attachment of metal-chelating polymers to lectins for use in an ICP-MS-based assay. The labeled lectins are able to distinguish between glycoproteins covalently attached to a microtiter plate and their binding can be directly quantified by ICP-MS. Since each conjugate contains a different lanthanide, the assays can be conducted in a single or multiplex fashion, and may be readily elaborated to many different assay formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Leipold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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71
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Song X, Xia B, Stowell SR, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Novel fluorescent glycan microarray strategy reveals ligands for galectins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:36-47. [PMID: 19171304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) are widely expressed galectins with immunoregulatory functions in animals. To explore their glycan specificity, we developed microarrays of naturally occurring glycans using a bifunctional fluorescent linker, 2-amino-N-(2-aminoethyl)-benzamide (AEAB), directly conjugated through its arylamine group by reductive amination to free glycans to form glycan-AEABs (GAEABs). Glycans from natural sources were used to prepare over 200 GAEABs, which were purified by multidimensional high-pressure liquid chromatography and covalently immobilized onto N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated glass slides via their free alkylamine. Fluorescence-based screening demonstrated that Gal-1 recognizes a wide variety of complex N-glycans, whereas Gal-3 primarily recognizes poly-N-acetyllactosamine-containing glycans independent of N-glycan presentation. GAEABs provide a general solution to glycan microarray preparation from natural sources for defining the specificity of glycan-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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72
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de Boer AR, Hokke CH, Deelder AM, Wuhrer M. Serum antibody screening by surface plasmon resonance using a natural glycan microarray. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:75-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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73
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Dorman N. Citations. Biotechniques 2008. [DOI: 10.2144/000112710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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