51
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Mavré F, Anand RK, Laws DR, Chow KF, Chang BY, Crooks JA, Crooks RM. Bipolar Electrodes: A Useful Tool for Concentration, Separation, and Detection of Analytes in Microelectrochemical Systems. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8766-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101262v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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52
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Trends in computational simulations of electrochemical processes under hydrodynamic flow in microchannels. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:183-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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53
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Illa X, Ordeig O, Snakenborg D, Romano-Rodríguez A, Compton RG, Kutter JP. A cyclo olefin polymer microfluidic chip with integrated gold microelectrodes for aqueous and non-aqueous electrochemistry. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1254-1261. [PMID: 20445877 DOI: 10.1039/b926737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an entirely polymeric microfluidic system, made of cyclo olefin polymer (COP), with integrated gold microband electrodes for electrochemical applications in organic media. In the present work, we take advantage of the COP's high chemical stability to polar organic solvents in two different ways: (i) to fabricate gold microelectrodes using COP as a substrate by standard lithographic and lift-off techniques; and (ii) to perform electrochemical experiments in organic media. In particular, fourteen parallel gold microelectrodes with a width of 14 microm and separated from their closest neighbour by 16 microm were fabricated by lithographic and lift-off techniques on a 188 microm thick COP sheet. A closed channel configuration was obtained by pressure-assisted thermal bonding between the COP sheet containing the microelectrodes and a microstructured COP sheet, where a 3 cm long, 50 microm wide and 24 microm deep channel was fabricated via hot embossing. Cyclic voltammetric measurements were carried out in aqueous and organic media, using a solution consisting of 5 mM ferrocyanide/ferricyanide in 0.5 M KNO(3) and 5 mM ferrocene in 0.1 M TBAP/acetonitrile, respectively. Experimental currents obtained for different flow rates ranging from 1 to 10 microL min(-1) were compared to the theoretical steady state currents calculated by the Levich equation for a band electrode (R. G. Compton, A. C. Fisher, R. G. Wellington, P. J. Dobson and P. A. Leigh, J. Phys. Chem., 1993, 97, 10410-10415). In both cases, the difference between the experimental and the predicted data is less than 5%, thus validating the behaviour of the fabricated device. This result opens the possibility to use a microfluidic system made entirely from COP with integrated microband electrodes in organic electroanalysis and in electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavi Illa
- Universitat de Barcelona, MIND-IN(2)UB Department of Electronics, Barcelona, Spain.
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54
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Amatore C, Da Mota N, Sella C, Thouin L. Theory and Experiments of Transport at Channel Microband Electrodes Under Laminar Flow. 3. Electrochemical Detection at Electrode Arrays under Steady State. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2434-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902788v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Amatore
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640 “Pasteur”, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Nicolas Da Mota
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640 “Pasteur”, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Catherine Sella
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640 “Pasteur”, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laurent Thouin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640 “Pasteur”, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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55
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Ultramicroelectrode array based sensors: a promising analytical tool for environmental monitoring. SENSORS 2010; 10:475-90. [PMID: 22315551 PMCID: PMC3270852 DOI: 10.3390/s100100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The particular analytical performance of ultramicroelectrode arrays (UMEAs) has attracted a high interest by the research community and has led to the development of a variety of electroanalytical applications. UMEA-based approaches have demonstrated to be powerful, simple, rapid and cost-effective analytical tools for environmental analysis compared to available conventional electrodes and standardised analytical techniques. An overview of the fabrication processes of UMEAs, their characterization and applications carried out by the Spanish scientific community is presented. A brief explanation of theoretical aspects that highlight their electrochemical behavior is also given. Finally, the applications of this transducer platform in the environmental field are discussed.
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56
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Perdue RK, Laws DR, Hlushkou D, Tallarek U, Crooks RM. Bipolar Electrode Focusing: The Effect of Current and Electric Field on Concentration Enrichment. Anal Chem 2009; 81:10149-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901913r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robbyn K. Perdue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Derek R. Laws
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dzmitry Hlushkou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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57
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Trojanowicz M. Recent developments in electrochemical flow detections—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 653:36-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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58
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Amatore C, Klymenko OV, Oleinick AI, Svir I. Electrochemical Determination of Flow Velocity Profile in a Microfluidic Channel from Steady-State Currents: Numerical Approach and Optimization of Electrode Layout. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7667-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9010827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Amatore
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640 “PASTEUR”, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Mathematical and Computer Modelling Laboratory, Kharkov National University of Radioelectronics, 14 Lenin Avenue, 61166 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Oleksiy V. Klymenko
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640 “PASTEUR”, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Mathematical and Computer Modelling Laboratory, Kharkov National University of Radioelectronics, 14 Lenin Avenue, 61166 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Alexander I. Oleinick
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640 “PASTEUR”, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Mathematical and Computer Modelling Laboratory, Kharkov National University of Radioelectronics, 14 Lenin Avenue, 61166 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Irina Svir
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640 “PASTEUR”, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Mathematical and Computer Modelling Laboratory, Kharkov National University of Radioelectronics, 14 Lenin Avenue, 61166 Kharkov, Ukraine
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59
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Mavré F, Chow KF, Sheridan E, Chang BY, Crooks JA, Crooks RM. A Theoretical and Experimental Framework for Understanding Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) Emission at Bipolar Electrodes. Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900744p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Mavré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165
| | - Kwok-Fan Chow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165
| | - Eoin Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165
| | - Byoung-Yong Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165
| | - John A. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165
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60
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Huang XJ, O'Mahony AM, Compton RG. Microelectrode arrays for electrochemistry: approaches to fabrication. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:776-788. [PMID: 19340821 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays have unique electrochemical properties such as small capacitive-charging currents, reduced iR drop, and steady-state diffusion currents. These properties enable the use of microelectrode arrays and have captured much interest in the field of electrochemistry. Techniques for the fabrication of such arrays are reviewed. The relative features and merits of different techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jiu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University, South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
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61
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Menshykau D, Huang XJ, Rees NV, del Campo FJ, Muñoz FX, Compton RG. Investigating the concept of diffusional independence. Potential step transients at nano- and micro-electrode arrays: theory and experiment. Analyst 2009; 134:343-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b816223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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62
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Holcomb RE, Kraly JR, Henry CS. Electrode array detector for microchip capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2008; 134:486-92. [PMID: 19238284 DOI: 10.1039/b816289a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity and resolution for analyses conducted using microfluidic devices can be improved by increasing the total number of individual detection elements in the device. Here, a poly(dimethylsiloxane) capillary electrophoresis microchip was fabricated with an integrated electrode array for selective detection of small molecules. Eight individually addressable gold electrodes were incorporated in series after a palladium current decoupler in the separation channel of an electrophoresis microchip. The electrode array device was characterized using a mixture of biologically relevant analytes and xenobiotics: norepinephrine, 4-aminophenol, acetaminophen, uric acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Separation efficiencies as high as 9000 +/- 1000 plates (n = 3) for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and limits of detection as low as 2.6 +/- 1.2 microM (n = 3) for norepinephrine were obtained using this device. After characterizing the performance of the device, potential step detection was conducted at the array electrodes and selective detection achieved based upon differences in redox potentials for individual analytes. Utilization of potential step detection was particularly advantageous for resolving co-migrating species; resolution of 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine from acetaminophen using potential control was demonstrated. Finally, a human urine sample was analyzed using potential step detection to demonstrate the applicability of this device for complex sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Holcomb
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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63
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Ulrich C, Andersson O, Nyholm L, Björefors F. Potential and Current Density Distributions at Electrodes Intended for Bipolar Patterning. Anal Chem 2008; 81:453-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801871c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ulrich
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Andersson
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Nyholm
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Björefors
- Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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