51
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Zhou F, Wang G, Shi D, Sun Y, Sha L, Qiu Y, Zhang X. One-strand oligonucleotide probe for fluorescent label-free “turn-on” detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and its inhibition. Analyst 2015; 140:5650-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00862j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thioflavin T (ThT), as one of the most exciting fluorogenic molecules, boasts the “molecular-rotor” ability to induce DNA sequences containing guanine repeats to fold into G-quadruplex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chem-biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechology
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Guangfeng Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chem-biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechology
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Dongmin Shi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chem-biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechology
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Yue Sun
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chem-biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechology
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Liang Sha
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chem-biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechology
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Yuwei Qiu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chem-biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechology
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chem-biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechology
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
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52
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Cheng J, Sun Y, Zhou L, Zhang K, Wang J, Wu Z, Pei R. Phosphorylation triggered poly-nanoparticle assembly for naked-eye distinguishable T4 polynucleotide kinase detection. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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53
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Wang M, Leung KH, Lin S, Chan DSH, Leung CH, Ma DL. A G-quadruplex-based, label-free, switch-on luminescent detection assay for Ag+ions based on the exonuclease III-mediated digestion of C–Ag+–C DNA. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:6467-6471. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01140f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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54
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Du J, Xu Q, Lu X, Zhang CY. A label-free bioluminescent sensor for real-time monitoring polynucleotide kinase activity. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8481-8. [PMID: 25048013 DOI: 10.1021/ac502240c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polynucleotide kinase (PNK) plays a crucial role in maintaining the genomic stability of cells and is becoming a potential target in the radio-therapeutic treatment of cancers. The fluorescent method is usually used to measure the PNK activity, but it is impossible to obtain the real-time monitoring without the employment of the labeled DNA probes. Here, we report a label-free bioluminescent sensor for PNK activity assay through real-time monitoring of the phosphorylation-dependent DNA ligation reaction. In this bioluminescent sensor, two hairpin DNA probes with 5'-protruding terminal are designed as the phosphate acceptor, and the widely used phosphate donor of ATP is substituted by dCTP. In the absence of PNK, the ligation reaction cannot be triggered due to the lack of 5'-phosphoryl groups in the probes, and the background signal is negligible. With the addition of PNK, the phosphorylation-ligation reaction of the probes is initiated with the release of AMP, and the subsequent conversion of AMP to ATP leads to the generation of distinct bioluminescence signal. The PNK activity assay can be performed in real time by continuously monitoring the bioluminescence signal. This bioluminescent sensor is much simpler, label-free, cost-effective, and free from the autofluorescence interference of biological matrix, and can be further used for quantitative, kinetic, and inhibition assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Du
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou 730070, China
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55
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Tao M, Zhang J, Jin Y, Li B. Highly sensitive fluorescence assay of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibition via enzyme-assisted signal amplification. Anal Biochem 2014; 464:63-9. [PMID: 25058928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA phosphorylation catalyzed by polynucleotide kinase (PNK) is an indispensable process in the repair, replication, and recombination of nucleic acids. Here, an enzyme-assisted amplification strategy was developed for the ultrasensitive monitoring activity and inhibition of T4 PNK. A hairpin oligonucleotide (hpDNA) was designed as a probe whose stem can be degraded from the 5' to 3' direction by lambda exonuclease (λ exo) when its 5' end is phosphorylated by PNK. So, the 3' stem and loop part of hpDNA was released as an initiator strand to open a molecular beacon (MB) that was designed as a fluorescence reporter, leading to a fluorescence restoration. Then, the initiator strand was released again by the nicking endonuclease (Nt.BbvCI) to hybridize with another MB, resulting in a cyclic reaction and accumulation of fluorescence signal. Based on enzyme-assisted amplification, PNK activity can be sensitively and rapidly detected with a detection limit of 1.0×10(-4)U/ml, which is superior to those of most existing approaches. Furthermore, the application of the proposed strategy for screening PNK inhibitors also demonstrated satisfactory results. Therefore, it provided a promising platform for monitoring activity and inhibition of PNK as well as for studying the activity of other nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangjuan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Baoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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56
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Wang L, Liu Y, Li J. Self-phosphorylating deoxyribozyme initiated cascade enzymatic amplification for guanosine-5'-triphosphate detection. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7907-12. [PMID: 24971649 DOI: 10.1021/ac501842t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The self-phosphorylating deoxyribozymes identified by in vitro selection can catalyze their own phosphorylation by utilizing phosphate donor guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) which plays a critical role in a majority of cellular processes. On the basis of the unique properties of self-phosphorylating deoxyribozymes, we report a novel GTP sensor coupled with λ exonuclease cleavage reaction and nicking enzyme assisted fluorescence signal amplification process. The deoxyribozymes with special catalytic and structural characteristics display good stability compared to protein and RNA enzymes. We combined these properties with enzymatic recycling cleavage strategy to build a sensor which produced enhanced fluorescence signal. Sensitive and selective detection of GTP was successfully realized with the well-designed deoxyribozyme-based sensing platform by taking advantage of the self-phosphorylating ability of the kinase deoxyribozyme, efficient digestion capacity of λ exonuclease, and enzymatic recycling amplification of nicking enzyme. The method not only provides a platform for detecting GTP but also shows great potential in analyzing a variety of targets by combining deoxyribozymes with signal amplification strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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57
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Ge J, Tang LJ, Xi Q, Li XP, Yu RQ, Jiang JH, Chu X. A WS2 nanosheet based sensing platform for highly sensitive detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase and its inhibitors. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:6866-6872. [PMID: 24830570 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00944d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA phosphorylation, catalyzed by polynucleotide kinase (PNK), plays significant regulatory roles in many biological events. Here, a novel fluorescent nanosensor based on phosphorylation-specific exonuclease reaction and efficient fluorescence quenching of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) by a WS2 nanosheet has been developed for monitoring the activity of PNK using T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4 PNK) as a model target. The fluorescent dye-labeled double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) remains highly fluorescent when mixed with WS2 nanosheets because of the weak adsorption of dsDNA on WS2 nanosheets. While dsDNA is phosphorylated by T4 PNK, it can be specifically degraded by λ exonuclease, producing ssDNA strongly adsorbed on WS2 nanosheets with greatly quenched fluorescence. Because of the high quenching efficiency of WS2 nanosheets, the developed platform presents excellent performance with a wide linear range, low detection limit and high signal-to-background ratio. Additionally, inhibition effects from adenosine diphosphate, ammonium sulfate, and sodium chloride have been investigated. The method may provide a universal platform for PNK activity monitoring and inhibitor screening in drug discovery and clinic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
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58
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Nikiforov TT. Generic assay format for endo- and exonucleases based on fluorogenic substrates labeled with single fluorophores. Anal Biochem 2014; 461:67-73. [PMID: 24907506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously described the development of fluorogenic assays for nucleic acid-modifying enzymes based on synthetic oligonucleotides labeled with a single fluorophore. In the current work, we studied the performance of such singly labeled substrates as a function of the nucleotide sequence in the vicinity of the fluorophore and the nature of the fluorophore itself. In agreement with published studies, we found that a 3' end of the primer terminating in a dC residue opposite a 5' dG provides the greatest degree of fluorophore quenching. Adding a second dC residue at the 3' penultimate position opposite another dG increased the quenching further. Among the various dyes tested, the difluoro substituted fluorescein derivative Oregon Green emerged as a superior fluorophore for this assay format. We have now combined these findings into a new generic format for endonuclease assays. This format allows a substrate for any endonuclease to be obtained rapidly by simply replacing the enzyme's recognition sequence within the generic labeled molecule. Compared with our previous format, the new assays show greatly expanded signal dynamic ranges. The format is applicable to other nucleic acid-modifying enzymes such as exonucleases (e.g., T7 gene 6 exonuclease) and DNA repair enzymes (e.g., uracil-DNA glycosylase).
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59
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Jiang HX, Kong DM, Shen HX. Amplified detection of DNA ligase and polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase on the basis of enrichment of catalytic G-quadruplex DNAzyme by rolling circle amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 55:133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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60
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Highly sensitive detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity by coupling split DNAzyme and ligation-triggered DNAzyme cascade amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 55:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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61
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Sensitive detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on coupled exonuclease reaction and nicking enzyme-assisted fluorescence signal amplification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2943-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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62
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Tang W, Zhu G, Zhang CY. Sensitive detection of polynucleotide kinase using rolling circle amplification-induced chemiluminescence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4733-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00256c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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63
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He HZ, Leung KH, Wang W, Chan DSH, Leung CH, Ma DL. Label-free luminescence switch-on detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity using a G-quadruplex-selective probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5313-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47444e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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64
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Hou T, Wang X, Liu X, Lu T, Liu S, Li F. Amplified detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity by the coupled λ exonuclease cleavage reaction and catalytic assembly of bimolecular beacons. Anal Chem 2013; 86:884-90. [PMID: 24328238 DOI: 10.1021/ac403458b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of nucleic acid catalyzed by polynucleotide kinase is an indispensible procedure involved in many vital cellular activities such as DNA recombination and DNA repair. Herein, a novel strategy for the sensitive determination of T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) activity and inhibition was proposed, which combined exonuclease enzyme reaction and bimolecular beacons (bi-MBs)-based signal amplification. A hairpin probe (HP) with 5'-hydroxyl termini and two different types of molecular beacons (MBs), MB1 and MB2, is designed. Taking advantage of the efficient enzyme reactions, namely the phosphorylation of HP by PNK and the λ exonuclease cleavage reaction, the trigger DNA fragment can be released from HP and is used to trigger the catalytic assembly of bimolecular beacons, resulting in a remarkably amplified fluorescence signal toward PNK activity detection. The detection limit of this method toward PNK was obtained as 1 mU/mL, which was superior or comparable with the reported methods. Furthermore, the facile and sensitive method can also be used to screen the inhibition effects toward several common inhibitors. It provides a promising platform for sensitive determination of nucleotide kinase activity and inhibition, and also shows great potential for biological process research, drug discovery, and clinic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hou
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
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65
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Su X, Zhang C, Zhu X, Fang S, Weng R, Xiao X, Zhao M. Simultaneous fluorescence imaging of the activities of DNases and 3' exonucleases in living cells with chimeric oligonucleotide probes. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9939-46. [PMID: 24016314 DOI: 10.1021/ac402615c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Real-time fluorescence imaging of the activity of nucleases in living cells has been a difficult issue because of unintended degradation of the natural oligonucleotides by nontarget nucleases or interactions with other proteins. In this work, we demonstrate two types of highly selective, sensitive, and robust oligonucleotide probes for simultaneous imaging of the activities of two different nucleases in living cells. The probes consist of the desired substrate structure of the target nuclease and partially phosphorothioate modified backbone labeled with fluorophore and quencher for protection from undesired degradation by other nucleases and signal transduction. Upon reaction with the target nuclease, the initially fluorescence quenched probe was cleaved and the fluorophore was separated from the quencher, giving out strong fluorescence signals. Two nucleases, DNase I and Exonuclease III, were employed as model enzymes to demonstrate the concept. In vitro studies proved that the two probes could discriminate their respective target nucleases in serum with high resistance to other coexisting enzymes. The lower limits of detection for DNase I and Exonuclease III were observed to be 40 U/L and 2.0 U/L, respectively. By labeling the two probes with different fluorophores and quenchers, simultaneous visualization of the activities of DNases and 3' exonucleases was achieved in both HeLa cells and the suspension cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. The developed approaches may greatly facilitate the studies on the intracellular functions of the two nucleases and other related biological processes. The probe design concept may also be further adapted to the detection of many other nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
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66
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Double strand DNA-templated copper nanoparticle as a novel fluorescence indicator for label-free detection of polynucleotide kinase activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 44:6-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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67
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New advances in molecular recognition based on biomolecular scaffolds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5679-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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68
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Wang G, He X, Xu G, Chen L, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Wang L. Detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity with immobilization of TiO2 nanotubes and amplification of Au nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 43:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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69
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Chen F, Zhao Y, Qi L, Fan C. One-step highly sensitive florescence detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and biological small molecules by ligation-nicking coupled reaction-mediated signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:218-24. [PMID: 23584226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA phosphorylation, catalyzed by polynucleotide kinase (PNK), plays significant regulatory roles in many biological events. Herein, using T4 PNK as a model target, we describe a one-step, highly sensitive, simple and rapid fluorescence approach for monitoring its activity and inhibition. This innovative strategy is inspired by the great amplification capability of ligation-nicking coupled reaction-mediated signal amplification. In the presence of T4 PNK, one of two short oligonucleotides complementary to the loop sequence of molecular beacon (MB) are phosphorylated, and then ligated with the other by DNA ligase. Upon formation of the stable duplex between the ligated DNA and MB, the fluorescence is restored and further significantly amplified through nicking endonuclease assisted cleavage of multiple MBs. Meanwhile, the cleavage of MBs will also generate new nicks to initiate the ligation reaction. Eventually, a maximum fluorescence enhancement is obtained when the ligation and nicking process reached a dynamic equilibrium. As compared to those of the existing approaches except for the assay based on single nanoparticle counting, all limited to 1:1 signal transduction function, the sensitivity (0.00001U/mL) of the proposed strategy is 100-1700 times higher. The application of the sensing system in complex biological matrix and screening of T4 PNK inhibition are demonstrated with satisfactory results. Moreover, this approach is also successfully used to detect biological small molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and can be further extended for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
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70
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Wang W, Jin Y, Zhao Y, Yue X, Zhang C. Single-labeled hairpin probe for highly specific and sensitive detection of lead(II) based on the fluorescence quenching of deoxyguanosine and G-quartet. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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71
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Peng Y, Jiang J, Yu R. An electrochemical assay of polynucleotide kinase activity based on streptavidin–gold nanoparticles and enzymatic amplification. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43315c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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72
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Huang Y, Chen J, Shi M, Zhao S, Chen ZF, Liang H. A gold nanoparticle-enhanced fluorescence polarization biosensor for amplified detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibition. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2018-2021. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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73
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Jiang C, Yan C, Jiang J, Yu R. Colorimetric assay for T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on the horseradish peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme combined with λ exonuclease cleavage. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 766:88-93. [PMID: 23427805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) plays a critical role in various cellular events. Here, we describe a novel colorimetric strategy for estimating the activity of PNK and screening its inhibitors taking advantage of the efficient cleavage of λ exonuclease and the horseradish peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme (HRPzyme) signal amplification. A label-free hairpin DNA with the sequence of HRPzyme was utilized in the assay. The 5'-hydroxyl terminal of the hairpin DNA was firstly phosphorylated in the presence of PNK and then digested by λ exonuclease. As a result, the blocked 'HRPzyme' sequence of the hairpin DNA was released due to the removal of its completely complementary sequence. Using this strategy, the assay for PNK activity was successfully translated into the detection of HRPzyme. Because of the completely blocking and efficiently releasing of HRPzyme, the colorimetric method exhibited an excellent performance in PNK analysis with a low detection limit of 0.06 U mL(-1) and a wide detection range from 0.06 to 100 U mL(-1). Additionally, the effects of different inhibitors on PNK activity were also evaluated. The proposed strategy holds great potential in the development of high-throughput phosphorylation investigation as well as in the screening of the related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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74
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Lin L, Liu Y, Yan J, Wang X, Li J. Sensitive nanochannel biosensor for T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibition detection. Anal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23194085 DOI: 10.1021/ac302875p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5'-Polynucleotide kinase is a crucial class of enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of nucleic acids with 5'-hydroxyl termini. This process regulates many important cellular events, especially DNA repair during strand damage and interruption. The activity and inhibition of nucleotide kinase have proven to be an evident effect on cellular nucleic acid regulation and metabolism. Here, we describe a novel nanochannel biosensor for monitoring the activity and inhibition of T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK), a famous member of the 5'-kinase family playing a major role in the cellular responses to DNA damage. On the basis of the functionalized nanochannel system and coupled λ exonuclease cleavage reaction, the nanochannel-sensing platform exhibits high sensitivity and convenience toward kinase analysis. Biotin-labeled dsDNA effectively blocks the streptavidin-modified nanochannel through forming a closely packed arrangement of DNA structure inside the channel. When dsDNA is phosphorylated by PNK and then immediately cleaved by λ exonuclease, the pore-blocking effect almost disappears. This PNK-induced microstructural distinctness can be directly and accurately monitored by the nanochannel system, which benefits from its high sensitivity to the change of the effective pore size. Furthermore, modification convenience and mechanical robustness also ensure the stability of the test platform. This as-proposed strategy exhibits excellent analytical performance in both PNK activity analysis and inhibition evaluation. The simple and sensitive nanochannel biosensor shows great potential in developing on-chip, high-throughput assays for fundamental biochemical process research, molecular-target therapies, and clinic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, China
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75
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Su X, Xiao X, Zhang C, Zhao M. Nucleic acid fluorescent probes for biological sensing. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:1249-1262. [PMID: 23146180 DOI: 10.1366/12-06803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid fluorescent probes are playing increasingly important roles in biological sensing in recent years. In addition to the conventional functions of single-stranded DNA/RNA to hybridize with their complementary strands, affinity nucleic acids (aptamers) with specific target binding properties have also been developed, which has greatly broadened the application of nucleic acid fluorescent probes to the detection of a large variety of analytes, including small molecules, proteins, ions, and even whole cells. Another chemical property of nucleic acids is to act as substrates for various nucleic acid enzymes. This property can be utilized not only to detect those enzymes and screen their inhibitors, but also employed to develop effective signal amplification systems, which implies extensive applications. This review mainly covers the biosensing methods based on the above three types of nucleic acid fluorescent probes. The most widely used intensity-based biosensing assays are covered first, including nucleic acid probe-based signal amplification methods. Then fluorescence lifetime, fluorescence anisotropy, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy assays are introduced, respectively. As a rapidly developing field, fluorescence imaging approaches are also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, China
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76
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Niu S, Lou X, Jiang Y, Lin J. A Novel Fluorescence Sensor for Cocaine with Signal Amplification through Cycling Exo-Cleaving with a Hairpin Probe. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.677972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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77
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Jiao H, Wang B, Chen J, Liao D, Li W, Yu C. Label free fluorescence turn-on detection of polynucleotide kinase activity with a perylene probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7862-4. [PMID: 22786467 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32644b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A single stranded oligonucleotide could induce aggregation of a perylene probe, the probe's monomer fluorescence was efficiently quenched. However, when the oligonucleotide was 5'-phosphorylated by polynucleotide kinase, it could be very efficiently degraded by lambda exonuclease, probe monomers were released, and a turn on fluorescence signal was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huping Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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78
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Ma C, Chen H, Han R, He H, Zeng W. Fluorescence detection of adenosine triphosphate using smart probe. Anal Biochem 2012; 429:8-10. [PMID: 22759778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent probe for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay based on DNA ligation is proposed in this article. This approach uses a novel smart probe, T4 DNA ligase, and two short oligonucleotides. In the presence of ATP, the T4 DNA ligase catalyzes the ligation reaction and the ligation product restores the fluorescence of the smart probe. This method is very sensitive with a 0.5-nM limit of detection. Compared with current assay methods, the strategy is simpler, cheaper, and 40 times more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbei Ma
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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79
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Kong DH, Jung SH, Lee ST, Kim YM, Ha KS. Monitoring of proteolytic enzyme activity using phase transition-based peptide arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 36:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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80
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Su X, Zhu X, Zhang C, Xiao X, Zhao M. In situ, real-time monitoring of the 3' to 5' exonucleases secreted by living cells. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5059-65. [PMID: 22559334 DOI: 10.1021/ac300745f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes containing 3'-5' exonuclease activities play vital roles in maintaining genome stability. Though a wide variety of methods have been developed for detection of these enzymes, few of them can be directly applied for in situ and real-time monitoring of the secretion of these active substances by living cells. Taking advantages of the free 3'-end of stacked guanine-quenched photoinduced electron transfer fluorescent probes, here we demonstrate a novel assay capable of in situ and real-time monitoring of the 3'-5' exonucleases secreted by living cells. The detection limit of the new method achieved as low as 0.04 U/mL, allowing direct monitoring of the target enzymes in an extracellular environment without preconcentration steps. False positive signals caused by other nonspecific enzymes were easily ruled out by the use of a control probe with the 3'-end modified with exonuclease-resistant phosphorothioate guanines. Using Alexa Fluor 488 as the fluorophore, the probe is adaptable to a wide range of pH conditions. The approach was successfully applied for in situ, real-time monitoring of the 3'-5' exonucleases secreted by suspension cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. It also holds great potential for in situ and real-time detection of many other DNA end-processing enzymes produced by other types of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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81
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Nikiforov TT. Fluorogenic substrates with single fluorophores for nucleic acid-modifying enzymes: design principles and new applications. Anal Biochem 2012; 424:142-8. [PMID: 22387388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-modifying enzymes are widely used in numerous applications. Many of these proteins are also important drug targets. Thus, better assays for the evaluation of their activities are always needed and are continuously being developed. Recently, I reported on a set of assays for several DNA-modifying enzymes (polymerases, endonucleases, and ligase) based on simple, hairpin-type oligonucleotide substrates labeled with a single fluorophore (Anal. Biochem. 412 (2011) 229-236). The present paper reports further studies on the mechanism of action of these substrates. It was assumed that the single fluorophore of these substrates is substantially quenched by stacking onto the terminal base(s) of the duplex, and that any perturbation of that stacking causes an increase in fluorescence. Based on this assumption, substrates of the same type for a variety of additional enzymes were developed and tested. The new assays described herein are for T4 polynucleotide kinase, the DNA repair enzymes uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) and formamido-pyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG), 3'-5' exonucleases, and enzymes with template-independent terminal transferase activity such as Taq polymerase. All of these molecules are easy to synthesize, and similar substrates for other enzymes can rapidly be designed based on the principles outlined in this work.
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82
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Wang Y, He X, Wang K, Ni X, Su J, Chen Z. Ferrocene-functionalized SWCNT for electrochemical detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 32:213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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83
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Furusawa H, Uemura K, Yoshimine H, Okahata Y. In situ monitoring of a trace intermediate during DNA phosphorylation by T4 polynucleotide kinase for transient kinetic studies. Analyst 2012; 137:1334-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16273c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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84
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Abstract
Fluorescent sensors that make use of DNA structures have become widely useful in monitoring enzymatic activities. Early studies focused primarily on enzymes that naturally use DNA or RNA as the substrate. However, recent advances in molecular design have enabled the development of nucleic acid sensors for a wider range of functions, including enzymes that do not normally bind DNA or RNA. Nucleic acid sensors present some potential advantages over classical small-molecule sensors, including water solubility and ease of synthesis. An overview of the multiple strategies under recent development is presented in this critical review, and expected future developments in microarrays, single molecule analysis, and in vivo sensing are discussed (160 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric T. Kool
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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85
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Lin L, Liu Y, Zhao X, Li J. Sensitive and rapid screening of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibition based on coupled exonuclease reaction and graphene oxide platform. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8396-402. [PMID: 22026510 DOI: 10.1021/ac200593g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of DNA with 5'-hydroxyl termini plays a critical role in a majority of normal cellular events, including DNA recombination, DNA replication, and repair of DNA during strand interruption. Determination of nucleotide kinase activity and inhibition is under intense development due to its importance in regulating nucleic acid metabolism. Here, by using T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) as a model, which plays an essential role in cellular nucleic acid metabolism, particularly in the cellular responses to DNA damage, we describe a strategy for simply and accurately determining nucleotide kinase activity and inhibition by means of a coupled λ exonuclease cleavage reaction and graphene oxide (GO) based platform. The dye attached dsDNA preserves most of the fluorescence when mixed with GO. While dsDNA is phosphorylated by PNK and then immediately cleaved by λ exonuclease, fluorescence is greatly quenched. Because of the super quenching ability and the high specific surface area of GO, the as-proposed platform presents an excellent performance with wide linear range and low detection limit in the cell extracts environment. Additionally, inhibition effects of adenosine diphosphate, ammonium sulfate, and sodium hydrogen phosphate have also been investigated. The method not only provides a universal platform for monitoring activity and inhibition of nucleotide kinase but also shows great potential in biological process researches, drug discovery, and clinic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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86
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A transformer of molecular beacon for sensitive and real-time detection of phosphatases with effective inhibition of the false positive signals. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:13-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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87
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Miao P, Ning L, Li X, Shu Y, Li G. An electrochemical alkaline phosphatase biosensor fabricated with two DNA probes coupled with λ exonuclease. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 27:178-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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88
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Wu W, Hu H, Li F, Wang L, Gao J, Lu J, Fan C. A graphene oxide-based nano-beacon for DNA phosphorylation analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1201-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04312e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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89
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Allinson SL. DNA end-processing enzyme polynucleotide kinase as a potential target in the treatment of cancer. Future Oncol 2010; 6:1031-42. [PMID: 20528239 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of DNA-repair pathways as an approach for the potentiation of chemo- and radio-therapeutic cancer treatments has attracted increasing levels of interest in recent years. Inhibitors of several enzymes involved in the repair of DNA strand breaks are currently at various stages of the drug development process. Polynucleotide kinase (PNK), a bifunctional DNA-repair enzyme that possesses both 3'-phosphatase and 5'-kinase activities, plays an important role in the repair of both single strand and double strand breaks and as a result, RNAi-mediated knockdown of PNK sensitizes cells to a range of DNA-damaging agents. Recently, a small molecule inhibitor of PNK has been developed that is able to sensitize cells to ionizing radiation and the topoisomerase I poison, camptothecin. Although still in the early stages of development, PNK inhibition represents a promising means of enhancing the efficacy of existing cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Allinson
- School of Health & Medicine, Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA14YQ, UK.
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90
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Song C, Zhang C, Zhao M. Rapid and sensitive detection of DNA polymerase fidelity by singly labeled smart fluorescent probes. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:2699-702. [PMID: 20875730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report here a novel approach to monitor the DNA polymerase fidelity in detailed steps, including mispair extension, mispair formation and 3'→5' proofreading. The method is based on the photo-induced electron transfer between the natural base guanine and the labeled fluorophore. The G:T mispair extension catalyzed by the exonuclease-deficient Klenow fragment DNA polymerase (KF exo(-)) was easily detected and the effect of the nearest neighbor base pair on the mispair extension rate was clearly observed. More importantly, kinetics of the G:T, G:A and G:G mispair formation and extension under single turnover conditions were measured by continuous fluorescence-based assay for the first time. The probes also showed their applicability to discriminate the 3'→5' proofreading activity of different exonuclease-proficient DNA polymerases. The presented method may greatly simplify the screening and characterization procedures of the increasing number of polymerases that are thought to be potential targets for drug design and cancer treatment. It will also provide important information for deep understanding of the polymerase fidelity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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91
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Ma C, Yeung ES. Highly sensitive detection of DNA phosphorylation by counting single nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2279-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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92
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Song C, Zhang C, Zhao MP. Development of a High-Throughput Screening Platform for DNA 3′-Phosphatases and Their Inhibitors Based on a Universal Molecular Beacon and Quantitative Real-time PCR. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:1146-51. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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93
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Lin YH, Tseng WL. Highly sensitive and selective detection of silver ions and silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution using an oligonucleotide-based fluorogenic probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6619-21. [PMID: 19865669 DOI: 10.1039/b915990h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new homogeneous assay-using SYBR Green I and repeats of 20 C nucleotides-for the highly selective and sensitive detection of silver ions and silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsiu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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94
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Song C, Zhang C, Zhao M. Singly labeled smart probes for real-time monitoring of the kinetics of dNTP misincorporation and single nucleotide extension in DNA intra-molecular polymerization. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:301-5. [PMID: 19647990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple and rapid method was developed for real-time monitoring of the kinetics of dNTP misincorporation and single nucleotide extension in DNA intra-molecular polymerization by using singly labeled fluorophore-oligonucleotide smart probes. The probes are designed with a self-complementary 3'-end and a sequence of stacked cytosines at the 5'-end, to which a fluorescein (FAM) is attached. When the DNA polymerase is introduced, it will bind to the 3'-end of the probe and catalyze the extension reaction, resulting in the formation of stacked guanines, which will instantly quench the fluorescence of FAM through photoelectron transfer. The method can accurately quantify the activity of the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I with the exonuclease activity inactivated (KF(-)) in 3 min with a detection limit down to 3.7 pM, which is much faster and more sensitive than the existing technology in monitoring the polymerization in bulk reaction. Moreover, the smart probes could be used to determine the kinetics of dNTP misincorporation and single nucleotide extension by proper design of the sequence. The method is universally adaptive to any fluorescence spectrometer and offers a very convenient and cost-effective way for characterization of the fine kinetic procedures in DNA polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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