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Wagner R, Redhammer G, Rettenwander D, Tippelt G, Welzl A, Taibl S, Fleig J, Franz A, Lottermoser W, Amthauer G. Fast Li-Ion-Conducting Garnet-Related Li 7-3x Fe x La 3Zr 2O 12 with Uncommon I4̅3 d Structure. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016; 28:5943-5951. [PMID: 27570369 PMCID: PMC4997531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fast Li-ion-conducting Li oxide garnets receive a great deal of attention as they are suitable candidates for solid-state Li electrolytes. It was recently shown that Ga-stabilized Li7La3Zr2O12 crystallizes in the acentric cubic space group I4̅3d. This structure can be derived by a symmetry reduction of the garnet-type Ia3̅d structure, which is the most commonly found space group of Li oxide garnets and garnets in general. In this study, single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirms the presence of space group I4̅3d also for Li7-3x Fe x La3Zr2O12. The crystal structure was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, neutron powder diffraction, and Mößbauer spectroscopy. The crystal-chemical behavior of Fe3+ in Li7La3Zr2O12 is very similar to that of Ga3+. The symmetry reduction seems to be initiated by the ordering of Fe3+ onto the tetrahedral Li1 (12a) site of space group I4̅3d. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements showed a Li-ion bulk conductivity of up to 1.38 × 10-3 S cm-1 at room temperature, which is among the highest values reported for this group of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Wagner
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- E-mail:
| | - Günther
J. Redhammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Center
for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Gerold Tippelt
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Welzl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Taibl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fleig
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Franz
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Lottermoser
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Georg Amthauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Rawlence M, Garbayo I, Buecheler S, Rupp JLM. On the chemical stability of post-lithiated garnet Al-stabilized Li7La3Zr2O12 solid state electrolyte thin films. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14746-14753. [PMID: 27455404 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Garnet-based Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 has the potential to be used as a solid state electrolyte for future lithium microbattery architectures, due to its relatively high Li(+) conductivity and stability against Li. Through this work, a model experiment is presented in which the effect of post-lithiation on phase formation and chemical stability is studied for pulsed laser deposited Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 thin films on MgO substrates. We report the implications of the newly suggested post-lithiation route for films with thicknesses between 90 and 380 nm. The phase changes from cubic, to a mix of cubic and tetragonal Li7La3Zr2O12, to a cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 and La2Zr2O7 containing film is accompanied by a reduction in the degree of de-wetting as the thickness increases. This study reveals that the thicker, dense, and continuous films remain predominantly in a mixed phase containing cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 and the lithium free La2Zr2O7 phase whereas the thinner, de-wetted films exhibit improved lithium incorporation resulting in the absence of the lithium free phase. For tuning the electrical conductivity and effective use of these structures in future batteries, understanding this material system is of great importance as the chemical stability of the cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 phase in the thin film system will control its effective use. We report a conductivity of 1.2 × 10(-3) S cm(-1) at 325 °C for a 380 nm thick solid state electrolyte film on MgO for potential operation in future all solid state battery assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rawlence
- Lab Thin Films & Photovoltaics, Empa Swiss Fed Labs Material Science & Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Rettenwander D, Redhammer G, Preishuber-Pflügl F, Cheng L, Miara L, Wagner R, Welzl A, Suard E, Doeff MM, Wilkening M, Fleig J, Amthauer G. Structural and Electrochemical Consequences of Al and Ga Cosubstitution in Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Solid Electrolytes. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016; 28:2384-2392. [PMID: 27110064 PMCID: PMC4836877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Several "Beyond Li-Ion Battery" concepts such as all solid-state batteries and hybrid liquid/solid systems envision the use of a solid electrolyte to protect Li-metal anodes. These configurations are very attractive due to the possibility of exceptionally high energy densities and high (dis)charge rates, but they are far from being realized practically due to a number of issues including high interfacial resistance and difficulties associated with fabrication. One of the most promising solid electrolyte systems for these applications is Al or Ga stabilized Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) based on high ionic conductivities and apparent stability against reduction by Li metal. Nevertheless, the fabrication of dense LLZO membranes with high ionic conductivity and low interfacial resistances remains challenging; it definitely requires a better understanding of the structural and electrochemical properties. In this study, the phase transition from garnet (Ia3̅d, No. 230) to "non-garnet" (I4̅3d, No. 220) space group as a function of composition and the different sintering behavior of Ga and Al stabilized LLZO are identified as important factors in determining the electrochemical properties. The phase transition was located at an Al:Ga substitution ratio of 0.05:0.15 and is accompanied by a significant lowering of the activation energy for Li-ion transport to 0.26 eV. The phase transition combined with microstructural changes concomitant with an increase of the Ga/Al ratio continuously improves the Li-ion conductivity from 2.6 × 10-4 S cm-1 to 1.2 × 10-3 S cm-1, which is close to the calculated maximum for garnet-type materials. The increase in Ga content is also associated with better densification and smaller grains and is accompanied by a change in the area specific resistance (ASR) from 78 to 24 Ω cm2, the lowest reported value for LLZO so far. These results illustrate that understanding the structure-properties relationships in this class of materials allows practical obstacles to its utilization to be readily overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rettenwander
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- (D.R.) E-mail:
| | - Günther Redhammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Preishuber-Pflügl
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry
and Technology of Materials, DFG Research Unit 1277 molife, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Lei Cheng
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Storage and Distributed Resources
Division, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, 94720, United States
| | - Lincoln Miara
- Samsung
Advanced Institute of Technology, 255 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Reinhard Wagner
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Welzl
- Institute
for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emmanuelle Suard
- Diffraction
group, Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marca M. Doeff
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Storage and Distributed Resources
Division, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry
and Technology of Materials, DFG Research Unit 1277 molife, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fleig
- Institute
for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Amthauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Kumar PJ, Nishimura K, Senna M, Düvel A, Heitjans P, Kawaguchi T, Sakamoto N, Wakiya N, Suzuki H. A novel low-temperature solid-state route for nanostructured cubic garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 and its application to Li-ion battery. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09695f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 nanoparticles with 1 mass% Al were prepared via a solid-state route at 750 °C within 3 h. A model cell sandwiched by Li and LiCoO2 exhibited initial discharge capacity of 64 μA h cm−2 μm−1, being 93% of LiCoO2 theoretical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Jeevan Kumar
- Research Institute of Electronics
- Shizuoka University
- Hamamatsu
- Japan
- Centre for Nanomaterials and MEMS
| | - K. Nishimura
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Shizuoka University
- Hamamatsu
- Japan
| | - M. Senna
- Research Institute of Electronics
- Shizuoka University
- Hamamatsu
- Japan
- Faculty of Science and Technology
| | - A. Düvel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- ZFM – Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- Hannover
- Germany
| | - P. Heitjans
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- ZFM – Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- Hannover
- Germany
| | - T. Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Shizuoka University
- Hamamatsu
- Japan
| | - N. Sakamoto
- Research Institute of Electronics
- Shizuoka University
- Hamamatsu
- Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering
| | - N. Wakiya
- Research Institute of Electronics
- Shizuoka University
- Hamamatsu
- Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering
| | - H. Suzuki
- Research Institute of Electronics
- Shizuoka University
- Hamamatsu
- Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering
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