51
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Kumar S, Fairmichael C, Longley DB, Turkington RC. The Multiple Roles of the IAP Super-family in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107610. [PMID: 32585232 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of proteins that are mainly known for their anti-apoptotic activity and ability to directly bind and inhibit caspases. Recent research has however revealed that they have extensive roles in governing numerous other cellular processes. IAPs are known to modulate ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent signaling pathways through their E3 ligase activity and influence activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In this review, we discuss the involvement of IAPs in individual hallmarks of cancer and the current status of therapies targeting these critical proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran Fairmichael
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C Turkington
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
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52
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Millet-Boureima C, Selber-Hnatiw S, Gamberi C. Drug discovery and chemical probing in Drosophila. Genome 2020; 64:147-159. [PMID: 32551911 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flies are increasingly utilized in drug discovery and chemical probing in vivo, which are novel technologies complementary to genetic probing in fundamental biological studies. Excellent genetic conservation, small size, short generation time, and over one hundred years of genetics make Drosophila an attractive model for rapid assay readout and use of analytical amounts of compound, enabling the experimental iterations needed in early drug development at a fraction of time and costs. Here, we describe an effective drug-testing pipeline using adult flies that can be easily implemented to study several disease models and different genotypes to discover novel molecular insight, probes, quality lead compounds, and develop novel prototype drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Millet-Boureima
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.,Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Susannah Selber-Hnatiw
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.,Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Chiara Gamberi
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.,Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
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53
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Smith HG, Jamal K, Dayal JHS, Tenev T, Kyula‐Currie J, Guppy N, Gazinska P, Roulstone V, Liccardi G, Davies E, Roxanis I, Melcher AA, Hayes AJ, Inman GJ, Harrington KJ, Meier P. RIPK1-mediated immunogenic cell death promotes anti-tumour immunity against soft-tissue sarcoma. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10979. [PMID: 32419365 PMCID: PMC7278545 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that mobilise the immune system against cancer are dramatically improving care for many people. Dying cancer cells play an active role in inducing anti-tumour immunity but not every form of death can elicit an immune response. Moreover, resistance to apoptosis is a major problem in cancer treatment and disease control. While the term "immunogenic cell death" is not fully defined, activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) can induce a type of death that mobilises the immune system against cancer. However, no clinical treatment protocols have yet been established that would harness the immunogenic potential of RIPK1. Here, we report the first pre-clinical application of an in vivo treatment protocol for soft-tissue sarcoma that directly engages RIPK1-mediated immunogenic cell death. We find that RIPK1-mediated cell death significantly improves local disease control, increases activation of CD8+ T cells as well as NK cells, and enhances the survival benefit of immune checkpoint blockade. Our findings warrant a clinical trial to assess the survival benefit of RIPK1-induced cell death in patients with advanced disease at limb extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry G Smith
- Targeted Therapy TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Kunzah Jamal
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | | | - Tencho Tenev
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | | | - Naomi Guppy
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | | | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Emma Davies
- Targeted Therapy TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Ioannis Roxanis
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Alan A Melcher
- The Translational Immunology TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Andrew J Hayes
- The Sarcoma and Melanoma UnitThe Royal Marsden HospitalLondonUK
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
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54
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Hanan EJ, Liang J, Wang X, Blake RA, Blaquiere N, Staben ST. Monomeric Targeted Protein Degraders. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11330-11361. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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55
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Targeting triple-negative breast cancers with the Smac-mimetic birinapant. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2768-2780. [PMID: 32341449 PMCID: PMC7492458 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smac mimetics target inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, thereby suppressing their function to facilitate tumor cell death. Here we have evaluated the efficacy of the preclinical Smac-mimetic compound A and the clinical lead birinapant on breast cancer cells. Both exhibited potent in vitro activity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, including those from patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Birinapant was further studied using in vivo PDX models of TNBC and estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Birinapant exhibited single agent activity in all TNBC PDX models and augmented response to docetaxel, the latter through induction of TNF. Transcriptomic analysis of TCGA datasets revealed that genes encoding mediators of Smac-mimetic-induced cell death were expressed at higher levels in TNBC compared with ER+ breast cancer, resulting in a molecular signature associated with responsiveness to Smac mimetics. In addition, the cell death complex was preferentially formed in TNBCs versus ER+ cells in response to Smac mimetics. Taken together, our findings provide a rationale for prospectively selecting patients whose breast tumors contain a competent death receptor signaling pathway for the further evaluation of birinapant in the clinic.
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56
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Madsen D, Azevedo C, Micco I, Petersen LK, Hansen NJV. An overview of DNA-encoded libraries: A versatile tool for drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 59:181-249. [PMID: 32362328 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) are collections of small molecules covalently attached to amplifiable DNA tags carrying unique information about the structure of each library member. A combinatorial approach is used to construct the libraries with iterative DNA encoding steps, facilitating tracking of the synthetic history of the attached compounds by DNA sequencing. Various screening protocols have been developed which allow protein target binders to be selected out of pools containing up to billions of different small molecules. The versatile methodology has allowed identification of numerous biologically active compounds and is now increasingly being adopted as a tool for lead discovery campaigns and identification of chemical probes. A great focus in recent years has been on developing DNA compatible chemistries that expand the structural diversity of the small molecule library members in DELs. This chapter provides an overview of the challenges and accomplishments in DEL technology, reviewing the technological aspects of producing and screening DELs with a perspective on opportunities, limitations, and future directions.
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57
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Zhao XY, Wang XY, Wei QY, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Potency and Selectivity of SMAC/DIABLO Mimetics in Solid Tumor Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041012. [PMID: 32325691 PMCID: PMC7226512 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming to promote cancer cell apoptosis is a mainstream strategy of cancer therapy. The second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC)/direct inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)-binding protein with low pI (DIABLO) protein is an essential and endogenous antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). SMAC mimetics (SMs) are a series of synthetically chemical compounds. Via database analysis and literature searching, we summarize the potential mechanisms of endogenous SMAC inefficiency, degradation, mutation, releasing blockage, and depression. We review the development of SMs, as well as preclinical and clinical outcomes of SMs in solid tumor treatment, and we analyze their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats from our point of view. We also highlight several questions in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.X.); (A.T.Y.L.); Tel.: +86-754-8890-0437 (Y.-M.X.); +86-754-8853-0052 (A.T.Y.L.)
| | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.X.); (A.T.Y.L.); Tel.: +86-754-8890-0437 (Y.-M.X.); +86-754-8853-0052 (A.T.Y.L.)
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58
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Structure-based design, synthesis, and evaluation of the biological activity of novel phosphoroorganic small molecule IAP antagonists. Invest New Drugs 2020; 38:1350-1364. [PMID: 32270379 PMCID: PMC7497679 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the strategies employed by novel anticancer therapies is to put the process of apoptosis back on track by blocking the interaction between inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and caspases. The activity of caspases is modulated by the caspases themselves in a caspase/procaspase proteolytic cascade and by their interaction with IAPs. Caspases can be released from the inhibitory influence of IAPs by proapoptotic proteins such as secondary mitochondrial activator of caspases (Smac) that share an IAP binding motif (IBM). The main purpose of the present study was the design and synthesis of phosphorus-based peptidyl antagonists of IAPs that mimic the endogenous Smac protein, which blocks the interaction between IAPs and caspases. Based on the structure of the IAP antagonist and recently reported thiadiazole derivatives, we designed and evaluated the biochemical properties of a series of phosphonic peptides bearing the N-Me-Ala-Val/Chg-Pro-OH motif (Chg: cyclohexylglycine). The ability of the obtained compounds to interact with the binding groove of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat (XIAP BIR3) domain was examined by a fluorescence polarization assay, while their potential to induce autoubiquitination followed by proteasomal degradation of cellular IAP1 was examined using the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. The highest potency against BIR3 was observed among peptides containing C-terminal phosphonic phenylalanine analogs, which displayed nanomolar Ki values. Their antiproliferative potential as well as their proapoptotic action, manifested by an increase in caspase-3 activity, was examined using various cell lines.
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59
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Blaquiere N, Villemure E, Staben ST. Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibiting RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7957-7985. [PMID: 32142281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) presents many opportunities for pharmacological intervention. Key players in the UPS are E3 ubiquitin ligases, responsible for conjugation of ubiquitin to specific cognate substrates. Numbering more than 600 members, these ligases represent the most selective way to intervene within this physiologically important system. This Perspective highlights some of the dedicated medicinal chemistry efforts directed at inhibiting the function of specific single-protein and multicomponent RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases. We present opportunities and challenges associated with targeting this important class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Blaquiere
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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60
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Jensen S, Seidelin JB, LaCasse EC, Nielsen OH. SMAC mimetics and RIPK inhibitors as therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/619/eaax8295. [PMID: 32071170 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aax8295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New therapeutic approaches for chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis are needed because current treatments are often suboptimal in terms of both efficacy and the risks of serious adverse events. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are E3 ubiquitin ligases that inhibit cell death pathways and are themselves inhibited by second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC). SMAC mimetics (SMs), small-molecule antagonists of IAPs, are being evaluated as cancer therapies in clinical trials. IAPs are also crucial regulators of inflammatory pathways because they influence both the activation of inflammatory genes and the induction of cell death through the receptor-interacting serine-threonine protein kinases (RIPKs), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-inducing kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Furthermore, there is an increasing interest in specifically targeting the substrates of IAP-mediated ubiquitylation, especially RIPK1, RIPK2, and RIPK3, as druggable nodes in inflammation control. Several studies have revealed an anti-inflammatory potential of RIPK inhibitors that either block inflammatory signaling or block the form of inflammatory cell death known as necroptosis. Expanding research on innate immune signaling through pattern recognition receptors that stimulate proinflammatory NF-κB and MAPK signaling may further contribute to uncovering the complex molecular roles used by IAPs and downstream RIPKs in inflammatory signaling. This may benefit and guide the development of SMs or selective RIPK inhibitors as anti-inflammatory therapeutics for various chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Jensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 1 Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob Benedict Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 1 Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Eric Charles LaCasse
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 1 Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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61
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Koch PD, Rodell CB, Kohler RH, Pittet MJ, Weissleder R. Myeloid Cell-Targeted Nanocarriers Efficiently Inhibit Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:94-104.e5. [PMID: 31902676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint blockers can promote sustained clinical responses in a subset of cancer patients. Recent research has shown that a subpopulation of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells functions as gatekeepers, sensitizing tumors to anti-PD-1 treatment via production of interleukin-12 (IL-12). Hypothesizing that myeloid cell-targeted nanomaterials could be used to deliver small-molecule IL-12 inducers, we performed high-content image-based screening to identify the most efficacious small-molecule compounds. Using one lead candidate, LCL161, we created a myeloid-targeted nanoformulation that induced IL-12 production in intratumoral myeloid cells in vivo, slowed tumor growth as a monotherapy, and had no significant systemic toxicity. These results pave the way for developing combination immunotherapeutics by harnessing IL-12 production for immunostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Koch
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christopher B Rodell
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rainer H Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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62
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Zhuang C, Chen F. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Necroptosis: Current Status and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1490-1510. [PMID: 31622096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, an important form of programmed cell death (PCD), is a highly regulated caspase-independent type of cell death that plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory, infectious, and degenerative diseases. Currently, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) have been widely recognized as critical therapeutic targets of the necroptotic machinery. Targeting RIPK1, RIPK3, and/or MLKL is a promising strategy for necroptosis-related diseases. Following the identification of the first RIPK1 inhibitor Nec-1 in 2005, the antinecroptosis field is attracting increasing research interest from multiple disciplines, including the biological and medicinal chemistry communities. Herein, we will review the functions of necroptosis in human diseases, as well as the related targets and representative small-molecule inhibitors, mainly focusing on research articles published during the past 10 years. Outlooks and perspectives on the associated challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhuang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs , Shanghai 200433 , China
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63
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Atmuri NDP, Lubell WD. Stereo- and Regiochemical Transannular Cyclization of a Common Hexahydro-1H-azonine to Afford Three Different Indolizidinone Dipeptide Mimetics. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1340-1351. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. D. Prasad Atmuri
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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64
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Millet-Boureima C, Chingle R, Lubell WD, Gamberi C. Cyst Reduction in a Polycystic Kidney Disease Drosophila Model Using Smac Mimics. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7040082. [PMID: 31635379 PMCID: PMC6966561 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited malady affecting 12.5 million people worldwide. Therapeutic options to treat PKD are limited, due in part to lack of precise knowledge of underlying pathological mechanisms. Mimics of the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) have exhibited activity as antineoplastic agents and reported recently to ameliorate cysts in a murine ADPKD model, possibly by differentially targeting cystic cells and sparing the surrounding tissue. A first-in-kind Drosophila PKD model has now been employed to probe further the activity of novel Smac mimics. Substantial reduction of cystic defects was observed in the Malpighian (renal) tubules of treated flies, underscoring mechanistic conservation of the cystic pathways and potential for efficient testing of drug prototypes in this PKD model. Moreover, the observed differential rescue of the anterior and posterior tubules overall, and within their physiologically diverse intermediate and terminal regions implied a nuanced response in distinct tubular regions contingent upon the structure of the Smac mimic. Knowledge gained from studying Smac mimics reveals the capacity for the Drosophila model to precisely probe PKD pharmacology highlighting the value for such critical evaluation of factors implicated in renal function and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramesh Chingle
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - William D Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Chiara Gamberi
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
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65
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Baggio C, Udompholkul P, Gambini L, Salem AF, Jossart J, Perry JJP, Pellecchia M. Aryl-fluorosulfate-based Lysine Covalent Pan-Inhibitors of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) Antagonists with Cellular Efficacy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9188-9200. [PMID: 31550155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have recently investigated the reactivity of aryl-fluorosulfates as warheads to form covalent adducts with Lys, Tyr, and His residues. However, the rate of reaction of aryl-fluorosulfates seemed relatively slow, putting into question their effectiveness to form covalent adducts in cell. Unlike the previously reported agents that targeted a relatively remote Lys residue with respect to the target's binding site, the current agents were designed to more directly juxtapose an aryl-fluorosulfate with a Lys residue that is located within the binding pocket of the BIR3 domain of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). We found that such new agents can effectively and rapidly form a covalent adduct with XIAP-BIR3 in vitro and in cell, approaching the rate of reaction, cellular permeability, and stability that are similar to what attained by acrylamides when targeting Cys residues. Our studies further validate aryl-fluorosulfates as valuable Lys-targeting electrophiles, for the design of inhibitors of both enzymes and protein-protein interactions.
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66
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XIAP as a Target of New Small Organic Natural Molecules Inducing Human Cancer Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091336. [PMID: 31505859 PMCID: PMC6770071 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is an emerging crucial therapeutic target in cancer. We report on the discovery and characterisation of small organic molecules from Piper genus plants exhibiting XIAP antagonism, namely erioquinol, a quinol substituted in the 4-position with an alkenyl group and the alkenylphenols eriopodols A–C. Another isolated compound was originally identified as gibbilimbol B. Erioquinol was the most potent inhibitor of human cancer cell viability when compared with gibbilimbol B and eriopodol A was listed as intermediate. Gibbilimbol B and eriopodol A induced apoptosis through mitochondrial permeabilisation and caspase activation while erioquinol acted on cell fate via caspase-independent/non-apoptotic mechanisms, likely involving mitochondrial dysfunctions and aberrant generation of reactive oxygen species. In silico modelling and molecular approaches suggested that all molecules inhibit XIAP by binding to XIAP-baculoviral IAP repeat domain. This demonstrates a novel aspect of XIAP as a key determinant of tumour control, at the molecular crossroad of caspase-dependent/independent cell death pathway and indicates molecular aspects to develop tumour-effective XIAP antagonists.
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67
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Egbert M, Whitty A, Keserű GM, Vajda S. Why Some Targets Benefit from beyond Rule of Five Drugs. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10005-10025. [PMID: 31188592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Beyond rule-of-five (bRo5) compounds are increasingly used in drug discovery. Here we analyze 37 target proteins that have bRo5 drugs or clinical candidates. Targets can benefit from bRo5 drugs if they have "complex" hot spot structure with four or more hots spots, including some strong ones. Complex I targets show positive correlation between binding affinity and molecular weight. These targets are conventionally druggable, but reaching additional hot spots enables improved pharmaceutical properties. Complex II targets, mostly protein kinases, also have strong hot spots but show no correlation between affinity and ligand molecular weight, and the primary motivation for creating larger drugs is to increase selectivity. Each target considered as complex III has some specific reason for requiring bRo5 drugs. Finally, targets with "simple" hot spot structure, i.e., three or fewer weak hot spots, must use larger compounds that interact with surfaces beyond the hot spot region to achieve acceptable affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Egbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Adrian Whitty
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group , Research Center for Natural Sciences , Magyar Tudósok krt. 2 , H-1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Sandor Vajda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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Gambini L, Baggio C, Udompholkul P, Jossart J, Salem AF, Perry JJP, Pellecchia M. Covalent Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions Targeting Lysine, Tyrosine, or Histidine Residues. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5616-5627. [PMID: 31095386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported a series of Lys-covalent agents targeting the BIR3 domain of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) using a benzamide-sulfonyl fluoride warhead. Using XIAP as a model system, we further investigated a variety of additional warheads that can be easily incorporated into binding peptides and analyzed their ability to form covalent adducts with lysine and other amino acids, including tyrosine, histidine, serine, and threonine, using biochemical and biophysical assays. Moreover, we tested aqueous, plasma stability, cell permeability, and cellular efficacy of the most effective agents. These studies identified aryl-fluoro sulfates as likely the most suitable electrophiles to effectively form covalent adducts with Lys, Tyr, and His residues, given that these agents were cell permeable and stable in aqueous buffer and in plasma. Our studies contain a number of general findings that open new possible avenues for the design of potent covalent protein-protein interaction antagonists.
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Shu K, Iwamoto N, Honda K, Kondoh Y, Hirano H, Osada H, Ohno H, Fujii N, Oishi S. Development of Mirror-Image Screening Systems for XIAP BIR3 Domain Inhibitors. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1395-1404. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keitou Shu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8306, Japan
| | - Naoya Iwamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori Honda
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirano
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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