51
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Li T, Nowell CJ, Cipolla D, Rades T, Boyd BJ. Direct Comparison of Standard Transmission Electron Microscopy and Cryogenic-TEM in Imaging Nanocrystals Inside Liposomes. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1775-1781. [PMID: 30810323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of electron microscopy techniques in the understanding of shape and size of nanoparticles are commonly applied to drug nanotechnology, but the type of microscopy and suitability for the particles of interest can have a significant impact on the result. The size and shape of the nanoparticles are crucial in clinical applications; however, direct comparison of the results from standard transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-TEM have rarely been reported. As a useful case for comparison, liposomal drug nanocrystals are studied here. In this study, the effect of thawing temperature on the size and shape of the ciprofloxacin nanocrystals was determined. A quantitative standard TEM assay was developed to allow for high-throughput particle size analysis. These results were compared to size and shape information obtained using the cryo-TEM method. The results showed broad agreement between the two TEM methods and that ciprofloxacin nanocrystals formed shorter and thinner crystals inside the liposomes at higher thawing temperatures. The results provide confidence in the use of standard TEM to determine the size and shape distribution of solid nanoparticles (in this case, encapsulated inside liposomes) from aqueous media without fear of sample preparation altering the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Drug Delivery, Disposition, and Dynamics , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - David Cipolla
- Insmed Inc. , 10 Finderne Ave., Building 10 , Bridgewater , New Jersey 08807 , United States
| | - Thomas Rades
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , 1165 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ben J Boyd
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Drug Delivery, Disposition, and Dynamics , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
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52
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Van Rie J, Schütz C, Gençer A, Lombardo S, Gasser U, Kumar S, Salazar-Alvarez G, Kang K, Thielemans W. Anisotropic Diffusion and Phase Behavior of Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2289-2302. [PMID: 30672300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we use dynamic light scattering in polarized and depolarized modes to determine the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of concentrated rodlike cellulose nanocrystals in aqueous suspension. Within the range of studied concentrations (1-5 wt %), the suspension starts a phase transition from an isotropic to an anisotropic state as shown by polarized light microscopy and viscosity measurements. Small-angle neutron scattering measurements also confirmed the start of cellulose nanocrystal alignment and a decreasing distance between the cellulose nanocrystals with increasing concentration. As expected, rotational and translational diffusion coefficients generally decreased with increasing concentration. However, the translational parallel diffusion coefficient was found to show a local maximum at the onset of the isotropic-to-nematic phase transition. This is attributed to the increased available space for rods to move along their longitudinal axis upon alignment. This increased parallel diffusion coefficient thus confirms the general idea that rodlike particles gain translational entropy upon alignment while paying the price for losing rotational degrees of freedom. Once the concentration increases further, diffusion becomes more hindered even in the aligned regions due to a reduction in the rod separation distance. This leads once again to a decrease in translational diffusion coefficients. Furthermore, the relaxation rate for fast mode translational diffusion (parallel to the long particle axis) exhibited two regimes of relaxation behavior at concentrations where significant alignment of the rods is measured. We attribute this unusual dispersive behavior to two length scales: one linked to the particle length (at large wavevector q) and the other to a twist fluctuation correlation length (at low wavevector q) along the cellulose nanocrystal rods that is of a larger length when compared to the actual length of rods and could be linked to the size of aligned domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Van Rie
- Renewable Materials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven , Campus Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53 , B-8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Christina Schütz
- Physics and Materials Science, Campus Limpertsberg , Université du Luxembourg , 162 A avenue de la Faïencerie , L-1511 Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Alican Gençer
- Renewable Materials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven , Campus Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53 , B-8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Salvatore Lombardo
- Renewable Materials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven , Campus Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53 , B-8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Urs Gasser
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging , Paul Scherrer Institute , CH-5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Sugam Kumar
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Germán Salazar-Alvarez
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Kyongok Kang
- ICS-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich , D-52424 Jülich , Germany
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Renewable Materials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven , Campus Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53 , B-8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
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53
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Cherpak V, Korolovych VF, Geryak R, Turiv T, Nepal D, Kelly J, Bunning TJ, Lavrentovich OD, Heller WT, Tsukruk VV. Robust Chiral Organization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Capillary Confinement. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6770-6777. [PMID: 30351961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We showed large area uniformly aligned chiral photonic bioderived films from a liquid crystal phase formed by a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspension placed in a thin capillary. As a result of the spatial confinement of the drying process, the interface between coexisting isotropic and chiral phases aligns perpendicular to the long axis of the capillary. This orientation facilitates a fast homogeneous growth of chiral pseudolayers parallel to the interface. Overall, the formation of organized solids takes hours vs weeks in contrast to the slow and heterogeneous process of drying from the traditional dish-cast approach. The saturation of water vapor in one end of the capillary causes anisotropic drying and promotes unidirectional propagation of the anisotropic phase in large regions that results in chiral CNC solid films with a uniformly oriented layered morphology. Corresponding ordering processes were monitored in situ at a nanoscale, mesoscale, and microscopic scale with complementary scattering and microscopic techniques. The resulting films show high orientation order at a multilength scale over large regions and preserved chiral handedness causing a narrower optical reflectance band and uniform birefringence over macroscopic regions in contrast to traditional dish-cast CNC films and those assembled in a magnetic field and on porous substrates. These thin films with a controllable and well-identified uniform morphology, structural colors, and handedness open up interesting possibilities for broad applications in bioderived photonic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cherpak
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - V F Korolovych
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - R Geryak
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - T Turiv
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44240 , United States
| | - D Nepal
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - J Kelly
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - T J Bunning
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - O D Lavrentovich
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44240 , United States
- Department of Physics , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44240 , United States
| | - W T Heller
- Neutron Scattering Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - V V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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54
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Isogai A, Hänninen T, Fujisawa S, Saito T. Review: Catalytic oxidation of cellulose with nitroxyl radicals under aqueous conditions. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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55
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Arai K, Horikawa Y, Shikata T. Transport Properties of Commercial Cellulose Nanocrystals in Aqueous Suspension Prepared from Chemical Pulp via Sulfuric Acid Hydrolysis. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13944-13951. [PMID: 30411054 PMCID: PMC6217681 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) sample prepared from chemical pulp via sulfuric acid hydrolysis procedures has been supplied by InnoTech Alberta Inc. in the shape of white dry powder as a prototype product. Some transport coefficients were precisely investigated for the CNC sample in aqueous suspensions at the room temperature of 25 °C such as the average rotational and translational diffusion coefficients (D r and D t) and viscoelastic relaxation times (τv) at dilute conditions. The determined values, D r ≈ 2.3 × 103 s-1 and D t ≈ 1.0 × 10-11 m2 s-1, using depolarized and usual dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques, respectively, proposed the consistent length and width of L ≈ 170 nm and W ≈ 7.6 nm via a theoretical model for monodisperse rigid rods dispersed in pure water. The viscoelastic behavior for aqueous CNC suspensions containing spherical probe particles was examined using DLS rheological techniques. The obtained value of τv = 1.0 × 10-4 s fairly agrees with that of (6D r)-1 ≈ 7.4 × 10-5 s. Because the theoretical model for monodisperse rods denotes the relationship τv = (6D r)-1, this observation strongly confirms that the CNC sample behaves as approximately monodisperse rigid rodlike particles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images clearly demonstrated a bimodal distribution in rod length with major and small minor peaks at ca. 150 and 240 nm, respectively. Then, the reason for the observed disagreement between the L values resulted from the transport coefficients and the major peak in TEM images is the presence of the small minor component with L ≈ 240 nm. Consequently, individual nanosize rodlike crystalline particles in the CNC sample well disperse without forming large aggregations because of strong interactions and behave as isolated individual rods in dilute aqueous suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Arai
- Department
of Symbiotic Science of Environment and Natural Resources,
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Cellulose Research Unit, and Division of Natural
Resources and Eco-Materials, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Horikawa
- Department
of Symbiotic Science of Environment and Natural Resources,
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Cellulose Research Unit, and Division of Natural
Resources and Eco-Materials, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shikata
- Department
of Symbiotic Science of Environment and Natural Resources,
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Cellulose Research Unit, and Division of Natural
Resources and Eco-Materials, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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56
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Calabrese V, da Silva MA, Schmitt J, Muñoz-Garcia JC, Gabrielli V, Scott JL, Angulo J, Khimyak YZ, Edler KJ. Surfactant controlled zwitterionic cellulose nanofibril dispersions. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7793-7800. [PMID: 30109338 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00752g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic cellulose nanofibrils (ZCNFs) with an isoelectric point of 3.4 were obtained by grafting glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride onto TEMPO/NaBr/NaOCl-oxidised cellulose nanofibrils. The ZCNF aqueous dispersions were characterized via transmission electron microscopy, rheology and small angle neutron scattering, revealing a fibril-bundle structure with pronounced aggregation at pH 7. Surfactants were successfully employed to tune the stability of the ZCNF dispersions. Upon addition of the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, the ZCNF dispersion shows individualized fibrils due to electrostatic stabilization. In contrast, upon addition of the cationic species dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, the dispersion undergoes charge neutralization, leading to more pronounced flocculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Calabrese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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57
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Calabrese V, Muñoz-García JC, Schmitt J, da Silva MA, Scott JL, Angulo J, Khimyak YZ, Edler KJ. Understanding heat driven gelation of anionic cellulose nanofibrils: Combining saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and rheology. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 535:205-213. [PMID: 30293046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel mechanism of heat-triggered gelation for oxidised cellulose nanofibrils (OCNF) is reported. We demonstrate that a synergistic approach combining rheology, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and saturation transfer difference NMR (STD NMR) experiments enables a detailed characterisation of gelation at different length scales. OCNF dispersions experience an increase in solid-like behaviour upon heating as evidenced by rheological studies, associated with enhanced interfibrillar interactions measured using SAXS. Interactions result in an increased fibrillar overlap and increased population of confined water molecules monitored by STD NMR. In comparison, cationic cellulose nanofibrils (produced by reaction of cellulose with trimethylglycidylammonium chloride) were found to be heat-unresponsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Calabrese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Juan C Muñoz-García
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Julien Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Marcelo A da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Janet L Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Jesús Angulo
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Karen J Edler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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58
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Souza SF, Mariano M, Reis D, Lombello CB, Ferreira M, Sain M. Cell interactions and cytotoxic studies of cellulose nanofibers from Curauá natural fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:87-95. [PMID: 30241866 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were isolated from Curauá fibers (Ananas erectifolius L. B. Smith) through a mechanical grinder preceded by mild chemical treatment. Morphology and surface characteristics of the fibers were followed until it reaches the nanoscale as long and flexible nanofibers. In aqueous suspensions, SAXS techniques revealed that such nanofibers present a twisted ribbon structure while rheological measurements demonstrate its high viscosity and a thixotropic behavior. These characteristics suggests the potential application of CNF in biomedical field, which, in turn, stimulates the toxicological studies of such materials. The obtained materials do not show any sign of cytotoxicity by direct or indirect assays for cell viability and cell morphology using Vero cells. Moreover, during the adhesion test, the cells demonstrated higher affinity to the CNF surface. It can be related to its surface properties and its obtaining conditions, which did not use any hazardous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivoney Ferreira Souza
- Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M5S3B3, Canada; Actual: Brazilian National Laboratory of Nanotechnology at Brazilian National Center of Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Mariano
- Actual: Brazilian National Laboratory of Nanotechnology at Brazilian National Center of Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Dennys Reis
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Christiane Bertachini Lombello
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Mariselma Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Mohini Sain
- Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M5S3B3, Canada
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59
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Mao Y, Bleuel M, Lyu Y, Zhang X, Henderson D, Wang H, Briber RM. Phase Separation and Stack Alignment in Aqueous Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspension under Weak Magnetic Field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8042-8051. [PMID: 29957957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isotropic-nematic (I-N) transitions in cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspension and self-assembled structures in the isotropic and nematic phases were investigated using scattering and microscopy methods. A CNC suspension with a mass fraction of 7.4% spontaneously phase separated into an isotropic phase of 6.9% in the top layer and a nematic phase of 7.9% in the bottom layer. In both the phases, the CNC particles formed stacks with an interparticle distance being of ≈37 nm. One-dimensional small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) profiles due to both phases could be fitted using a stacking model considering finite particle sizes. SANS and atomic force microscopy studies indicate that the nematic phase in the bottom layer contains more populations of larger particles. A weak magnetic field of ≈0.5 T was able to induce a preferred orientation of CNC stacks in the nematic phase, with the stack normals being aligned with the field (perpendicular to the long axis of CNC particles). The Hermans orientation parameter, ⟨ P2⟩, was ≈0.5 for the nematic phase; it remained unchanged during the relaxation process of ≈10 h. The fraction of oriented CNC populations decreased during the relaxation; dramatic decrease occurred in the first 3 h. The top layer remained isotropic in the weak field. Polarized microscopy studies revealed that the nematic phase was chiral. Adjacent particles in a stack form a twisting angle of ≈0.6 °, resulting in a helix pitch distance of ≈22 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Markus Bleuel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Yadong Lyu
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Doug Henderson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Howard Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Robert M Briber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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60
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Kyle S, Jessop ZM, Al-Sabah A, Hawkins K, Lewis A, Maffeis T, Charbonneau C, Gazze A, Francis LW, Iakovlev M, Nelson K, Eichhorn SJ, Whitaker IS. Characterization of pulp derived nanocellulose hydrogels using AVAP® technology. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 198:270-280. [PMID: 30093000 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioinspiration from hierarchical structures found in natural environments has heralded a new age of advanced functional materials. Nanocellulose has received significant attention due to the demand for high-performance materials with tailored mechanical, physical and biological properties. In this study, nanocellulose fibrils, nanocrystals and a novel mixture of fibrils and nanocrystals (blend) were prepared from softwood biomass using the AVAP® biorefinery technology. These materials were characterized using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. This analysis revealed a nano- and microarchitecture with extensive porosity. Notable differences included the nanocrystals exhibiting a compact packing of nanorods with reduced porosity. The NC blend exhibited porous fibrillar networks with interconnecting compact nanorods. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed a pure cellulose I structure. Thermal studies highlighted the excellent stability of all three NC materials with the nanocrystals having the highest decomposition temperature. Surface charge analysis revealed stable colloid suspensions. Rheological studies highlighted a dominance of elasticity in all variants, with the NC blend being more rigid than the NC fibrils and nanocrystals, indicating a double network hydrogel structure. Given these properties, it is thought that these materials show great potential in (bio)nanomaterial applications where careful control of microarchitecture, surface topography and porosity are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Kyle
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Ayesha Al-Sabah
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Karl Hawkins
- Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Aled Lewis
- Systems and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Thierry Maffeis
- Systems and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Cecile Charbonneau
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Baglan Bay Innovation and Knowledge Centre, Port Talbot, SA12 7AQ, UK.
| | - Andrea Gazze
- Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Lewis W Francis
- Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | | | - Kim Nelson
- American Process Inc, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA.
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK.
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
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61
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Schmitt J, Calabrese V, da Silva MA, Lindhoud S, Alfredsson V, Scott JL, Edler KJ. TEMPO-oxidised cellulose nanofibrils; probing the mechanisms of gelation via small angle X-ray scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16012-16020. [PMID: 29850680 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00355f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The structure of dispersions of TEMPO-oxidised cellulose nanofibrils (OCNF), at various concentrations, in water and in NaCl aqueous solutions, was probed using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). OCNF are modelled as rod-like particles with an elliptical cross-section of 10 nm and a length greater than 100 nm. As OCNF concentration increases above 1.5 wt%, repulsive interactions between fibrils are evidenced, modelled by the interaction parameter νRPA > 0. This corresponds to gel-like behaviour, where G' > G'' and the storage modulus, G', shows weak frequency dependence. Hydrogels can also be formed at OCNF concentration of 1 wt% in 0.1 M NaCl(aq). SAXS patterns shows an increase of the intensity at low angle that is modelled by attractive interactions (νRPA < 0) between OCNF, arising from the screening of the surface charge of the fibrils. Results are supported by ζ potential and cryo-TEM measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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62
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Chinga-Carrasco G. Potential and Limitations of Nanocelluloses as Components in Biocomposite Inks for Three-Dimensional Bioprinting and for Biomedical Devices. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:701-711. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chinga-Carrasco
- Lead Scientist−Biocomposites, RISE PFI, Høgskoleringen 6b, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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63
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Islam MS, Chen L, Sisler J, Tam KC. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)–inorganic hybrid systems: synthesis, properties and applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:864-883. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), a class of sustainable nanomaterial derived from forest and agro-biomass can serve as nature's storage for carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Islam
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - L. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - J. Sisler
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - K. C. Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
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