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52
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Tong J, Song Z, Kim DH, Chen X, Chen C, Palmstrom AF, Ndione PF, Reese MO, Dunfield SP, Reid OG, Liu J, Zhang F, Harvey SP, Li Z, Christensen ST, Teeter G, Zhao D, Al-Jassim MM, van Hest MFAM, Beard MC, Shaheen SE, Berry JJ, Yan Y, Zhu K. Carrier lifetimes of >1 μs in Sn-Pb perovskites enable efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Science 2019; 364:475-479. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav7911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
All-perovskite–based polycrystalline thin-film tandem solar cells have the potential to deliver efficiencies of >30%. However, the performance of all-perovskite–based tandem devices has been limited by the lack of high-efficiency, low–band gap tin-lead (Sn-Pb) mixed-perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We found that the addition of guanidinium thiocyanate (GuaSCN) resulted in marked improvements in the structural and optoelectronic properties of Sn-Pb mixed, low–band gap (~1.25 electron volt) perovskite films. The films have defect densities that are lower by a factor of 10, leading to carrier lifetimes of greater than 1 microsecond and diffusion lengths of 2.5 micrometers. These improved properties enable our demonstration of >20% efficient low–band gap PSCs. When combined with wider–band gap PSCs, we achieve 25% efficient four-terminal and 23.1% efficient two-terminal all-perovskite–based polycrystalline thin-film tandem solar cells.
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53
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Jena AK, Kulkarni A, Miyasaka T. Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics: Background, Status, and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3036-3103. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1368] [Impact Index Per Article: 273.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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54
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Wang Y, Zou R, Chang J, Fu Z, Cao Y, Zhang L, Wei Y, Kong D, Zou W, Wen K, Fan N, Wang N, Huang W, Wang J. Tin-Based Multiple Quantum Well Perovskites for Light-Emitting Diodes with Improved Stability. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:453-459. [PMID: 30638010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tin-based halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention for nontoxic perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), but the easy oxidation of Sn2+ and nonuniform film morphology cause poor device stability and reproducibility. Herein, we report a facile approach to achieve efficient and stable lead-free PeLEDs by using tin-based perovskite multiple quantum wells (MQWs) for the first time. On the basis of various spectroscopic investigations, we find that the MQW structure not only facilitates the formation of uniform and highly emissive perovskite films but also suppresses the oxidation of Sn2+ cations. The tin-based MQW PeLED exhibits a peak external quantum efficiency of 3% and a high radiance of 40 W sr-1 m-2 with good reproducibility. Significantly, these devices show excellent operational stability with over a 2 h lifetime under a constant current density of 10 mA cm-2, which is comparable to that of lead-based PeLEDs. These results suggest that perovskite MQWs can provide a promising platform for achieving high-performance lead-free PeLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Renmeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Jin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Zewu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Liangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yingqiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Decheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Wei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Kaichuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Ning Fan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Nana Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) , Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) , 127 West Youyi Road , Xi'an 710072 , China
| | - Jianpu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
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55
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Fan W, Wei Z, Zhang Z, Qiu F, Hu C, Li Z, Xu M, Qi J. High-performance carbon-based perovskite solar cells through the dual role of PC61BM. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TOF-SIMS indicates that PC61BM passivates the interface of the perovskite/TiO2 film layer and it also functions as an additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenyun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Fazheng Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Chaosheng Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Minxuan Xu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering
- Hangzhou Dianzi University
- Hangzhou 310018
- China
| | - Junjie Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
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56
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Tai Q, Guo X, Tang G, You P, Ng TW, Shen D, Cao J, Liu CK, Wang N, Zhu Y, Lee CS, Yan F. Antioxidant Grain Passivation for Air-Stable Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:806-810. [PMID: 30499609 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tin-based perovskites with excellent optoelectronic properties and suitable band gaps are promising candidates for the preparation of efficient lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, it is challenging to prepare highly stable and efficient tin-based PSCs because Sn2+ in perovskites can be easily oxidized to Sn4+ upon air exposure. Here we report the fabrication of air-stable FASnI3 solar cells by introducing hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid or its salt as an antioxidant additive into the perovskite precursor solution along with excess SnCl2 . The interaction between the sulfonate group and the Sn2+ ion enables the in situ encapsulation of the perovskite grains with a SnCl2 -additive complex layer, which results in greatly enhanced oxidation stability of the perovskite film. The corresponding PSCs are able to maintain 80 % of the efficiency over 500 h upon air exposure without encapsulation, which is over ten times longer than the best result reported previously. Our results suggest a possible strategy for the future design of efficient and stable tin-based PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Tai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xuyun Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Guanqi Tang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Peng You
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Tsz-Wai Ng
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Dong Shen
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jiupeng Cao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Ki Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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57
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Tai Q, Guo X, Tang G, You P, Ng TW, Shen D, Cao J, Liu CK, Wang N, Zhu Y, Lee CS, Yan F. Antioxidant Grain Passivation for Air-Stable Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Tai
- Department of Applied Physics; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Xuyun Guo
- Department of Applied Physics; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Guanqi Tang
- Department of Applied Physics; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Peng You
- Department of Applied Physics; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Tsz-Wai Ng
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), and Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Dong Shen
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), and Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Jiupeng Cao
- Department of Applied Physics; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chun-Ki Liu
- Department of Applied Physics; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), and Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
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58
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Ju D, Zheng X, Liu J, Chen Y, Zhang J, Cao B, Xiao H, Mohammed OF, Bakr OM, Tao X. Reversible Band Gap Narrowing of Sn-Based Hybrid Perovskite Single Crystal with Excellent Phase Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianxing Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Institute of Crystal Materials; Shandong University; No. 27, Shanda South Road Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Zheng
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering; KAUST Catalysis Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jialiang Liu
- Materials Research Center for Energy and Photoelectrochemical Conversion; School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan 250022 Shandong China
| | - Yan Chen
- International Center for Applied Mechanics; State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures; School of Aerospace; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Institute of Crystal Materials; Shandong University; No. 27, Shanda South Road Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Bingqiang Cao
- Materials Research Center for Energy and Photoelectrochemical Conversion; School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan 250022 Shandong China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Yonghong Zhang Family Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment; Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering; KAUST Catalysis Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M. Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering; KAUST Catalysis Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Xutang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Institute of Crystal Materials; Shandong University; No. 27, Shanda South Road Jinan 250100 P. R. China
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59
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Ju D, Zheng X, Liu J, Chen Y, Zhang J, Cao B, Xiao H, Mohammed OF, Bakr OM, Tao X. Reversible Band Gap Narrowing of Sn-Based Hybrid Perovskite Single Crystal with Excellent Phase Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14868-14872. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianxing Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Institute of Crystal Materials; Shandong University; No. 27, Shanda South Road Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Zheng
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering; KAUST Catalysis Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jialiang Liu
- Materials Research Center for Energy and Photoelectrochemical Conversion; School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan 250022 Shandong China
| | - Yan Chen
- International Center for Applied Mechanics; State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures; School of Aerospace; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Institute of Crystal Materials; Shandong University; No. 27, Shanda South Road Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Bingqiang Cao
- Materials Research Center for Energy and Photoelectrochemical Conversion; School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan 250022 Shandong China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Yonghong Zhang Family Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment; Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering; KAUST Catalysis Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M. Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering; KAUST Catalysis Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Xutang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Institute of Crystal Materials; Shandong University; No. 27, Shanda South Road Jinan 250100 P. R. China
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60
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Liu J, Ozaki M, Yakumaru S, Handa T, Nishikubo R, Kanemitsu Y, Saeki A, Murata Y, Murdey R, Wakamiya A. Lead‐Free Solar Cells based on Tin Halide Perovskite Films with High Coverage and Improved Aggregation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Liu
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Masashi Ozaki
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Shinya Yakumaru
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Taketo Handa
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nishikubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | | | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Richard Murdey
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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61
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Liu J, Ozaki M, Yakumaru S, Handa T, Nishikubo R, Kanemitsu Y, Saeki A, Murata Y, Murdey R, Wakamiya A. Lead‐Free Solar Cells based on Tin Halide Perovskite Films with High Coverage and Improved Aggregation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13221-13225. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Liu
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Masashi Ozaki
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Shinya Yakumaru
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Taketo Handa
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nishikubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | | | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Richard Murdey
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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62
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Stroyuk O. Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2209-2235. [PMID: 30202691 PMCID: PMC6122178 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the state-of-the-art in organo-inorganic lead-free hybrid perovskites (HPs) and applications of these exciting materials as light harvesters in photovoltaic systems. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of the spatial organization of HP materials both on the micro- and nanometer scale on the performance and stability of perovskite-based solar light converters. This review also discusses HP materials produced by isovalent lead(II) substitution with Sn2+ and other metal(II) ions, perovskite materials formed on the basis of M3+ cations (Sb3+, Bi3+) as well as on combinations of M+/M3+ ions aliovalent to 2Pb2+ (Ag+/Bi3+, Ag+/Sb3+, etc.). The survey is concluded with an outlook highlighting the most promising strategies for future progress of photovoltaic systems based on lead-free perovskite compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany and L.V. Pysarzhevsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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63
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Zhang Q, Hao F, Li J, Zhou Y, Wei Y, Lin H. Perovskite solar cells: must lead be replaced - and can it be done? SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2018; 19:425-442. [PMID: 29868147 PMCID: PMC5974705 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1460176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have recently drawn significant attention for photovoltaic applications with a certified power conversion efficiency of more than 22%. Unfortunately, the toxicity of the dissolvable lead content in these materials presents a critical concern for future commercial development. This review outlines some criteria for the possible replacement of lead by less toxic elements, and highlights current research progress in the application of low-lead halide perovskites as optically active materials in solar cells. These criteria are discussed with the aim of developing a better understanding of the physio-chemical properties of perovskites and of realizing similar photovoltaic performance in perovskite materials either with or without lead. Some open questions and future development prospects are outlined for further advancing perovskite solar cells toward both low toxicity and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Hao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Materials and Chemical Engineering Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yangying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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64
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Li M, Wang ZK, Zhuo MP, Hu Y, Hu KH, Ye QQ, Jain SM, Yang YG, Gao XY, Liao LS. Pb-Sn-Cu Ternary Organometallic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800258. [PMID: 29603445 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with reduced Pb content is very important for developing environment-friendly photovoltaics. Utilizing of Pb-Sn alloying perovskite is considered as an efficient route to reduce the risk of ecosystem pollution. However, the trade-off between device performance and Sn substitution ratio due to the instability of Sn2+ is a current dilemma. Here, for the first time, the highly efficient Pb-Sn-Cu ternary PSCs are reported by partial replacing of PbI2 with SnI2 and CuBr2 . Sn2+ substitution results in a redshift of the absorption onset, whereas worsens the film quality. Interestingly, Cu2+ introduction can passivate the trap sites at the crystal boundaries of Pb-Sn perovskites effectively. Consequently, a power conversion efficiency as high as 21.08% in inverted planar Pb-Sn-Cu ternary PSCs is approached. The finding opens a new route toward the fabrication of high efficiency Pb-Sn alloying perovskite solar cells by Cu2+ passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhao-Kui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ming-Peng Zhuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ke-Hao Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qing-Qing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Sagar M Jain
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University Bay Campus, Fabian Way, SA1 8EN, Swansea, UK
| | - Ying-Guo Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Xing-Yu Gao
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Liang-Sheng Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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65
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Growth of Metal Halide Perovskite, from Nanocrystal to Micron-Scale Crystal: A Review. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8050182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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66
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Spanopoulos I, Ke W, Stoumpos CC, Schueller EC, Kontsevoi OY, Seshadri R, Kanatzidis MG. Unraveling the Chemical Nature of the 3D "Hollow" Hybrid Halide Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5728-5742. [PMID: 29617127 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The newly introduced class of 3D halide perovskites, termed "hollow" perovskites, has been recently demonstrated as light absorbing semiconductor materials for fabricating lead-free perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency and superior stability. Hollow perovskites derive from three-dimensional (3D) AMX3 perovskites ( A = methylammonium (MA), formamidinium (FA); M = Sn, Pb; X = Cl, Br, I), where small molecules such as ethylenediammonium cations ( en) can be incorporated as the dication without altering the structure dimensionality. We present in this work the inherent structural properties of the hollow perovskites and expand this class of materials to the Pb-based analogues. Through a combination of physical and spectroscopic methods (XRD, gas pycnometry, 1H NMR, TGA, SEM/EDX), we have assigned the general formula (A)1- x( en) x(M)1-0.7 x(X)3-0.4 x to the hollow perovskites. The incorporation of en in the 3D perovskite structure leads to massive M and X vacancies in the 3D [ MX3] framework, thus the term hollow. The resulting materials are semiconductors with significantly blue-shifted direct band gaps from 1.25 to 1.51 eV for Sn-based perovskites and from 1.53 to 2.1 eV for the Pb-based analogues. The increased structural disorder and hollow nature were validated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis as well as pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the experimental trends and suggest that the observed widening of the band gap is attributed to the massive M and X vacancies, which create a less connected 3D hollow structure. The resulting materials have superior air stability, where in the case of Sn-based hollow perovskites it exceeds two orders of temporal magnitude compared to the conventional full perovskites of MASnI3 and FASnI3. The hollow perovskite compounds pose as a new platform of promising light absorbers that can be utilized in single junction or tandem solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Weijun Ke
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Constantinos C Stoumpos
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Emily C Schueller
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Oleg Y Kontsevoi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Ram Seshadri
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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67
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Qian L, Sun Y, Wu M, Li C, Xie D, Ding L, Shi G. A lead-free two-dimensional perovskite for a high-performance flexible photoconductor and a light-stimulated synaptic device. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6837-6843. [PMID: 29616272 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00914g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organo-lead halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for high-performance photodetectors. However, the toxicity of lead cations in these materials limits their further applications. Here, a flexible photoconductor is developed based on lead-free two-dimensional (2D) perovskite (PEA)2SnI4via a one-step solution processing method. The flexible transparent electrodes are patterned from rGO/(PEDOT:PSS) hybrid films. The stability and reproducibility of the devices are significantly improved on adding 30 mol% SnF2 to the perovskite. The flexible photoconductors show a photoresponsivity of 16 A W-1 and a detectivity of 1.92 × 1011 Jones under 470 nm illumination, which are higher than those of most of the similar devices. Besides, the devices possess much better mechanical flexibility and durability than the flexible devices with an Au electrode. Finally, this flexible photoconductor is applied as a light-stimulated synaptic device and can mimic the short-term plasticity of biological synapses. This is the first study to report that lead-free 2D perovskite can be used in flexible photoconductors and synaptic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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68
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Yao D, Zhang C, Pham ND, Zhang Y, Tiong VT, Du A, Shen Q, Wilson GJ, Wang H. Hindered Formation of Photoinactive δ-FAPbI 3 Phase and Hysteresis-Free Mixed-Cation Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency via Potassium Incorporation. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2113-2120. [PMID: 29638131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells have demonstrated competitive power conversion efficiency over 22%; nevertheless, critical issues such as unsatisfactory device stability, serious current-voltage hysteresis, and formation of photo nonactive perovskite phases are obstacles for commercialization of this photovoltaics technology. Herein we report a facial yet effective method to hinder formation of photoinactive δ-FAPbI3 and hysteresis behavior in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells based on K x(MA0.17FA0.83)1- xPbI2.5Br0.5 (0≤ x ≤ 0.1) through incorporation of potassium ions (K+). X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrate formation of photoinactive δ-FAPbI3 was almost completely suppressed after K+ incorporation. Density functional theory calculation shows K+ prefers to enter the interstitial sites of perovskite lattice, leading to chemical environmental change in the crystal structure. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy has revealed that K+ incorporation leads to enhanced carrier lifetime by 50%, which is also confirmed by reduced trap-assisted recombination of the perovskite solar cells containing K+ in photovoltage decay. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy illustrates that K+ incorporation results in a significant rise of conduction band minimum of the perovskite material by 130 meV, leading to a more favorable energy alignment with electron transporting material. At the optimal content of 3% K+ (molar ratio, relative to the total monovalent cations), nearly hysteresis-free, enhanced power conversion efficiencies from 15.72% to 17.23% were obtained in this solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disheng Yao
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ngoc Duy Pham
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Yaohong Zhang
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering , The University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka , Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Vincent Tiing Tiong
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Aijun Du
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Qing Shen
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering , The University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka , Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Gregory J Wilson
- Solar Energy Systems , CSIRO Energy , Mayfield West , NSW 2304 , Australia
| | - Hongxia Wang
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
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69
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Liang L, Gao P. Lead-Free Hybrid Perovskite Absorbers for Viable Application: Can We Eat the Cake and Have It too? ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700331. [PMID: 29610719 PMCID: PMC5827473 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many years since the booming of research on perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the hybrid perovskite materials developed for photovoltaic application form three main categories since 2009: (i) high-performance unstable lead-containing perovskites, (ii) low-performance lead-free perovskites, and (iii) moderate performance and stable lead-containing perovskites. The search for alternative materials to replace lead leads to the second group of perovskite materials. To date, a number of these compounds have been synthesized and applied in photovoltaic devices. Here, lead-free hybrid light absorbers used in PV devices are focused and their recent developments in related solar cell applications are reviewed comprehensively. In the first part, group 14 metals (Sn and Ge)-based perovskites are introduced with more emphasis on the optimization of Sn-based PSCs. Then concerns on halide hybrids of group 15 metals (Bi and Sb) are raised, which are mainly perovskite derivatives. At the same time, transition metal Cu-based perovskites are also referred. In the end, an outlook is given on the design strategy of lead-free halide hybrid absorbers for photovoltaic applications. It is believed that this timely review can represent our unique view of the field and shed some light on the direction of development of such promising materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusheng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhou350002China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen361021China
| | - Peng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhou350002China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen361021China
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70
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Zhu Z, Chueh CC, Li N, Mao C, Jen AKY. Realizing Efficient Lead-Free Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Perovskite Solar Cells via a Sequential Deposition Route. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1703800. [PMID: 29250846 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the evolved intermediate phase based on iodoplumbate anions that mediates perovskite crystallization has been embodied as the Lewis acid-base adduct formed by metal halides (serve as Lewis acid) and polar aprotic solvents (serve as Lewis base). Based on this principle, it is proposed to constitute efficient Lewis acid-base adduct in the SnI2 deposition step to modulate its volume expansion and fast reaction with methylammonium iodide (MAI)/formamidinium iodide (FAI) (FAI is studied hereafter). Herein, trimethylamine (TMA) is employed as the additional Lewis base in the tin halide solution to form SnY2 -TMA complexes (Y = I- , F- ) in the first-step deposition, followed by intercalating with FAI to convert into FASnI. It is shown that TMA can facilitate homogeneous film formation of a SnI2 (+SnF2 ) layer by effectively forming intermediate SnY2 -TMA complexes. Meanwhile, its relatively larger size and weaker affinity with SnI2 than FA+ ions will facilitate the intramolecular exchange with FA+ ions, thereby enabling the formation of dense and compact FASnI3 film with large crystalline domain (>1 µm). As a result, high power conversion efficiencies of 4.34% and 7.09% with decent stability are successfully accomplished in both conventional and inverted perovskite solar cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chengyi Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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71
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Long-lived hot-carrier light emission and large blue shift in formamidinium tin triiodide perovskites. Nat Commun 2018; 9:243. [PMID: 29339814 PMCID: PMC5770436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-lived hot carrier population is critical in order to develop working hot carrier photovoltaic devices with efficiencies exceeding the Shockley-Queisser limit. Here, we report photoluminescence from hot-carriers with unexpectedly long lifetime (a few ns) in formamidinium tin triiodide. An unusual large blue shift of the time-integrated photoluminescence with increasing excitation power (150 meV at 24 K and 75 meV at 293 K) is displayed. On the basis of the analysis of energy-resolved and time-resolved photoluminescence, we posit that these phenomena are associated with slow hot carrier relaxation and state-filling of band edge states. These observations are both important for our understanding of lead-free hybrid perovskites and for an eventual future development of efficient lead-free perovskite photovoltaics.
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72
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Gao F, Li C, Qin L, Zhu L, Huang X, Liu H, Liang L, Hou Y, Lou Z, Hu Y, Teng F. Enhanced performance of tin halide perovskite solar cell by addition of lead thiocyanate. RSC Adv 2018; 8:14025-14030. [PMID: 35539305 PMCID: PMC9079876 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00809d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites have attracted great attention as a new type of photovoltaic materials. However, lead (Pb) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) would cause environmental pollution in future large-scale applications. Therefore, it is imperative to find environmentally-friendly metals to replace lead. Although tin (Sn) halide perovskites can be regarded as a valid alternative to lead perovskites, their poor stability and lower conversion efficiency hinder the substitution of Sn for Pb. In this work, highly uniform and pinhole-free perovskite films were prepared by the introduction of a small amount of lead thiocyanate in precursor solutions. The CH3NH3SnI3 (MASnI3) films with Pb additive show an absorption edge of 950 nm. Besides, lead ions can depress the LUMO energy level of Sn-based perovskite materials, which is a benefit to an increase in the opencircuit voltages of PSCs. Consequently, the enhanced performance was achieved in the PSCs based on MASnI3 with a fill factor of 66%, open circuit voltage of 0.54 V and maximum power conversion efficiency of 6.03%. The MASnI3-based PSCs with an efficiency of 6.02% was fabricated by incorporating 20 mol% of Pb(SCN)2.![]()
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73
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Vidyasagar CC, Muñoz Flores BM, Jiménez Pérez VM. Recent Advances in Synthesis and Properties of Hybrid Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2018; 10:68. [PMID: 30393716 PMCID: PMC6199116 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-018-0221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The progress made by the scientific community in emerging photovoltaic technologies over the past two decades has been outstanding. Numerous methods have been developed for the preparation of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells. The power conversion efficiency has been up to 14% by a one-step vacuum deposition technique. A serious concern is the toxicity of the materials. In this review, several methods aimed at resolving these problems to some extent have been compiled, including eco-friendly synthesis. Further efficiency enhancements are expected following optimization, and a better fundamental understanding of the internal electron charge transfer, electron-hole diffusion to the corresponding layers, flexibility, and stability-dependent bandgaps is reported. This paper explores the green synthesis of organic-inorganic perovskites for industrialization. Concerning the above facts, a simple low-cost model called "dispersed photovoltaic cells" is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Vidyasagar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad s/n, C.P., 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico.
- School of Basic Sciences and Research in Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, PB NH-4, Bhutaramanahatti, Belagavi, Karnataka, 591156, India.
| | - Blanca M Muñoz Flores
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad s/n, C.P., 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Jiménez Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad s/n, C.P., 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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74
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Lazemi M, Asgharizadeh S, Bellucci S. A computational approach to interface engineering of lead-free CH3NH3SnI3 highly-efficient perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25683-25692. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03660h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interface engineering in lead-free CH3NH3SnI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) provides a viable path to realization of environmentally benign, low-cost, and high-efficiency PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Lazemi
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati
- 00044 Frascati
- Italy
| | - Saeid Asgharizadeh
- Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy (RIAPA)
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz 51666-14766
- Iran
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75
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Ke W, Priyanka P, Vegiraju S, Stoumpos CC, Spanopoulos I, Soe CMM, Marks TJ, Chen MC, Kanatzidis MG. Dopant-Free Tetrakis-Triphenylamine Hole Transporting Material for Efficient Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 140:388-393. [PMID: 29211458 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Developing dopant-free hole transporting layers (HTLs) is critical in achieving high-performance and robust state-of-the-art perovskite photovoltaics, especially for the air-sensitive tin-based perovskite systems. The commonly used HTLs require hygroscopic dopants and additives for optimal performance, which adds extra cost to manufacturing and limits long-term device stability. Here we demonstrate the use of a novel tetrakis-triphenylamine (TPE) small molecule prepared by a facile synthetic route as a superior dopant-free HTL for lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells. The best-performing tin iodide perovskite cells employing the novel mixed-cation ethylenediammonium/formamidinium with the dopant-free TPE HTL achieve a power conversion efficiency as high as 7.23%, ascribed to the HTL's suitable band alignment and excellent hole extraction/collection properties. This efficiency is one of the highest reported so far for tin halide perovskite systems, highlighting potential application of TPE HTL material in low-cost high-performance tin-based perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pragya Priyanka
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | - Sureshraju Vegiraju
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | | | - Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chan Myae Myae Soe
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ming-Chou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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76
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Synthesis of Hybrid Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with Less Hazardous Solvents: Methanol and 1,4-Dioxane. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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77
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Zhao Z, Gu F, Li Y, Sun W, Ye S, Rao H, Liu Z, Bian Z, Huang C. Mixed-Organic-Cation Tin Iodide for Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells with an Efficiency of 8.12. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700204. [PMID: 29201617 PMCID: PMC5700647 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a fully tin-based, mixed-organic-cation perovskite absorber (FA) x (MA)1-x SnI3 (FA = NH2CH = NH2+, MA = CH3NH3+) for lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with inverted structure is presented. By optimizing the ratio of FA and MA cations, a maximum power conversion efficiency of 8.12% is achieved for the (FA)0.75(MA)0.25SnI3-based device along with a high open-circuit voltage of 0.61 V, which originates from improved perovskite film morphology and inhibits recombination process in the device. The cation-mixing approach proves to be a facile method for the efficiency enhancement of tin-based PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Feidan Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Weihai Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
- Institute of Modern Optics and State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic PhysicsSchool of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Senyun Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Haixia Rao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Zuqiang Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
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78
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Ozaki M, Katsuki Y, Liu J, Handa T, Nishikubo R, Yakumaru S, Hashikawa Y, Murata Y, Saito T, Shimakawa Y, Kanemitsu Y, Saeki A, Wakamiya A. Solvent-Coordinated Tin Halide Complexes as Purified Precursors for Tin-Based Perovskites. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7016-7021. [PMID: 31457283 PMCID: PMC6644770 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A series of solvent-coordinated tin halide complexes were prepared as impurity-free precursors for tin halide perovskites, and their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Using these precursors, the tin halide perovskites, MASnI3 and FASnI3, were prepared, and their electronic structures and photophysical properties were examined under inert conditions by means of photoelectron yield spectroscopy as well as absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. Their valence bands (MASnI3: -5.02 eV; FASnI3: -5.16 eV) are significantly higher than those of MAPbI3 or the typical hole-transporting materials 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene and poly(bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine). These results suggest that to develop the solar cells using these tin halide perovskites with efficient hole-collection properties, hole-transporting materials should be chosen that have the highest occupied molecular orbital levels higher than -5.0 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ozaki
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yukie Katsuki
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Taketo Handa
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nishikubo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 566-0871, Japan
| | - Shinya Yakumaru
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shimakawa
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kanemitsu
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 566-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- E-mail:
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79
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Ke W, Stoumpos CC, Spanopoulos I, Mao L, Chen M, Wasielewski MR, Kanatzidis MG. Efficient Lead-Free Solar Cells Based on Hollow {en}MASnI 3 Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14800-14806. [PMID: 28953381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tin-based perovskites have very comparable electronic properties to lead-based perovskites and are regarded as possible lower toxicity alternates for solar cell applications. However, the efficiency of tin-based perovskite solar cells is still low and they exhibit poor air stability. Here, we report lead-free tin-based solar cells with greatly enhanced performance and stability using so-called "hollow" ethylenediammonium and methylammonium tin iodide ({en}MASnI3) perovskite as absorbers. Our results show that en can improve the film morphology and most importantly can serve as a new cation to be incorporated into the 3D MASnI3 lattice. When the cation of en becomes part of the 3D structure, a high density of SnI2 vacancies is created resulting in larger band gap, larger unit cell volume, lower trap-state density, and much longer carrier lifetime compared to classical MASnI3. The best-performing {en}MASnI3 solar cell has achieved a high efficiency of 6.63% with an open circuit voltage of 428.67 mV, a short-circuit current density of 24.28 mA cm-2, and a fill factor of 63.72%. Moreover, the {en}MASnI3 device shows much better air stability than the neat MASnI3 device. Comparable performance is also achieved for cesium tin iodide solar cells with en loading, demonstrating the broad scope of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lingling Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michelle Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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80
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Ryu J, Lee K, Yun J, Yu H, Lee J, Jang J. Paintable Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Engineered Perovskite/Carbon Interface Using Carbon Nanotubes Dripping Method. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701225. [PMID: 28783233 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Paintable carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are of particular interest due to their material and fabrication process costs, as well as their moisture stability. However, printing the carbon paste on the perovskite layer limits the quality of the interface between the perovskite layer and carbon electrode. Herein, an attempt to enhance the performance of the paintable carbon-based PSCs is made using a modified solvent dripping method that involves dripping of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which is dispersed in chlorobenzene solution. This method allows CNTs to penetrate into both the perovskite film and carbon electrode, facilitating fast hole transport between the two layers. Furthermore, this method is results in increased open circuit voltage (Voc ) and fill factor (FF), providing better contact at the perovskite/carbon interfaces. The best devices made with CNT dripping show 13.57% power conversion efficiency and hysteresis-free performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Ryu
- World Class University (WCU) Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment (C2E2), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanakgu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kisu Lee
- World Class University (WCU) Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment (C2E2), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanakgu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Yun
- World Class University (WCU) Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment (C2E2), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanakgu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Haejun Yu
- World Class University (WCU) Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment (C2E2), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanakgu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jungsup Lee
- World Class University (WCU) Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment (C2E2), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanakgu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jyongsik Jang
- World Class University (WCU) Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment (C2E2), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanakgu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
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81
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Tsai CM, Mohanta N, Wang CY, Lin YP, Yang YW, Wang CL, Hung CH, Diau EWG. Formation of Stable Tin Perovskites Co-crystallized with Three Halides for Carbon-Based Mesoscopic Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Min Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
| | - Nayantara Mohanta
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pei Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Wen Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center; Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
| | | | - Eric Wei-Guang Diau
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
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82
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Tsai CM, Mohanta N, Wang CY, Lin YP, Yang YW, Wang CL, Hung CH, Diau EWG. Formation of Stable Tin Perovskites Co-crystallized with Three Halides for Carbon-Based Mesoscopic Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13819-13823. [PMID: 28872747 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized and characterized methylammonium (MA) mixed tri-halide tin perovskites (MASnIBr2-x Clx ) for carbon-based mesoscopic solar cells free of lead and hole-transporting layers. Varied SnCl2 /SnBr2 ratios yielded tin perovskites with three halides (I, Br, and Cl) co-crystallized inside the tin-perovskite. When the SnCl2 proportion was ≥50 % (x≥1), phase separation occurred to give MASnI3-y Bry and MASnCl3-z Brz in the stoichiometric proportions of their precursors, confirmed by XRD. A device with MASnIBr1.8 Cl0.2 (SnCl2 =10 %) showed the best photovoltaic performance: JSC =14.0 mA cm-2 , VOC =380 mV, FF=0.573, and PCE=3.1 %, and long-term stability. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) show superior charge recombination and dielectric relaxation properties for the MASnIBr1.8 Cl0.2 cell. Transient PL decays showed the intrinsic problem of tin-based perovskites with average lifetimes less than 100 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Min Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Nayantara Mohanta
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pei Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Wen Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | | | - Eric Wei-Guang Diau
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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83
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Ono LK, Juarez-Perez EJ, Qi Y. Progress on Perovskite Materials and Solar Cells with Mixed Cations and Halide Anions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30197-30246. [PMID: 28682587 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic halide perovskite materials (e.g., MAPbI3, FAPbI3, etc.; where MA = CH3NH3+, FA = CH(NH2)2+) have been studied intensively for photovoltaic applications. Major concerns for the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaic technology to take off include lead toxicity, long-term stability, hysteresis, and optimal bandgap. Therefore, there is still need for further exploration of alternative candidates. Elemental composition engineering of MAPbI3 and FAPbI3 has been proposed to address the above concerns. Among the best six certified power conversion efficiencies reported by National Renewable Energy Laboratory on perovskite-based solar cells, five are based on mixed perovskites (e.g., MAPbI1-xBrx, FA0.85MA0.15PbI2.55Br0.45, Cs0.1FA0.75MA0.15PbI2.49Br0.51). In this paper, we review the recent progress on the synthesis and fundamental aspects of mixed cation and halide perovskites correlating with device performance, long-term stability, and hysteresis. In the outlook, we outline the future research directions based on the reported results as well as related topics that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis K Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Emilio J Juarez-Perez
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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84
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Zhang C, Gao L, Hayase S, Ma T. Current Advancements in Material Research and Techniques Focusing on Lead-free Perovskite Solar Cells. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Zhang
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196
| | - Liguo Gao
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, P. R. China
| | - Shuzi Hayase
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196
| | - Tingli Ma
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196
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85
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Ye F, Tang W, Xie F, Yin M, He J, Wang Y, Chen H, Qiang Y, Yang X, Han L. Low-Temperature Soft-Cover Deposition of Uniform Large-Scale Perovskite Films for High-Performance Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701440. [PMID: 28707309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale high-quality perovskite thin films are crucial to produce high-performance perovskite solar cells. However, for perovskite films fabricated by solvent-rich processes, film uniformity can be prevented by convection during thermal evaporation of the solvent. Here, a scalable low-temperature soft-cover deposition (LT-SCD) method is presented, where the thermal convection-induced defects in perovskite films are eliminated through a strategy of surface tension relaxation. Compact, homogeneous, and convection-induced-defects-free perovskite films are obtained on an area of 12 cm2 , which enables a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.5% on a solar cell with an area of 5 cm2 . This is the highest efficiency at this large cell area. A PCE of 15.3% is also obtained on a flexible perovskite solar cell deposited on the polyethylene terephthalate substrate owing to the advantage of presented low-temperature processing. Hence, the present LT-SCD technology provides a new non-spin-coating route to the deposition of large-area uniform perovskite films for both rigid and flexible perovskite devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wentao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fengxian Xie
- Research Network and Facility Services Division, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Maoshu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinjin He
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yinghuai Qiang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liyuan Han
- Research Network and Facility Services Division, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
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86
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Ke W, Stoumpos CC, Zhu M, Mao L, Spanopoulos I, Liu J, Kontsevoi OY, Chen M, Sarma D, Zhang Y, Wasielewski MR, Kanatzidis MG. Enhanced photovoltaic performance and stability with a new type of hollow 3D perovskite {en}FASnI 3. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701293. [PMID: 28875173 PMCID: PMC5576879 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have revolutionized the fabrication of solution-processable solar cells. The presence of lead in the devices makes this technology less attractive, and alternative metals in perovskites are being researched as suitable alternatives. We demonstrate a new type of tin-based perovskite absorber that incorporates both ethylenediammonium (en) and formamidinium (FA), forming new materials of the type {en}FASnI3. The three-dimensional ASnI3 structure is stable only with methylammonium, FA, and Cs cations, and the bandgap can be tuned with solid solutions, such as ASnI3-x Br x . We show that en can serve as a new A cation capable of achieving marked increases in the bandgap without the need for solid solutions. The en introduces a new bandgap tuning mechanism that arises from massive Schottky style defects. In addition, incorporation of the en cation in the structure markedly increases the air stability and improves the photoelectric properties of the tin-based perovskite absorbers. Our best-performing {en}FASnI3 solar cell has the highest efficiency of 7.14%, which is achieved for a lead-free perovskite cell, and retains 96% of its initial efficiency after aging over 1000 hours with encapsulation. Our results introduce a new approach for improving the performance and stability of tin-based, lead-free perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Menghua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lingling Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Oleg Y. Kontsevoi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michelle Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Debajit Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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87
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Ju MG, Dai J, Ma L, Zeng XC. Lead-Free Mixed Tin and Germanium Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8038-8043. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Gang Ju
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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88
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Xi J, Wu Z, Jiao B, Dong H, Ran C, Piao C, Lei T, Song TB, Ke W, Yokoyama T, Hou X, Kanatzidis MG. Multichannel Interdiffusion Driven FASnI 3 Film Formation Using Aqueous Hybrid Salt/Polymer Solutions toward Flexible Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606964. [PMID: 28397337 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tin (Sn)-based perovskites are increasingly attractive because they offer lead-free alternatives in perovskite solar cells. However, depositing high-quality Sn-based perovskite films is still a challenge, particularly for low-temperature planar heterojunction (PHJ) devices. Here, a "multichannel interdiffusion" protocol is demonstrated by annealing stacked layers of aqueous solution deposited formamidinium iodide (FAI)/polymer layer followed with an evaporated SnI2 layer to create uniform FASnI3 films. In this protocol, tiny FAI crystals, significantly inhibited by the introduced polymer, can offer multiple interdiffusion pathways for complete reaction with SnI2 . What is more, water, rather than traditional aprotic organic solvents, is used to dissolve the precursors. The best-performing FASnI3 PHJ solar cell assembled by this protocol exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.98%. In addition, a flexible FASnI3 -based flexible solar cell assembled on a polyethylene naphthalate-indium tin oxide flexible substrate with a PCE of 3.12% is demonstrated. This novel interdiffusion process can help to further boost the performance of lead-free Sn-based perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xi
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hua Dong
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chenxin Ran
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chengcheng Piao
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tze-Bin Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Weijun Ke
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Takamichi Yokoyama
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science & Technology Research Center, Inc., 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 227-8502, Japan
| | - Xun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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89
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Shi Z, Guo J, Chen Y, Li Q, Pan Y, Zhang H, Xia Y, Huang W. Lead-Free Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications: Recent Advances and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605005. [PMID: 28160346 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskites (e.g., MAPbI3 ) have recently emerged as novel active materials for photovoltaic applications with power conversion efficiency over 22%. Conventional perovskite solar cells (PSCs); however, suffer the issue that lead is toxic to the environment and organisms for a long time and is hard to excrete from the body. Therefore, it is imperative to find environmentally-friendly metal ions to replace lead for the further development of PSCs. Previous work has demonstrated that Sn, Ge, Cu, Bi, and Sb ions could be used as alternative ions in perovskite configurations to form a new environmentally-friendly lead-free perovskite structure. Here, we review recent progress on lead-free PSCs in terms of the theoretical insight and experimental explorations of the crystal structure of lead-free perovskite, thin film deposition, and device performance. We also discuss the importance of obtaining further understanding of the fundamental properties of lead-free hybrid perovskites, especially those related to photophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Physical Sciences Division, IBM TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yufeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Haijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yingdong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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90
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Protesescu L, Yakunin S, Kumar S, Bär J, Bertolotti F, Masciocchi N, Guagliardi A, Grotevent M, Shorubalko I, Bodnarchuk MI, Shih CJ, Kovalenko MV. Dismantling the "Red Wall" of Colloidal Perovskites: Highly Luminescent Formamidinium and Formamidinium-Cesium Lead Iodide Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3119-3134. [PMID: 28231432 PMCID: PMC5800405 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) of APbX3-type lead halide perovskites [A = Cs+, CH3NH3+ (methylammonium or MA+) or CH(NH2)2+ (formamidinium or FA+); X = Cl-, Br-, I-] have recently emerged as highly versatile photonic sources for applications ranging from simple photoluminescence down-conversion (e.g., for display backlighting) to light-emitting diodes. From the perspective of spectral coverage, a formidable challenge facing the use of these materials is how to obtain stable emissions in the red and infrared spectral regions covered by the iodide-based compositions. So far, red-emissive CsPbI3 NCs have been shown to suffer from a delayed phase transformation into a nonluminescent, wide-band-gap 1D polymorph, and MAPbI3 exhibits very limited chemical durability. In this work, we report a facile colloidal synthesis method for obtaining FAPbI3 and FA-doped CsPbI3 NCs that are uniform in size (10-15 nm) and nearly cubic in shape and exhibit drastically higher robustness than their MA- or Cs-only cousins with similar sizes and morphologies. Detailed structural analysis indicated that the FAPbI3 NCs had a cubic crystal structure, while the FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 NCs had a 3D orthorhombic structure that was isostructural to the structure of CsPbBr3 NCs. Bright photoluminescence (PL) with high quantum yield (QY > 70%) spanning red (690 nm, FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 NCs) and near-infrared (near-IR, ca. 780 nm, FAPbI3 NCs) regions was sustained for several months or more in both the colloidal state and in films. The peak PL wavelengths can be fine-tuned by using postsynthetic cation- and anion-exchange reactions. Amplified spontaneous emissions with low thresholds of 28 and 7.5 μJ cm-2 were obtained from the films deposited from FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 and FAPbI3 NCs, respectively. Furthermore, light-emitting diodes with a high external quantum efficiency of 2.3% were obtained by using FAPbI3 NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Protesescu
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sergii Yakunin
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Bär
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Bertolotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
- Istituto
di Crystallografia and To.Sca.Lab, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Matthias Grotevent
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Shorubalko
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maryna I. Bodnarchuk
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maksym V. Kovalenko
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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91
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Protesescu L, Yakunin S, Kumar S, Bär J, Bertolotti F, Masciocchi N, Guagliardi A, Grotevent M, Shorubalko I, Bodnarchuk MI, Shih CJ, Kovalenko MV. Dismantling the "Red Wall" of Colloidal Perovskites: Highly Luminescent Formamidinium and Formamidinium-Cesium Lead Iodide Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3119-3134. [PMID: 28231432 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00116/suppl_file/nn7b00116_si_001.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) of APbX3-type lead halide perovskites [A = Cs+, CH3NH3+ (methylammonium or MA+) or CH(NH2)2+ (formamidinium or FA+); X = Cl-, Br-, I-] have recently emerged as highly versatile photonic sources for applications ranging from simple photoluminescence down-conversion (e.g., for display backlighting) to light-emitting diodes. From the perspective of spectral coverage, a formidable challenge facing the use of these materials is how to obtain stable emissions in the red and infrared spectral regions covered by the iodide-based compositions. So far, red-emissive CsPbI3 NCs have been shown to suffer from a delayed phase transformation into a nonluminescent, wide-band-gap 1D polymorph, and MAPbI3 exhibits very limited chemical durability. In this work, we report a facile colloidal synthesis method for obtaining FAPbI3 and FA-doped CsPbI3 NCs that are uniform in size (10-15 nm) and nearly cubic in shape and exhibit drastically higher robustness than their MA- or Cs-only cousins with similar sizes and morphologies. Detailed structural analysis indicated that the FAPbI3 NCs had a cubic crystal structure, while the FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 NCs had a 3D orthorhombic structure that was isostructural to the structure of CsPbBr3 NCs. Bright photoluminescence (PL) with high quantum yield (QY > 70%) spanning red (690 nm, FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 NCs) and near-infrared (near-IR, ca. 780 nm, FAPbI3 NCs) regions was sustained for several months or more in both the colloidal state and in films. The peak PL wavelengths can be fine-tuned by using postsynthetic cation- and anion-exchange reactions. Amplified spontaneous emissions with low thresholds of 28 and 7.5 μJ cm-2 were obtained from the films deposited from FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 and FAPbI3 NCs, respectively. Furthermore, light-emitting diodes with a high external quantum efficiency of 2.3% were obtained by using FAPbI3 NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Federica Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
- Istituto di Crystallografia and To.Sca.Lab, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
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92
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Zeng W, Liu X, Guo X, Niu Q, Yi J, Xia R, Min Y. Morphology Analysis and Optimization: Crucial Factor Determining the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:E520. [PMID: 28338627 PMCID: PMC6153754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an overall discussion on the morphology analysis and optimization for perovskite (PVSK) solar cells. Surface morphology and energy alignment have been proven to play a dominant role in determining the device performance. The effect of the key parameters such as solution condition and preparation atmosphere on the crystallization of PVSK, the characterization of surface morphology and interface distribution in the perovskite layer is discussed in detail. Furthermore, the analysis of interface energy level alignment by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy is presented to reveals the correlation between morphology and charge generation and collection within the perovskite layer, and its influence on the device performance. The techniques including architecture modification, solvent annealing, etc. were reviewed as an efficient approach to improve the morphology of PVSK. It is expected that further progress will be achieved with more efforts devoted to the insight of the mechanism of surface engineering in the field of PVSK solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xingming Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiangru Guo
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qiaoli Niu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jianpeng Yi
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ruidong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yong Min
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- The School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Panyu, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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93
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Hoefler SF, Trimmel G, Rath T. Progress on lead-free metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications: a review. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017; 148:795-826. [PMID: 28458399 PMCID: PMC5387038 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-1933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Metal halide perovskites have revolutionized the field of solution-processable photovoltaics. Within just a few years, the power conversion efficiencies of perovskite-based solar cells have been improved significantly to over 20%, which makes them now already comparably efficient to silicon-based photovoltaics. This breakthrough in solution-based photovoltaics, however, has the drawback that these high efficiencies can only be obtained with lead-based perovskites and this will arguably be a substantial hurdle for various applications of perovskite-based photovoltaics and their acceptance in society, even though the amounts of lead in the solar cells are low. This fact opened up a new research field on lead-free metal halide perovskites, which is currently remarkably vivid. We took this as incentive to review this emerging research field and discuss possible alternative elements to replace lead in metal halide perovskites and the properties of the corresponding perovskite materials based on recent theoretical and experimental studies. Up to now, tin-based perovskites turned out to be most promising in terms of power conversion efficiency; however, also the toxicity of these tin-based perovskites is argued. In the focus of the research community are other elements as well including germanium, copper, antimony, or bismuth, and the corresponding perovskite compounds are already showing promising properties. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian F. Hoefler
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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94
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Do Kim H, Miyamoto Y, Kubota H, Yamanari T, Ohkita H. Open-circuit Voltage Loss in CH3NH3SnI3 Perovskite Solar Cells. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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95
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Olthof S, Meerholz K. Substrate-dependent electronic structure and film formation of MAPbI 3 perovskites. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40267. [PMID: 28084313 PMCID: PMC5234022 DOI: 10.1038/srep40267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present investigations on the interface formation between the hybrid perovskite MAPbI3 and various substrates, covering a wide range of work functions. The perovskite films are incrementally evaporated in situ while the electronic structure is evaluated using photoelectron spectroscopy. Our results show that there is an induction period in the growth of the perovskite during which volatile compounds are formed, catalyzed by the substrate. The duration of the induction period depends strongly on the nature of the substrate material, and it can take up to 20–30 nm of formal precursor deposition before the surface is passivated and the perovskite film starts forming. The stoichiometry of the 2–3 nm thin passivation layer deviates from the expected perovskite stoichiometry, being rich in decomposition products of the organic cation. During the regular growth of the perovskite, our measurements show a deviation from the commonly assumed flat band condition, i.e., dipole formation and band bending dominate the interface. Overall, the nature of the substrate not only changes the energetic alignment of the perovskite, it can introduce gap states and influence the film formation and morphology. The possible impact on device performance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Olthof
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Luxemburger Straße 116, 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Klaus Meerholz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Luxemburger Straße 116, 50939 Cologne Germany
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96
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Song TB, Yokoyama T, Stoumpos CC, Logsdon J, Cao DH, Wasielewski MR, Aramaki S, Kanatzidis MG. Importance of Reducing Vapor Atmosphere in the Fabrication of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:836-842. [PMID: 27977193 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tin-based halide perovskite materials have been successfully employed in lead-free perovskite solar cells, but the tendency of these materials to form leakage pathways from p-type defect states, mainly Sn4+ and Sn vacancies, causes poor device reproducibility and limits the overall power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Here, we present an effective process that involves a reducing vapor atmosphere during the preparation of Sn-based halide perovskite solar cells to solve this problem, using MASnI3, CsSnI3, and CsSnBr3 as the representative absorbers. This process enables the fabrication of remarkably improved solar cells with PCEs of 3.89%, 1.83%, and 3.04% for MASnI3, CsSnI3, and CsSnBr3, respectively. The reducing vapor atmosphere process results in more than 20% reduction of Sn4+/Sn2+ ratios, which leads to greatly suppressed carrier recombination, to a level comparable to their lead-based counterparts. These results mark an important step toward a deeper understanding of the intrinsic Sn-based halide perovskite materials, paving the way to the realization of low-cost and lead-free Sn-based halide perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Bin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Takamichi Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science & Technology Research Center, Inc. , 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Constantinos C Stoumpos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jenna Logsdon
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Duyen H Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shinji Aramaki
- Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science & Technology Research Center, Inc. , 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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97
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Cheng P, Wu T, Li Y, Jiang L, Deng W, Han K. Combining theory and experiment in the design of a lead-free ((CH3NH3)2AgBiI6) double perovskite. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02365k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A lead-free double perovskite, (CH3NH3)2AgBiI6, which is rather stable, was investigated using a combination of experiment and density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Yajuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Weiqiao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Keli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
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98
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Ke W, Stoumpos CC, Logsdon JL, Wasielewski MR, Yan Y, Fang G, Kanatzidis MG. TiO2–ZnS Cascade Electron Transport Layer for Efficient Formamidinium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14998-15003. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Ke
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Jenna Leigh Logsdon
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yanfa Yan
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation
and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Guojia Fang
- Key
Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of
Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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99
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Liao W, Zhao D, Yu Y, Grice CR, Wang C, Cimaroli AJ, Schulz P, Meng W, Zhu K, Xiong RG, Yan Y. Lead-Free Inverted Planar Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Perovskite Solar Cells Achieving Power Conversion Efficiencies up to 6.22. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9333-9340. [PMID: 27571446 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Efficient lead (Pb)-free inverted planar formamidinium tin triiodide (FASnI3 ) perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) are demonstrated. Our FASnI3 PVSCs achieved average power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 5.41% ± 0.46% and a maximum PCE of 6.22% under forward voltage scan. The PVSCs exhibit small photocurrent-voltage hysteresis and high reproducibility. The champion cell shows a steady-state efficiency of ≈6.00% for over 100 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Liao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Corey R Grice
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Changlei Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Alexander J Cimaroli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Philip Schulz
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Weiwei Meng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Kai Zhu
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Ren-Gen Xiong
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
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100
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Steinmann V, Chakraborty R, Rekemeyer PH, Hartman K, Brandt RE, Polizzotti A, Yang C, Moriarty T, Gradečak S, Gordon RG, Buonassisi T. A Two-Step Absorber Deposition Approach To Overcome Shunt Losses in Thin-Film Solar Cells: Using Tin Sulfide as a Proof-of-Concept Material System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22664-22670. [PMID: 27494110 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As novel absorber materials are developed and screened for their photovoltaic (PV) properties, the challenge remains to reproducibly test promising candidates for high-performing PV devices. Many early-stage devices are prone to device shunting due to pinholes in the absorber layer, producing "false-negative" results. Here, we demonstrate a device engineering solution toward a robust device architecture, using a two-step absorber deposition approach. We use tin sulfide (SnS) as a test absorber material. The SnS bulk is processed at high temperature (400 °C) to stimulate grain growth, followed by a much thinner, low-temperature (200 °C) absorber deposition. At a lower process temperature, the thin absorber overlayer contains significantly smaller, densely packed grains, which are likely to provide a continuous coating and fill pinholes in the underlying absorber bulk. We compare this two-step approach to the more standard approach of using a semi-insulating buffer layer directly on top of the annealed absorber bulk, and we demonstrate a more than 3.5× superior shunt resistance Rsh with smaller standard error σRsh. Electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) measurements indicate a lower density of pinholes in the SnS absorber bulk when using the two-step absorber deposition approach. We correlate those findings to improvements in the device performance and device performance reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Steinmann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rupak Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul H Rekemeyer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katy Hartman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Riley E Brandt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alex Polizzotti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chuanxi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 United States
| | - Tom Moriarty
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Silvija Gradečak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Roy G Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 United States
| | - Tonio Buonassisi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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