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High-Throughput, Fluorescence-Based Esterase Activity Assay for Assessing Polysorbate Degradation Risk during Biopharmaceutical Development. Pharm Res 2021; 38:397-413. [PMID: 33655394 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hydrolytic degradation of polysorbate during 2-8°C storage of monoclonal antibody drug products has been attributed to residual enzymes (e.g., esterases) from bioprocessing steps. Robust detection of esterase activity using sensitive, non-polysorbate surrogate substrates can provide an alternate method to assess polysorbate degradation risk, if the correlation between the esterase activity and polysorbate degradation is established. METHODS A general esterase activity assay was developed as a monitoring and characterization tool during bioprocess development of monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS We report a fluorescence plate-based assay for quantifying esterase activity, utilizing 4-methylumbelliferyl caprylate (MU-C8) as the esterase substrate. The assay was first assessed for substrate, inhibitor and pH specificity using both model enzymes and purified protein samples. The assay was then extensively tested to understand sample matrix effects on activity rates. CONCLUSIONS The use of this high-throughput method will allow for rapid characterization of protein samples in under three hours. The esterase activity correlated directly with polysorbate degradation and can provide valuable information on polysorbate degradation risk throughout drug development.
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Gagliardi A, Voci S, Salvatici MC, Fresta M, Cosco D. Brij-stabilized zein nanoparticles as potential drug carriers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 201:111647. [PMID: 33639515 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to provide a preliminary physico-chemical characterization of zein nanosystems prepared with various Brij surfactants (for the first time to the best of our knowledge) as a function of various external stimuli such as temperature, pH, serum incubation and the freeze-drying process. The results demonstrate that when Brijs are characterized by unsaturation (C18), considerable stabilization of the colloidal structure is promoted while the length of the polyethylene glycol fraction does not significantly modulate the physico-chemical properties of the nanosystems. Specifically, dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis demonstrated that the use of 0.2 % w/v of Brij O10 promoted the formation of stable zein nanosystems with mean sizes of ∼150 nm and a narrow size distribution, preserving their structures at various pHs and temperatures. The use of mannitol as cryoprotectant resulted in a formulation that can easily be re-suspended in water after the freeze-drying process. This nanoformulation demonstrated that it efficiently retained different amounts of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds and showed a prolonged release of the entrapped molecules. In addition, the nanosystems showed a favorable degree of in vitro safety on various cell lines when a concentration <50 μg/mL of protein was used, demonstrating the potential application of Brij O10-stabilized zein nanoparticles as innovative nanocarriers of several active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Gagliardi
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S Venuta", I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Voci
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S Venuta", I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Salvatici
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM)-Electron Microscopy Centre (Ce.M.E.), National Reasearch Council (CNR), via Madonna del Piano n. 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S Venuta", I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Donato Cosco
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S Venuta", I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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4-Hydroxynonenal is An Oxidative Degradation Product of Polysorbate 80. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2524-2530. [PMID: 33545186 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polysorbates (PS) are used in biopharmaceuticals to stabilize therapeutic proteins. Oxidative degradation of (poly)unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contained in PS was shown to lead to α,β-unsaturated carbonyls. AIM The n-6-PUFA linoleic acid accounts for up to 18% of all FAs contained in multi-compendial grade PS80. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is highly reactive towards nucleophilic amino acids, potentially leading to covalent protein modifications. This study tests whether HNE may be a pharmaceutically relevant PS80 peroxidation product. METHODS Since HNE was not directly detectable in the PS80 matrix by UV and MS, a new quantification method was established. After derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) and extraction of the formed hydrazone with a salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction, the HNE-DNPH adduct was analyzed by multiple reaction monitoring. Kinetic oxidation studies were conducted incubating PS80 in presence and absence of the antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). RESULTS HNE was confirmed as PS80 degradant in oxidatively stressed samples. BHT was shown to prevent its formation. CONCLUSION HNE is a detectable PS80 degradation product raising questions about the potential impact on critical quality attributes of biopharmaceuticals formulated with PS80. Addition of BHT prevented HNE formation under oxidative stress. Consequently, BHT might be a valuable additive in PS used in biopharmaceuticals.
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Glücklich N, Dwivedi M, Carle S, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P. An in-depth examination of fatty acid solubility limits in biotherapeutic protein formulations containing polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Saggu M, Demeule B, Jiang L, Kammerer D, Nayak PK, Tai M, Xiao N, Tomlinson A. Extended Characterization and Impact of Visible Fatty Acid Particles - A Case Study With a mAb Product. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1093-1102. [PMID: 33271136 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increased scrutiny on the presence and formation of product-related particles in biopharmaceutical formulations. These types of particles, originating from the degradation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient or the excipients, can be challenging to identify and characterize due to their fragility. Additionally, the mechanisms of their formation as well as the impact of their presence on drug product safety can be complicated to elucidate. In this work, a case study is presented in which multiple batches of one formulated monoclonal antibody (mAb-A) were analyzed at different batch ages to better understand the formation of visible particles resulting from degradation of the surfactant polysorbate 20. The particle identity was determined by Raman spectroscopy as free fatty acid (FFA) and the particle composition over time was monitored by mass spectrometry. Further experimental work includes the counts and morphologies of subvisible particles by flow imaging microscopy. Finally, we evaluated the consequences of saline and human plasma exposure to the visible particles to better understand their fate upon dilution and/or administration which is routinely performed in the clinical setting. The experiments performed in this work can be used to support risk assessments of visible product-related particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Saggu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Barthélemy Demeule
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Linda Jiang
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Lancaster, PA 17605, USA
| | - Daniel Kammerer
- Analytical Sciences and Technologies, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Sandhofer Str. 116, 68305 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Michelle Tai
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nina Xiao
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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56
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Evers DH, Schultz-Fademrecht T, Garidel P, Buske J. Development and validation of a selective marker-based quantification of polysorbate 20 in biopharmaceutical formulations using UPLC QDa detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1157:122287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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57
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Doshi N, Rutherford K, Najjar A. Dissolution of Polysorbate 20 Degradation Related Free Fatty Acid Particles in Intravenous Bag Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:687-692. [PMID: 33039438 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of Polysorbate 20 (PS20), a commonly used surfactant in drug product (DP) formulations, is a phenomenon of increasing concern to the biopharmaceutical industry. One of the most prevalent modes of PS20 degradation is enzymatic hydrolysis resulting from co-purified hydrolases that make their way into biologic DP formulations at trace levels. Enzymatic PS20 degradation results in generation of free fatty acids (FFAs) that have limited solubility in aqueous formulations and can form visible and/or sub-visible particles which is undesirable for parenteral DP stability and administration. Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are administered intravenously after first diluting the DP into an infusion solution (e.g., 0.9% normal saline, 0.45% half normal saline or 5% dextrose). The purpose of this work is to understand if FFA particles in the DP dissolve in intravenous solutions prior to administration. Our assessment indicates that visible and/or sub-visible particles that contain high levels of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids dissolve immediately upon dilution (at or exceeding two fold) regardless of the intravenous bag or solution type. Therefore, the risk is low of visible and/or sub-visible particles, comprised of FFAs in biopharmaceutical DPs, being intravenously administered to a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Karen Rutherford
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Asil Najjar
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Impact of Silicone Oil on Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation due to Polysorbate 20 Degradation. Pharm Res 2020; 37:216. [PMID: 33029664 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysorbate 20 (PS20), a commonly used surfactant in biopharmaceutical formulations, can undergo hydrolytic degradation resulting in free fatty acids (FFAs) that precipitate to form particles. This work investigates the ability for silicone oil (si-oil) coated on the interior walls of prefilled syringes (PFSs) to act as a sink for FFAs and potentially delay FFA particle formation. METHODS Myristic acid distribution coefficient was measured in a two-phase system containing si-oil and formulation buffer at a range of aqueous conditions. An empirical model was built from these data to predict distribution coefficient based on aqueous conditions. To verify the model, PS20 was degraded using model lipases side-by-side in glass vials and PFSs while monitoring sub-visible particles. RESULTS The empirical model demonstrates that the partitioning of myristic acid into si-oil is maximized at low pH and low PS20 concentration. The model predicts that the presence of si-oil at levels typical in PFSs provides at most an 8.5% increase in the total carrying capacity for myristic acid compared to a non-coated glass vial. The time to onset of FFA particles was equivalent between degradations performed in two PFS models coated with differing levels of silicone oil and in non-coated glass vials. CONCLUSION Herein, we demonstrate that FFAs partition from aqueous solution into si-oil. However, the extent of the partitioning effect is not large enough to delay PS20-related FFA particle formation at typical formulation conditions (pH 5.0-7.5, 0.01% - 0.1% w/v PS20) filled in typical PFSs (<1.0 mg si-oil/mL aqueous fill).
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Allmendinger A, Lebouc V, Bonati L, Woehr A, Kishore RSK, Abstiens K. Glass Leachables as a Nucleation Factor for Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation in Biopharmaceutical Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:785-795. [PMID: 33035535 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are essential components in protein formulations protecting them against interfacial stress. One of the current industry-wide challenges is enzymatic degradation of parenteral surfactants such as polysorbate 20 (PS20) and polysorbate 80, which leads to the accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) potentially forming visible particles over the drug product shelf-life. While the concentration of FFAs can be quantified, the time point of particle formation remains unpredictable. In this work, we studied the influence of glass leachables as nucleation factors for FFA particle formation. We demonstrate the feasibility of nucleation of FFA particles in the presence of inorganic salts like NaAlO2 and CaCl2 simulating relevant glass leachables. We further demonstrate FFA particle formation depending on relevant aluminum concentrations. FFA particle formation was subsequently confirmed with lauric/myristic acid in the presence of different quantities and compositions of glass leachables obtained by several sterilization cycles using different types of glass vials. We further verified the formation of particles in aged protein formulation containing degraded PS20 through the spiking of glass leachables. Particles were characterized as a complex of glass leachables, such as aluminum and FFAs. Based on our findings, we propose a likely pathway for FFA particle formation that considers specific nucleation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Allmendinger
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel.
| | - Vanessa Lebouc
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Lucia Bonati
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Anne Woehr
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Ravuri S K Kishore
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Kathrin Abstiens
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel
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Kranz W, Wuchner K, Corradini E, Menzen T, Hawe A. Micelle Driven Oxidation Mechansim and Novel Oxidation Markers for Different Grades of Polysorbate 20 and 80. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3064-3077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Doshi N, Martin J, Tomlinson A. Improving Prediction of Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation in Biopharmaceutical Drug Products: Incorporating Ester Distribution during Polysorbate 20 Degradation. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4354-4363. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joelle Martin
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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62
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Garidel P, Blech M, Buske J, Blume A. Surface Tension and Self-association Properties of Aqueous Polysorbate 20 HP and 80 HP Solutions: Insights into Protein Stabilisation Mechanisms. J Pharm Innov 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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63
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Wang T, Richard CA, Dong X, Shi GH. Impact of Surfactants on the Functionality of Prefilled Syringes. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3413-3422. [PMID: 32771345 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed the impact of formulation factors (excipients and pH) on the functionality of prefilled syringes. Surfactant, a critical formulation component for therapeutic proteins and antibodies, aids in minimizing protein adsorption onto interfaces and reduces protein aggregation or particulate formation. This study evaluated the impact of different surfactants and protein concentration on the functionality of prefilled syringes. Syringes filled with solution formulations with different surfactants were stored at various temperatures and evaluated at selected time points. Upon thermal stress, polysorbate 80 and dodecyl-β-d-maltoside containing formulations showed significantly greater increase in glide force when compared with poloxamer 407 containing formulations. In contrast, syringes filled with poloxamer 188 containing formulations did not show any increase in glide force under the same conditions. Based on the results from this study, the increase in syringe glide force was inversely correlated with hydrophobic-lipophilic balance values and surface tension of different surfactants. The mechanism of increase in glide force was primarily the change of silicone oil coverage and lubricity in the barrel of syringes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Coralie A Richard
- Delivery Device and Connected Solutions, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xia Dong
- Biotechnology Research (Bio TDR), Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Galen Huaiqiu Shi
- Delivery Device and Connected Solutions, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Grapentin C, Müller C, Kishore RS, Adler M, ElBialy I, Friess W, Huwyler J, Khan TA. Protein-Polydimethylsiloxane Particles in Liquid Vial Monoclonal Antibody Formulations Containing Poloxamer 188. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2393-2404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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65
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Brovč EV, Mravljak J, Šink R, Pajk S. Degradation of polysorbates 20 and 80 catalysed by histidine chloride buffer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:236-245. [PMID: 32693155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbates are amphiphilic, non-ionic surfactants, and they represent one of the key components of biopharmaceuticals. They serve as stabilisers, and their degradation can cause particle formation, which has been an industry-wide issue over the past decade. To determine the influence of the buffers most frequently used in biopharmaceuticals on polysorbate degradation, an accelerated stability study was carried out using placebo formulations containing 0.02% polysorbates and 20 mM buffers (pH 5.5, 6.5). These included histidine chloride, sodium citrate, sodium succinate and sodium phosphate buffers. The rate of polysorbate degradation was highest in histidine chloride buffer, and therefore we further focused on the mechanism here. The predominant degradation pathway of polysorbates in this buffer was ester hydrolysis, catalysed by the imidazole moiety of the histidine. Interestingly, the presence of therapeutic proteins in the formulations slowed histidine-catalysed degradation of polysorbates in 50% of cases, with negligible degradation seen otherwise. This emphasises the complex nature of the interactions between the components of biopharmaceutical drug products. Nonetheless, there are disadvantages of using histidine chloride buffers in biopharmaceuticals that contain polysorbates. Careful consideration should be given to selection of excipients used in parenteral formulations, whereby compatibility between buffer and surfactant is of key importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Valentina Brovč
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Global Drug Development, Technical Research & Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development Biosimilars, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Janez Mravljak
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Šink
- Global Drug Development, Technical Research & Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development Biosimilars, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia.
| | - Stane Pajk
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Understanding polysorbate-compound interactions within the CMC region. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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67
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Tomlinson A, Zarraga IE, Demeule B. Characterization of Polysorbate Ester Fractions and Implications in Protein Drug Product Stability. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2345-2353. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Isidro E. Zarraga
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Barthélemy Demeule
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
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68
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Graf T, Abstiens K, Wedekind F, Elger C, Haindl M, Wurth C, Leiss M. Controlled polysorbate 20 hydrolysis - A new approach to assess the impact of polysorbate 20 degradation on biopharmaceutical product quality in shortened time. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:318-326. [PMID: 32445968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of polysorbate in biopharmaceutical liquid formulations upon long-term storage represents a risk factor, since reduction of the intact surfactant concentration may compromise protein stability. Moreover, accumulation of polysorbate degradation products is associated with the formation of particulates potentially affecting drug product stability and quality. These effects are conventionally assessed by real-time end-of-shelf life studies constituting an integral yet lengthy process of formulation development. To accelerate this procedure, we describe here a powerful tool to conduct shake stress studies based on the controlled hydrolysis of polysorbate 20 by beads-immobilized lipases. For this purpose, the production of stable, partially degraded material characterized by a representative presence of non-emulsifying degradants such as ethoxylated sorbitan and free fatty acids was monitored by state-of-the-art chromatographic methods ensuring realistic pharmaceutical conditions. Freeze-thaw, shaking and shipping stress studies of a mAb formulation did not only demonstrate that this approach is useful to determine the critical degradation level impairing drug product quality, but furthermore revealed significant differences in protective effects depending on the hydrolysis pattern. As these results emphasize, the outlined strategy may support formulation scientists to unveil the interrelationship between polysorbate hydrolysis products and stabilization of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in a holistic and time-saving manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Graf
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Kathrin Abstiens
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4054, Switzerland
| | - Frank Wedekind
- Instrumental Analytics, Early Development & Reagent Design, Centralised and Point of Care Solutions, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Carsten Elger
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Markus Haindl
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Christine Wurth
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4054, Switzerland
| | - Michael Leiss
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany.
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69
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Brovč EV, Mravljak J, Šink R, Pajk S. Rational design to biologics development: The polysorbates point of view. Int J Pharm 2020; 581:119285. [PMID: 32240804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Formulation development is an essential part of any biopharmaceuticals development programme, and this will affect quality, safety and efficacy of the final drug product. The vast majority of biopharmaceuticals on the market are therapeutic proteins; however, these are less stable compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. To counter aggregation, denaturation and surface adsorption of proteins in solution, surfactants are added to the formulations; however, the choice of the best formulation is a challenge that is faced during formulation development. Polysorbates are the most widely used surfactants in the pharmaceutical industry and are presented in >80% of commercial monoclonal antibody formulations. In this review, we provide a general overview of polysorbates and their issues, and the characteristics that have to be taken into account during formulation development. Degradation of polysorbates, namely by hydrolysis and/or oxidation, is one of the main concerns associated with their use. Furthermore, degradation of polysorbates is determined by formulation composition, pH and storage conditions, therefore underlining the importance and complexity of protein formulation development using polysorbates. A need-based approach should be used for correct selection of excipients in protein formulations that contain polysorbates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Valentina Brovč
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Global Drug Development Technical Research & Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Janez Mravljak
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Šink
- Global Drug Development Technical Research & Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Stane Pajk
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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70
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Acidic and alkaline hydrolysis of polysorbates under aqueous conditions: Towards understanding polysorbate degradation in biopharmaceutical formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 144:105211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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71
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Backgrounded Membrane Imaging (BMI) for High-Throughput Characterization of Subvisible Particles During Biopharmaceutical Drug Product Development. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:264-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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72
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Brij-58, a potential injectable protein-stabilizer used in therapeutic protein formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 146:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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73
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Das TK, Narhi LO, Sreedhara A, Menzen T, Grapentin C, Chou DK, Antochshuk V, Filipe V. Stress Factors in mAb Drug Substance Production Processes: Critical Assessment of Impact on Product Quality and Control Strategy. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:116-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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74
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Nayem J, Zhang Z, Tomlinson A, Zarraga IE, Wagner NJ, Liu Y. Micellar Morphology of Polysorbate 20 and 80 and Their Ester Fractions in Solution via Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:1498-1508. [PMID: 31887262 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are commonly used in therapeutic protein formulations in biopharmaceuticals to impart protein stability; however, their solution morphology and the role of the individual components in these structurally heterogeneous commercial grade surfactants at physiologically and pharmaceutically relevant temperatures have not been investigated systematically. The micellar morphologies of Polysorbate 20 and Polysorbate 80 and their primary components monoester fractions, as well as the diester fractions, are evaluated at 4, 22°C, 40°C, and 50°C using small-angle neutron scattering to determine the aggregation number, radius of gyration, core radius, critical micelle concentration, shell thickness, and shell hydration. The sizes and aggregation numbers of the diester fractions of PS20 above 80°C and PS80 above 50°C exhibit significant changes in shape. The analysis of the small-angle neutron scattering data of PS20 confirms that the critical micellar concentration of the monoester fraction is significantly higher at 4°C compared to the diester fraction and their original material, all-laurate PS20. Overall, these experiments identify the dominant components responsible for the temperature-dependent behavior of these surfactants in pharmaceutical protein formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatun Nayem
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Isidro E Zarraga
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Norman J Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716.
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716.
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75
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Park E, Hart ML, Rolauffs B, Stegemann JP, T Annamalai R. Bioresponsive microspheres for on-demand delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokines for articular cartilage repair. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:722-733. [PMID: 31788947 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite innovations in surgical interventions, treatment of cartilage injury in osteoarthritic joints remains a challenge due to concomitant inflammation. Obstructing a single dominant inflammatory cytokine has shown remarkable clinical benefits in rheumatoid arthritis, and similar strategies are being suggested to target inflammatory pathways in osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we describe the utility of gelatin microspheres that are responsive to proteolytic enzymes typically expressed in arthritic flares, resulting in on-demand and spatiotemporally controlled release of anti-inflammatory cytokines for cartilage preservation and repair. These microspheres were designed with a net negative charge to sequester cationic anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the magnitude of the negative charge potential increased with an increase in crosslinking density. Collagenase-mediated degradation of the microspheres was dependent on the concentration of the enzyme. Release of anti-inflammatory cytokines from the loaded microspheres directly correlated with the degradation of the gelatin matrix. Exposure of the IL-4 and IL-13 loaded microspheres reduced the inflammation of chondrocytes up to 80%. Hence, the delivery of these microspheres in an OA joint can attenuate the stimulation of chondrocytes and the resulting secretion of catabolic factors such as proteinases and nitric oxide. The microsphere format also allows for minimally invasive delivery and is less susceptible to mechanically induced drug release. Consequently, bioresponsive microspheres can be an effective tool for cartilage preservation and arthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjae Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie L Hart
- Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan P Stegemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ramkumar T Annamalai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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76
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Yang K, Hewarathna A, Geerlof-Vidavsky I, Rao VA, Gryniewicz-Ruzicka C, Keire D. Screening of Polysorbate-80 Composition by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry with Rapid H/D Exchange. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14649-14656. [PMID: 31638787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate (PS) is a widely used polymeric excipient in biotherapeutic formulations to stabilize and protect protein drugs. Commercial PS is a highly heterogeneous mixture of structurally related components. PS composition can impact the stabilizer performance of PS in formulated protein drugs. Characterization of PS heterogeneity is, however, analytically challenging. In this work, a high-throughput screening protocol is presented for the profiling of the PS-80 polysorbate form using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) coupled with a rapid hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange in deuterated methanol. The protocol takes advantage of accurate mass measurements from HRMS analysis and utilizes H/D exchange-induced mass shifts that are characteristic to structures (particularly the number of terminal hydroxyl groups) of PS molecules to definitively identify species. In particular, mass shifts caused by deuterium uptake were used (1) to confirm molecular identities assigned by accurate mass measurements (which adds an extra level of identification confidence) and (2) to differentiate isomers that have an identical mass (thus, undistinguishable by high mass accuracy), but differ in the number of terminal hydroxyls. These data were input to an automated searching algorithm against a molecular mass database covering over 17000 potential PS-80 molecular species. The identified species were then visualized with Kendrick Mass Defect plots. The analysis protocol identified and profiled over 180 species from PS-80 samples in a high-throughput fashion without requiring chromatographic separation to reduce complexity of mixtures or tandem mass spectrometric analysis to conduct structural elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Asha Hewarathna
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Ilan Geerlof-Vidavsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - V Ashutosh Rao
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland 20903 , United States
| | - Connie Gryniewicz-Ruzicka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - David Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
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77
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Prajapati I, Peters BH, Larson NR, Wei Y, Choudhary S, Kalonia C, Hudak S, Esfandiary R, Middaugh CR, Schöneich C. Cis/Trans Isomerization of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Polysorbate 80 During Light Exposure of a Monoclonal Antibody-Containing Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:603-613. [PMID: 31715179 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Light exposure of a monoclonal antibody formulation containing polysorbate 80 (PS80) leads to cis/trans isomerization of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. This cis/trans isomerization was monitored by positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of intact PS80 components as well as by negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of free fatty acids generated via esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis. The light-induced cis/trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in PS80 required the presence of the monoclonal antibody, or, at a minimum (for mechanistic studies), a combination of N-acetyltryptophan amide and glutathione disulfide, suggesting the involvement of thiyl radicals generated by photoinduced electron transfer from Trp to the disulfide. Product analysis confirmed the conversion of PS80-bound oleic acid to elaidic acid; furthermore, together with linoleic acid, we detected conjugated linoleic acids in PS80, which underwent light-induced cis/trans isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Björn-Hendrik Peters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Yangjie Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sureshkumar Choudhary
- Department of Dosage Form and Design Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Cavan Kalonia
- Department of Dosage Form and Design Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Suzanne Hudak
- Department of Dosage Form and Design Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- Department of Dosage Form and Design Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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78
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Novel High-Throughput Assay for Polysorbate Quantification in Biopharmaceutical Products by Using the Fluorescent Dye DiI. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:646-655. [PMID: 31606542 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PSs) are the most common surfactants in therapeutic protein formulations, and it is crucial to monitor their concentration along the life cycle of biopharmaceuticals. We developed a simple multi-well plate fluorescence-based assay for the rapid determination of PS20 and PS80 content in biopharmaceutical products. The method is based on the detection of the fluorescence emission intensity of the fluorescent dye 1,1'-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate in the presence of PSs at concentrations below their critical micelle concentration. This method can be applied for PS content determination in protein formulations (≤100 mg/mL) without the need of a previous protein removal step. The 1,1'-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate assay implemented in multi-well plate format is suitable for high-throughput concentration screening. It has a linear range from 0.00020% to 0.0025% (w/v) PS20, and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.00020% and 0.00055% (w/v), respectively. This assay is markedly more selective and shows no or lower interferences due to hydrophobic components (e.g., silicone oil) potentially present in finished products than the fluorescence micelle assay based on N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine. It also provides comparable results for the PS content in liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection analysis with protein removal, providing a fast alternative.
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79
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Cheng Y, Hu M, Zamiri C, Carcelen T, Demeule B, Tomlinson A, Gu J, Yigzaw Y, Kalo M, Yu XC. A Rapid High-Sensitivity Reversed–Phase Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Method for Assessing Polysorbate 20 Degradation in Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2880-2886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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80
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Wang W, Ohtake S. Science and art of protein formulation development. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118505. [PMID: 31306712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals have become a significant class of marketed drug products and are expected to grow steadily over the next decade. Development of a commercial protein product is, however, a rather complex process. A critical step in this process is formulation development, enabling the final product configuration. A number of challenges still exist in the formulation development process. This review is intended to discuss these challenges, to illustrate the basic formulation development processes, and to compare the options and strategies in practical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Biological Development, Bayer USA, LLC, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Satoshi Ohtake
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
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81
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Falconer RJ. Advances in liquid formulations of parenteral therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107412. [PMID: 31254660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Liquid formulation of therapeutic proteins is a maturing technology. Demand for products that are easy to use in the clinic or that are amenable to self-administration make a ready to use liquid formulation desirable. Most modern liquid formulations have a simple composition; comprising a buffer, a tonicity modifier, a surfactant, sometimes a stabiliser, the therapeutic protein and water. Recent formulations of monoclonal antibodies often use histidine or acetate as the buffer, sucrose or trehalose as the tonicity modifier and polysorbate 20 or 80 as the surfactant with a pH of 5.7 +/- 0.4. The mechanisms for the behaviour of excipients is still debated by academics so formulation design is still a black art. Fortunately, a statistical approach like design of experiment is suitable for formulation development and has been successful when combined with accelerated stability experimentation. The development of prefilled syringes and pens has added low viscosity and shear resistance to the quality attributes for a successful formulation. To achieve patient compliance for self-administration, formulations that cause minimal pain and tissue damage is also desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Falconer
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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82
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Monitoring polysorbate hydrolysis in biopharmaceuticals using a QC-ready free fatty acid quantification method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1116:1-8. [PMID: 30951966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of the non-ionic surfactant polysorbate upon long-term storage poses significant challenges to development of biopharmaceutical liquid formulations. Low concentrations of intact surfactant may compromise its protective properties and thus affect protein stability. In addition, accumulation of polysorbate hydrolysis products is increasingly put into context with the formation of visible and subvisible particulates based on the low solubility of the main degradation products. Despite of this potential negative impact on product quality, quantification of the released free fatty acids is performed commonly in an indirect and consequently insensitive manner by determining the remaining PS content or by cumbersome methods, which are unsuitable for routine testing in quality control laboratories. For this purpose, this study describes the development and qualification of a label-free, reliable liquid-chromatography single quad mass detector (LC-QDa)-based method capable of resolving slight changes in the free fatty acid profile which can be readily integrated into quality control facilities. The practical utility of the herein described method is outlined by a case study on the real-time storage stability of a formulated monoclonal antibody.
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83
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Wang T, Markham A, Thomas SJ, Wang N, Huang L, Clemens M, Rajagopalan N. Solution Stability of Poloxamer 188 Under Stress Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1264-1271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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84
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Dwivedi M, Blech M, Presser I, Garidel P. Polysorbate degradation in biotherapeutic formulations: Identification and discussion of current root causes. Int J Pharm 2018; 552:422-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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85
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Influence of charged aerosol detector instrument settings on the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of fatty acids in polysorbate 80. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1576:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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86
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Dahotre S, Tomlinson A, Lin B, Yadav S. Novel markers to track oxidative polysorbate degradation in pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 157:201-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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87
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Effect of photo-degradation on the structure, stability, aggregation, and function of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:438-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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88
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Jones MT, Mahler HC, Yadav S, Bindra D, Corvari V, Fesinmeyer RM, Gupta K, Harmon AM, Hinds KD, Koulov A, Liu W, Maloney K, Wang J, Yeh PY, Singh SK. Considerations for the Use of Polysorbates in Biopharmaceuticals. Pharm Res 2018; 35:148. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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89
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Annamalai RT, Naik T, Prout H, Putnam AJ, Stegemann JP. Biofabrication of injectable fibrin microtissues for minimally-invasive therapies: application of surfactants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29536947 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aab66f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microtissues created from the protein fibrin and containing embedded cells can be used in modular tissue engineering approaches to create larger, hierarchical and complex tissue structures. In this paper we demonstrate an emulsification-based method for the production of such fibrin microtissues containing fibroblasts (FB) and endothelial cells (EC) and designed to promote tissue vascularization. Surfactants can be beneficial in the microtissue fabrication process to reduce aggregation and to facilitate recovery of microtissues from the emulsion, thereby increasing yield. The nonionic surfactants Pluronic L101® and Tween 20® both increased microtissue yield in a dose-dependent fashion. Cell viability of both human FB and human EC remained high after exposure to low surfactant concentrations but decreased with increasing surfactant concentration. L101 was markedly less cytotoxic than Tween, and therefore was the surfactant of choice in this application. The yield of cell-laden microtissues increased with increasing L101 concentration, though microtissues were slightly larger at low concentrations. The total metabolic activity of cells in retrieved microtissues was bimodal and was highest at an L101 concentration of 0.10% wt/vol. Network formation by EC in microtissues embedded in surrounding 3D fibrin hydrogels was also most extensive in microtissues made using an L101 concentration of 0.10% wt/vol. Minimally-invasive delivery of microtissue populations was demonstrated by injection through a standard 18 G needle, and the ability to form robust endothelial networks was maintained in injected microtissue populations. Taken together, these data demonstrate a facile emulsification-based method to create modular, cell-laden hydrogel microtissues that can be delivered by injection to promote tissue regeneration. Appropriate selection of the type and concentration of surfactant used in the process can be used to maximize viability and specialized function of the embedded cells. Such biomaterial-based microtissues may have broad applicability in cell-based therapies and tissue engineering.
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90
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A Newly Identified Impurity in Polysorbate 80, the Long-Chain Ketone 12-Tricosanone, Forms Visible Particles in a Biopharmaceutical Drug Product. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1552-1561. [PMID: 29499279 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Visible particles linked to polysorbates (PSs) used in biopharmaceutical drug products (DPs) have been observed repeatedly in recent years as an industry-wide issue, with PS degradation and insoluble degradation products, especially fatty acids and fatty acid esters, being suspected as root cause. We have shown that the visible particles observed in a monoclonal antibody DP solution in vials after 18 months of long-term storage at 5 ± 3°C were neither linked to reduction in PS (PS80) concentration nor to any known PS degradation product, but consist of 12-tricosanone, an impurity present in the raw material PS80, not a degradation product. The occurrence of visible 12-tricosanone particles in DP correlated with the usage of specific PS80 raw material lots, where 12-tricosanone was found as impurity at elevated levels. The quantities detected in these PS80 lots directly translate into the amount found in the respective monoclonal antibody DP batches. This is the first time that a clear correlation between the occurrence of the impurity 12-tricosanone in PS80 and the occurrence of visible particles in DP batches is reported. The observation and techniques described enable the control of this ketone in PS raw materials, providing means to prevent respective visible particle formation in DP.
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Designing of ω-3 PUFA enriched biocompatible nanoemulsion with sesame protein isolate as a natural surfactant: Focus on enhanced shelf-life stability and biocompatibility. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zapadka KL, Becher FJ, Gomes Dos Santos AL, Jackson SE. Factors affecting the physical stability (aggregation) of peptide therapeutics. Interface Focus 2017; 7:20170030. [PMID: 29147559 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2017.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of biological therapeutic agents in the clinic and development pipeline has increased dramatically over the last decade and the number will undoubtedly continue to increase in the coming years. Despite this fact, there are considerable challenges in the development, production and formulation of such biologics particularly with respect to their physical stabilities. There are many cases where self-association to form either amorphous aggregates or highly structured fibrillar species limits their use. Here, we review the numerous factors that influence the physical stability of peptides including both intrinsic and external factors, wherever possible illustrating these with examples that are of therapeutic interest. The effects of sequence, concentration, pH, net charge, excipients, chemical degradation and modification, surfaces and interfaces, and impurities are all discussed. In addition, the effects of physical parameters such as pressure, temperature, agitation and lyophilization are described. We provide an overview of the structures of aggregates formed, as well as our current knowledge of the mechanisms for their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederik J Becher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | - Sophie E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN THE VITREOUS OF PATIENTS WITH AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION TREATED WITH INTRAVITREAL ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INJECTIONS. Retina 2017; 38:1962-1967. [PMID: 28820850 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to assess the relationship of repeated intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, the main treatment for exudative age-related macular degeneration, with changes in vitreous ultrasonographic findings in patients with age-related macular degeneration. METHODS We retrospectively collected data from 41 patients (41 age-related macular degeneration eyes, 41 control eyes) on age, sex, number of injections, and type of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (ranibizumab, aflibercept). Ocular ultrasonography was performed with open eyelids, under topical anesthesia, and using carbomers as ultrasonographic gel. Topographic, quantitative, and kinetic ultrasonography was performed in all eye quadrants using a 10-MHz posterior pole probe, and vitreous reflectivity was assessed. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 79 (range: 59-94) years, with a mean of five intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (range: 1-13). No significant ultrasonographic differences were found relative to the incidence of partial or complete posterior vitreous detachment. Vitreous hyperechogenicity increased in the treated eye (P < 0.001), and the vitreous reflectivity range increased with the number of injections (P = 0.041, R = 0.214). However, the type of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor used and the time elapsed since the last intravitreal injection was not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION These preliminary results indicate a proportional increase in ultrasonographic reflectivity of vitreous gel with the number of injections.
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Martos A, Koch W, Jiskoot W, Wuchner K, Winter G, Friess W, Hawe A. Trends on Analytical Characterization of Polysorbates and Their Degradation Products in Biopharmaceutical Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1722-1735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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96
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Park JH, Jin JH, Lim MS, An HJ, Kim JW, Lee GM. Proteomic Analysis of Host Cell Protein Dynamics in the Culture Supernatants of Antibody-Producing CHO Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44246. [PMID: 28281648 PMCID: PMC5345005 DOI: 10.1038/srep44246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most common cell line used for the production of therapeutic proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Host cell proteins (HCPs), secreted and released from lysed cells, accumulate extracellularly during the cultures of recombinant CHO (rCHO) cells, potentially impairing product quality. In an effort to maintain good mAb quality during the cultures, HCPs accumulated extracellularly in batch and fed-batch cultures of a mAb-producing rCHO cell line were identified and quantified by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, followed by their gene ontology and functional analysis. Due to higher cell concentration and longer culture duration, more HCPs were identified and quantitated in fed-batch culture (2145 proteins identified and 1673 proteins quantified) than in batch culture (1934 proteins identified and 1486 proteins quantified). Clustering analysis of HCPs showed that the concentration profiles of HCPs affecting mAb quality (Lgmn, Ctsd, Gbl1, and B4galt1) correlated with changes in mAb quality attributes such as aggregation, charge variants, and N-glycosylation during the cultures. Taken together, the dataset of HCPs obtained in this study provides insights into determining the appropriate target proteins to be removed during both the cultures and purification steps for ensuring good mAb quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jin
- New Drug Development Center, 123 Osongsaengmyeng-ro, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sin Lim
- New Drug Development Center, 123 Osongsaengmyeng-ro, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science &Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Kim
- New Drug Development Center, 123 Osongsaengmyeng-ro, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Lippold S, Koshari SH, Kopf R, Schuller R, Buckel T, Zarraga IE, Koehn H. Impact of mono- and poly-ester fractions on polysorbate quantitation using mixed-mode HPLC-CAD/ELSD and the fluorescence micelle assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 132:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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98
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Kale SS, Akamanchi KG. Trehalose Monooleate: A Potential Antiaggregation Agent for Stabilization of Proteins. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:4082-4093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Smita S. Kale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Krishnacharya G. Akamanchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
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Stoll D, Danforth J, Zhang K, Beck A. Characterization of therapeutic antibodies and related products by two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with UV absorbance and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:51-60. [PMID: 27267072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of analytical tools for the characterization of large biomolecules is an emerging and rapidly evolving area. This development activity is motivated largely by the current trend involving the increase in development and use of large biomolecules for therapeutic uses. Given the inherent complexity of these biomolecules, which arises from their sheer size and possibilities for chemical modification as well as changes over time (e.g., through modification in solution, aggregation), two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has attracted considerable interest as an analytical tool to address the challenges faced in characterizing these materials. The immediate potential benefits of 2D-LC over conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography in this context include: (1) higher overall resolving power; (2) complementary information gained from two dimensions of separation in a single analysis; and (3) enabling indirect coupling of separation modes that are inherently incompatible with mass spectrometric (MS) detection (e.g., ion-exchange, because of high-salt eluents) to MS through a more compatible second dimension separation such as reversed-phase LC. In this review we summarize the work in this area, most of which has occurred in the past five years. Although the future is bright for further development in this area, some challenges have already been addressed through new 2D-LC methods. These include: (1) deep characterization of monoclonal antibodies to understand charge heterogeneity, glycosylation patterns, and other modifications; (2) characterization of antibody-drug conjugates to understand the extent and localization of small molecule conjugation; (3) detailed study of excipients in protein drug formulations; and (4) detection of host-cell proteins on biotherapeutic molecule preparations. We fully expect that in the near future we will see this list expanded, and that continued development will lead to methods with further improved performance metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Stoll
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA.
| | - John Danforth
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alain Beck
- Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
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Dixit N, Salamat-Miller N, Salinas PA, Taylor KD, Basu SK. Residual Host Cell Protein Promotes Polysorbate 20 Degradation in a Sulfatase Drug Product Leading to Free Fatty Acid Particles. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1657-1666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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