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Yu L, Yeo JC, Soon RH, Yeo T, Lee HH, Lim CT. Highly Stretchable, Weavable, and Washable Piezoresistive Microfiber Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:12773-12780. [PMID: 29582649 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge in electronic textiles is to develop an intrinsically conductive thread of sufficient robustness and sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate an elastomeric functionalized microfiber sensor suitable for smart textile and wearable electronics. Unlike conventional conductive threads, our microfiber is highly flexible and stretchable up to 120% strain and possesses excellent piezoresistive characteristics. The microfiber is functionalized by enclosing a conductive liquid metallic alloy within the elastomeric microtube. This embodiment allows shape reconfigurability and robustness, while maintaining an excellent electrical conductivity of 3.27 ± 0.08 MS/m. By producing microfibers the size of cotton threads (160 μm in diameter), a plurality of stretchable tubular elastic piezoresistive microfibers may be woven seamlessly into a fabric to determine the force location and directionality. As a proof of concept, the conductive microfibers woven into a fabric glove were used to obtain physiological measurements from the wrist, elbow pit, and less accessible body parts, such as the neck and foot instep. Importantly, the elastomeric layer protects the sensing element from degradation. Experiments showed that our microfibers suffered minimal electrical drift even after repeated stretching and machine washing. These advantages highlight the unique propositions of our wearable electronics for flexible display, electronic textile, soft robotics, and consumer healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longteng Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117583 , Singapore
| | - Joo Chuan Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117583 , Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute , National University of Singapore , 117411 , Singapore
| | - Ren Hao Soon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117583 , Singapore
| | - Trifanny Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117583 , Singapore
| | - Hong Hui Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117583 , Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117583 , Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute , National University of Singapore , 117411 , Singapore
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research & Technology , National University of Singapore , 117599 , Singapore
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Wei S, Qu G, Luo G, Huang Y, Zhang H, Zhou X, Wang L, Liu Z, Kong T. Scalable and Automated Fabrication of Conductive Tough-Hydrogel Microfibers with Ultrastretchability, 3D Printability, and Stress Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11204-11212. [PMID: 29504395 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Creating complex three-dimensional structures from soft yet durable materials enables advances in fields such as flexible electronics, regenerating tissue engineering, and soft robotics. Tough hydrogels that mimic the human skin can bear enormous mechanical loads. By employing a spider-inspired biomimetic microfluidic nozzle, we successfully achieve continuous printing of tough hydrogels into fibers, two-dimensional networks, and even three-dimensional structures without compromising their extreme mechanical properties. The resultant thin fibers demonstrate a stretch up to 21 times of their original length at a water content of 52%, and are intrinsically transparent, biocompatible, and conductive at high stretches. Moreover, the printed robust tough-hydrogel networks can sense strain that are orders of magnitude lower than stretchable conductors by percolations of conductive particles. To demonstrate their potential application, we use printed tough-hydrogel fiber networks as wearable sensors for detecting human motions. The capability to shape tough hydrogels into complex structures by scalable continuous printing opens opportunities for new areas of applications such as tissue scaffolds, large-area soft electronics, and smart textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, 999077 , Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou 310000 , Zhejiang , China
| | | | - Tiantian Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou 310000 , Zhejiang , China
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Abstract
Hydrogels of superior mechanical behavior are under intense development for many applications. Some of these hydrogels can recover their stress-stretch curves after many loading cycles. These hydrogels are called self-recovery hydrogels or even fatigue-free hydrogels. Such a hydrogel typically contains a covalent polymer network, together with some noncovalent, reversible interactions. Here we show that self-recovery hydrogels are still susceptible to fatigue fracture. We study a hydrogel containing both covalently cross-linked polyacrylamide and un-cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol). For a sample without precut crack, the stress-stretch curve recovers after thousands of loading cycles. For a sample with a precut crack, however, the crack extends cycle by cycle. The threshold for fatigue fracture depends on the covalent network but negligibly on noncovalent interactions. Above the threshold, the noncovalent interactions slow down the extension of the crack under cyclic loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Bai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jiawei Yang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Xavier P. Morelle
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Canhui Yang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zhigang Suo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Liu Q, Nian G, Yang C, Qu S, Suo Z. Bonding dissimilar polymer networks in various manufacturing processes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:846. [PMID: 29487342 PMCID: PMC5829243 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed devices mimic neuromuscular and neurosensory systems by integrating hydrogels and hydrophobic elastomers. While different methods are developed to bond hydrogels with hydrophobic elastomers, it remains a challenge to coat and print various hydrogels and elastomers of arbitrary shapes, in arbitrary sequences, with strong adhesion. Here we report an approach to meet this challenge. We mix silane coupling agents into the precursors of the networks, and tune the kinetics such that, when the networks form, the coupling agents incorporate into the polymer chains, but do not condensate. After a manufacturing step, the coupling agents condensate, add crosslinks inside the networks, and form bonds between the networks. This approach enables independent bonding and manufacturing. We formulate oxygen-tolerant hydrogel resins for spinning, printing, and coating in the open air. We find that thin elastomer coatings enable hydrogels to sustain high temperatures without boiling. Hydrogels and hydrophobic elastomers of various shapes are difficult to bond in arbitrary sequences. Here the authors mix silane coupling agents into a precursor to form hydrogel resins with robust properties that can be spun, coated and printed in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Guodong Nian
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Canhui Yang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Shaoxing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Suo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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