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The novel compound PBT434 prevents iron mediated neurodegeneration and alpha-synuclein toxicity in multiple models of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:53. [PMID: 28659169 PMCID: PMC5490188 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated iron in the SNpc may play a key role in Parkinson's disease (PD) neurodegeneration since drug candidates with high iron affinity rescue PD animal models, and one candidate, deferirpone, has shown efficacy recently in a phase two clinical trial. However, strong iron chelators may perturb essential iron metabolism, and it is not yet known whether the damage associated with iron is mediated by a tightly bound (eg ferritin) or lower-affinity, labile, iron pool. Here we report the preclinical characterization of PBT434, a novel quinazolinone compound bearing a moderate affinity metal-binding motif, which is in development for Parkinsonian conditions. In vitro, PBT434 was far less potent than deferiprone or deferoxamine at lowering cellular iron levels, yet was found to inhibit iron-mediated redox activity and iron-mediated aggregation of α-synuclein, a protein that aggregates in the neuropathology. In vivo, PBT434 did not deplete tissue iron stores in normal rodents, yet prevented loss of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons (SNpc), lowered nigral α-synuclein accumulation, and rescued motor performance in mice exposed to the Parkinsonian toxins 6-OHDA and MPTP, and in a transgenic animal model (hA53T α-synuclein) of PD. These improvements were associated with reduced markers of oxidative damage, and increased levels of ferroportin (an iron exporter) and DJ-1. We conclude that compounds designed to target a pool of pathological iron that is not held in high-affinity complexes in the tissue can maintain the survival of SNpc neurons and could be disease-modifying in PD.
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52
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Deferiprone Rescues Behavioral Deficits Induced by Mild Iron Exposure in a Mouse Model of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation. Neuromolecular Med 2017. [PMID: 28623611 PMCID: PMC5570801 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, and its causes remain unknown. A major hallmark of the disease is the increasing presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein (aSyn). Furthermore, there is a solid consensus on iron (Fe) accumulation in several regions of PD brains during disease progression. In our study, we focused on the interaction of Fe and aggregating aSyn in vivo in a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human aSyn bearing the A53T mutation (prnp.aSyn.A53T). We utilized a neonatal iron-feeding model to exacerbate the motor phenotype of the transgenic mouse model. Beginning from day 100, mice were treated with deferiprone (DFP), a ferric chelator that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and is currently used in clinics as treatment for hemosiderosis. Our paradigm resulted in an impairment of the learning abilities in the rotarod task and the novel object recognition test. DFP treatment significantly improved the performance in both tasks. Although this was not accompanied by alterations in aSyn aggregation, our results support DFP as possible therapeutic option in PD.
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53
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Das B, Rajagopalan S, Joshi GS, Xu L, Luo D, Andersen JK, Todi SV, Dutta AK. A novel iron (II) preferring dopamine agonist chelator D-607 significantly suppresses α-syn- and MPTP-induced toxicities in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:88-99. [PMID: 28533164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the characterization of a novel hybrid D2/D3 agonist and iron (II) specific chelator, D-607, as a multi-target-directed ligand against Parkinson's disease (PD). In our previously published report, we showed that D-607 is a potent agonist of dopamine (DA) D2/D3 receptors, exhibits efficacy in a reserpinized PD animal model and preferentially chelates to iron (II). As further evidence of its potential as a neuroprotective agent in PD, the present study reveals D-607 to be protective in neuronal PC12 cells against 6-OHDA toxicity. In an in vivo Drosophila melanogaster model expressing a disease-causing variant of α-synuclein (α-Syn) protein in fly eyes, the compound was found to significantly suppress toxicity compared to controls, concomitant with reduced levels of aggregated α-Syn. Furthermore, D-607 was able to rescue DAergic neurons from MPTP toxicity in mice, a well-known PD neurotoxicity model, following both sub-chronic and chronic MPTP administration. Mechanistic studies indicated that possible protection of mitochondria, up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor, reduction in formation of α-Syn aggregates and antioxidant activity may underlie the observed neuroprotection effects. These observations strongly suggest that D-607 has potential as a promising multifunctional lead molecule for viable symptomatic and disease-modifying therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banibrata Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | - Gnanada S Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Julie K Andersen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Aloke K Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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54
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Inhibition of amyloid oligomerization into different supramolecular architectures by small molecules: mechanistic insights and design rules. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:797-810. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation have been associated with several human disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases, as well as senile systemic amyloidosis and Type II diabetes. However, there is no current disease-modifying therapy available for the treatment of these disorders. In spite of extensive academic, pharmaceutical, medicinal and clinical research, a complete mechanistic model for this family of diseases is still lacking. In this review, we primarily discuss the different types of small molecular entities which have been used for the inhibition of the aggregation process of different amyloidogenic proteins under diseased conditions. These include small peptides, polyphenols, inositols, quinones and their derivatives, and metal chelator molecules. In recent years, these groups of molecules have been extensively studied using in vitro, in vivo and computational models to understand their mechanism of action and common structural features underlying the process of inhibition. A salient feature found to be instrumental in the process of inhibition is the balance between the aromatic unit that functions as the amyloid recognition unit and the hydrophilic amyloid breaker unit. The establishment of structure–function relationship for amyloid-modifying therapies by the various functional entities should serve as an important step toward the development of efficient therapeutics.
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55
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Blumenstock S, Rodrigues EF, Peters F, Blazquez-Llorca L, Schmidt F, Giese A, Herms J. Seeding and transgenic overexpression of alpha-synuclein triggers dendritic spine pathology in the neocortex. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:716-731. [PMID: 28351932 PMCID: PMC5412764 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) is recognized in the disease progression of synucleinopathies, its role in the impairment of cortical circuitries and synaptic plasticity remains incompletely understood. We investigated how α-synuclein accumulation affects synaptic plasticity in the mouse somatosensory cortex using two distinct approaches. Long-term in vivo imaging of apical dendrites was performed in mice overexpressing wild-type human α-synuclein. Additionally, intracranial injection of preformed α-synuclein fibrils was performed to induce cortical α-syn pathology. We find that α-synuclein overexpressing mice show decreased spine density and abnormalities in spine dynamics in an age-dependent manner. We also provide evidence for the detrimental effects of seeded α-synuclein aggregates on dendritic architecture. We observed spine loss as well as dystrophic deformation of dendritic shafts in layer V pyramidal neurons. Our results provide a link to the pathophysiology underlying dementia associated with synucleinopathies and may enable the evaluation of potential drug candidates on dendritic spine pathology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Blumenstock
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Eva F Rodrigues
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Finn Peters
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Lidia Blazquez-Llorca
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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56
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Das B, Kandegedara A, Xu L, Antonio T, Stemmler T, Reith MEA, Dutta AK. A Novel Iron(II) Preferring Dopamine Agonist Chelator as Potential Symptomatic and Neuroprotective Therapeutic Agent for Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:723-730. [PMID: 28106982 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and development of disease-modifying treatment is still an unmet medical need. Considering the implication of free iron(II) in PD, we report here the design and characterization of a novel hybrid iron chelator, (-)-12 (D-607) as a multitarget-directed ligand against PD. Binding and functional assays at dopamine D2/D3 receptors indicate potent agonist activity of (-)-12. The molecule displayed an efficient preferential iron(II) chelation properties along with potent in vivo activity in a reserpinized PD animal model. The compound also rescued PC12 cells from toxicity induced by iron delivered intracellularly in a dose-dependent manner. However, Fe3+ selective dopamine agonist 1 and a well-known antiparkinsonian drug pramipexole produced little to no neuroprotection effect under the same experimental condition. These observations strongly suggest that (-)-12 should be a promising multifunctional lead molecule for a viable symptomatic and disease modifying therapy of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banibrata Das
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ashoka Kandegedara
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Liping Xu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Tamara Antonio
- Department
of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Timothy Stemmler
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Maarten E. A. Reith
- Department
of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Aloke K. Dutta
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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57
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Okita Y, Rcom-H'cheo-Gauthier AN, Goulding M, Chung RS, Faller P, Pountney DL. Metallothionein, Copper and Alpha-Synuclein in Alpha-Synucleinopathies. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:114. [PMID: 28420950 PMCID: PMC5380005 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are proteins that function by metal exchange to regulate the bioavailability of metals, such as zinc and copper. Copper functions in the brain to regulate mitochondria, neurotransmitter production, and cell signaling. Inappropriate copper binding can result in loss of protein function and Cu(I)/(II) redox cycling can generate reactive oxygen species. Copper accumulates in the brain with aging and has been shown to bind alpha-synuclein and initiate its aggregation, the primary aetiological factor in Parkinson's disease (PD), and other alpha-synucleinopathies. In PD, total tissue copper is decreased, including neuromelanin-bound copper and there is a reduction in copper transporter CTR-1. Conversely cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) copper is increased. MT-1/2 expression is increased in activated astrocytes in alpha-synucleinopathies, yet expression of the neuronal MT-3 isoform may be reduced. MTs have been implicated in inflammatory states to perform one-way exchange of copper, releasing free zinc and recent studies have found copper bound to alpha-synuclein is transferred to the MT-3 isoform in vitro and MT-3 is found bound to pathological alpha-synuclein aggregates in the alpha-synucleinopathy, multiple systems atrophy. Moreover, both MT and alpha-synuclein can be released and taken up by neural cells via specific receptors and so may interact both intra- and extra-cellularly. Here, we critically review the role of MTs in copper dyshomeostasis and alpha-synuclein aggregation, and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuho Okita
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith UniversityGold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michael Goulding
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith UniversityGold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Roger S Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Faller
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced StudyStrasbourg, France
| | - Dean L Pountney
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith UniversityGold Coast, QLD, Australia
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58
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Alpha-synuclein and iron: two keys unlocking Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:973-981. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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59
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Pippi B, Reginatto P, Machado GDRM, Bergamo VZ, Lana DFD, Teixeira ML, Franco LL, Alves RJ, Andrade SF, Fuentefria AM. Evaluation of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives as Hits for Antifungal Drug Design. Med Mycol 2017; 55:763-773. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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60
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Sandor C, Robertson P, Lang C, Heger A, Booth H, Vowles J, Witty L, Bowden R, Hu M, Cowley SA, Wade-Martins R, Webber C. Transcriptomic profiling of purified patient-derived dopamine neurons identifies convergent perturbations and therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:552-566. [PMID: 28096185 PMCID: PMC5409122 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies enable the study of inaccessible patient cell types, cellular heterogeneity can confound the comparison of gene expression profiles between iPSC-derived cell lines. Here, we purified iPSC-derived human dopaminergic neurons (DaNs) using the intracellular marker, tyrosine hydroxylase. Once purified, the transcriptomic profiles of iPSC-derived DaNs appear remarkably similar to profiles obtained from mature post-mortem DaNs. Comparison of the profiles of purified iPSC-derived DaNs derived from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients carrying LRRK2 G2019S variants to controls identified significant functional convergence amongst differentially-expressed (DE) genes. The PD LRRK2-G2019S associated profile was positively matched with expression changes induced by the Parkinsonian neurotoxin rotenone and opposed by those induced by clioquinol, a compound with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in multiple PD models. No functional convergence amongst DE genes was observed following a similar comparison using non-purified iPSC-derived DaN-containing populations, with cellular heterogeneity appearing a greater confound than genotypic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sandor
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Robertson
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charmaine Lang
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Heger
- MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Program, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather Booth
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane Vowles
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorna Witty
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michele Hu
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally A. Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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61
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Metals in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Relevance to Dementia with Lewy Bodies. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:279-288. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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62
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Billings JL, Hare DJ, Nurjono M, Volitakis I, Cherny RA, Bush AI, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI. Effects of Neonatal Iron Feeding and Chronic Clioquinol Administration on the Parkinsonian Human A53T Transgenic Mouse. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:360-6. [PMID: 26712118 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased nigral iron (Fe) is a cardinal feature of Parkinson's disease, as is the accumulation of aggregates comprising α-synuclein. We used wild-type mice and transgenic mice overexpressing the human A53T mutation to α-synuclein to examine the influence of increased Fe (days 10-17 postpartum) on the parkinsonian development phenotype of these animals (including abnormal nigral Fe levels and deficits in both cell numbers and locomotor activity), and to explore the impact of the Fe chelator clioquinol in the model. Both untreated and Fe-loaded A53T mice showed similar levels of nigral cell loss, though 5 months of clioquinol treatment was only able to prevent the loss in the non-Fe-loaded A53T group. Iron levels in the Fe-loaded A53T mice returned to normal at 8 months, though effects of dopamine denervation remained, demonstrated by limited locomotor activity and sustained neuron loss. These data suggest that Fe exposure during a critical developmental window, combined with the overexpression mutant α-synuclein, presents a disease phenotype resistant to intervention using clioquinol later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Billings
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Elemental
Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milawaty Nurjono
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Irene Volitakis
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Robert A. Cherny
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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