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Wu X, Kim M, Kwon H, Wang Y. Photochemical Creation of Fluorescent Quantum Defects in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube Hosts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:648-653. [PMID: 29215774 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Quantum defects are an emerging class of synthetic single-photon emitters that hold vast potential for near-infrared imaging, chemical sensing, materials engineering, and quantum information processing. Herein, we show that it is possible to optically direct the synthetic creation of molecularly tunable fluorescent quantum defects in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube hosts through photochemical reactions. By exciting the host semiconductor with light that resonates with its electronic transition, we find that halide-containing aryl groups can covalently bond to the sp2 carbon lattice. The introduced quantum defects generate bright photoluminescence that allows tracking of the reaction progress in situ. We show that the reaction is independent of temperature but correlates strongly with the photon energy used to drive the reaction, suggesting a photochemical mechanism rather than photothermal effects. This type of photochemical reactions opens the possibility to control the synthesis of fluorescent quantum defects using light and may enable lithographic patterning of quantum emitters with electronic and molecular precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hyejin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Wu X, Kim M, Kwon H, Wang Y. Photochemical Creation of Fluorescent Quantum Defects in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube Hosts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Hyejin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
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53
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He X, Gifford BJ, Hartmann NF, Ihly R, Ma X, Kilina SV, Luo Y, Shayan K, Strauf S, Blackburn JL, Tretiak S, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Low-Temperature Single Carbon Nanotube Spectroscopy of sp 3 Quantum Defects. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10785-10796. [PMID: 28958146 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to unravel the relationship between chemical configuration and electronic structure of sp3 defects of aryl-functionalized (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), we perform low-temperature single nanotube photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy studies and correlate our observations with quantum chemistry simulations. We observe sharp emission peaks from individual defect sites that are spread over an extremely broad, 1000-1350 nm, spectral range. Our simulations allow us to attribute this spectral diversity to the occurrence of six chemically and energetically distinct defect states resulting from topological variation in the chemical binding configuration of the monovalent aryl groups. Both PL emission efficiency and spectral line width of the defect states are strongly influenced by the local dielectric environment. Wrapping the SWCNT with a polyfluorene polymer provides the best isolation from the environment and yields the brightest emission with near-resolution limited spectral line width of 270 μeV, as well as spectrally resolved emission wings associated with localized acoustic phonons. Pump-dependent studies further revealed that the defect states are capable of emitting single, sharp, isolated PL peaks over 3 orders of magnitude increase in pump power, a key characteristic of two-level systems and an important prerequisite for single-photon emission with high purity. These findings point to the tremendous potential of sp3 defects in development of room temperature quantum light sources capable of operating at telecommunication wavelengths as the emission of the defect states can readily be extended to this range via use of larger diameter SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan J Gifford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | | | - Rachelle Ihly
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | | | - Svetlana V Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Kamran Shayan
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Stefan Strauf
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Blackburn
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Shiraishi T, Shiraki T, Nakashima N. Substituent effects on the redox states of locally functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes revealed by in situ photoluminescence spectroelectrochemistry. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16900-16907. [PMID: 29077106 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05480g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with local chemical modification have been recognized as a novel near infrared (NIR) photoluminescent nanomaterial due to the emergence of a new red-shifted photoluminescence (PL) with enhanced quantum yields. As a characteristic feature of the locally functionalized SWNTs (lf-SWNTs), PL wavelength changes occur with the structural dependence of the substituent structures in the modified aryl groups, showing up to a 60 nm peak shift according to an electronic property difference of the aryl groups. Up to now, however, the structural effect on the electronic states of the lf-SWNTs has been discussed only on the basis of theoretical calculations due to the very limited amount of modifications. Herein, we describe the successfully-determined electronic states of the aryl-modified lf-SWNTs with different substituents (Ar-X SWNTs) using an in situ PL spectroelectrochemical method based on electrochemical quenching of the PL intensities analyzed by the Nernst equation. In particular, we reveal that the local functionalization of (6,5)SWNTs induced potential changes in the energy levels of the HOMO and the LUMO by -23 to -38 meV and +20 to +22 meV, respectively, compared to those of the pristine SWNTs, which generates exciton trapping sites with narrower band gaps. Moreover, the HOMO levels of the Ar-X SWNTs specifically shift in a negative potential direction by 15 meV according to an enhancement of the electron-accepting property of the substituents in the aryl groups that corresponds to an increase in the Hammet substituent constants, suggesting the importance of the dipole effect from the aryl groups on the lf-SWNTs to the level shift of the frontier orbitals. Our method is a promising way to characterize the electronic features of the lf-SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Shiraishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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55
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Ma X, Hartmann NF, Velizhanin KA, Baldwin JKS, Adamska L, Tretiak S, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Multi-exciton emission from solitary dopant states of carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16143-16148. [PMID: 29053165 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
By separating the photons from slow and fast decays of single and multi-exciton states in a time gated 2nd order photon correlation experiment, we show that solitary oxygen dopant states of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) allow emission of photon pairs with efficiencies as high as 44% of single exciton emission. Our pump dependent time resolved photoluminescence (PL) studies further reveal diffusion-limited exciton-exciton annihilation as the key process that limits the emission of multi-excitons at high pump fluences. We further postulate that creation of additional permanent exciton quenching sites occurring under intense laser irradiation leads to permanent PL quenching. With this work, we bring out multi-excitonic processes of solitary dopant states as a new area to be explored for potential applications in lasing and entangled photon generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Ma
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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Setaro A. Advanced carbon nanotubes functionalization. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:423003. [PMID: 28745302 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Similar to graphene, carbon nanotubes are materials made of pure carbon in its sp2 form. Their extended conjugated π-network provides them with remarkable quantum optoelectronic properties. Frustratingly, it also brings drawbacks. The π-π stacking interaction makes as-produced tubes bundle together, blurring all their quantum properties. Functionalization aims at modifying and protecting the tubes while hindering π-π stacking. Several functionalization strategies have been developed to circumvent this limitation in order for nanotubes applications to thrive. In this review, we summarize the different approaches established so far, emphasizing the balance between functionalization efficacy and the preservation of the tubes' properties. Much attention will be given to a functionalization strategy overcoming the covalent-noncovalent dichotomy and to the implementation of two advanced functionalization schemes: (a) conjugation with molecular switches, to yield hybrid nanosystems with chemo-physical properties that can be tuned in a controlled and reversible way, and; (b) plasmonic nanosystems, whose ability to concentrate and enhance the electromagnetic fields can be taken advantage of to enhance the optical response of the tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Setaro
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin
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Abstract
Sorting of single-wall carbon nanotubes by their electronic and atomic structures in liquid phases is reviewed in this chapter. We first introduce the sorting problem, and then provide an overview of several sorting methodologies, following roughly the chronological order of their development over the past 15 years or so. Major methods discussed include ion-exchange chromatography, density-gradient ultracentrifugation, selective extraction in organic solvents, gel chromatography, and aqueous two-phase extraction. A main focus of the review is on the common mechanisms underlining all sorting processes. We propose that differences in solvation among different nanotube species are the ultimate driving force of sorting, and we corroborate this proposal by presenting analysis on how the differences are realized in electronic-structure-based sorting and atomic-structure-based sorting. In the end, we offer some suggestions on future directions that may grow out of carbon nanotube sorting. In particular, the prospect of expanding the function of DNA/carbon nanotube hybrid to control inter-particle interactions both inside and outside the nanotube is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
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Shiraki T, Uchimura S, Shiraishi T, Onitsuka H, Nakashima N. Near infrared photoluminescence modulation by defect site design using aryl isomers in locally functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12544-12547. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06663e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unexpected near infrared photoluminescence of locally-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes upon introducing isomeric structures in the defect sites is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Shunsuke Uchimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Tomonari Shiraishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Hisashi Onitsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
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