51
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Lee CC, Liu Y, Reineke TM. Glucose-Based Poly(ester amines): Synthesis, Degradation, and Biological Delivery. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1388-1392. [PMID: 35607112 DOI: 10.1021/mz300505t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the synthesis and characterization of two glucose-based degradable poly(ester amines), GluN3 and GluN4, are described. Data from gel shift assays, PicoGreen dye exclusion, and dynamic light scattering studies reveals that these polycations can form polyplexes with plasmid DNA at a relatively low N/P ratio and that the polymers degrade rapidly at physiological pH conditions. Assessment of in vitro data via flow cytometry and live cell fluorescence microscopy indicated that GluN3 and GluN4 polyplexes can be internalized by HeLa cells in a highly effective manner with low cytotoxicity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chang Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Yemin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
24060, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
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52
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Sequence-defined four-arm oligo(ethanamino)amides for pDNA and siRNA delivery: Impact of building blocks on efficacy. J Control Release 2012; 164:380-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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53
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Troiber C, Kasper JC, Milani S, Scheible M, Martin I, Schaubhut F, Küchler S, Rädler J, Simmel FC, Friess W, Wagner E. Comparison of four different particle sizing methods for siRNA polyplex characterization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 84:255-64. [PMID: 23079135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reliably determine the size of siRNA polyplexes is the key for the rational design of particles and their formulation, as well as, their safe application in vivo. At the moment, no standard technique for size measurements is available. Each method has different underlying principles and hence may give different results. Here, four different analytical methods were evaluated for their suitability to analyze the characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous siRNA polyplexes: dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), nanoparticle trafficking analysis (NTA), and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Three different siRNA polyplex compositions generated with different, precise, and hydrophobically modified oligoaminoamides were used in this study. All of the evaluated methods were suitable for analysis of medium sized, homogeneous siRNA polyplexes (~120 nm). Small particles (<40 nm) could not be tracked with NTA, but with the other three methods. Heterogeneous polyplexes were generally difficult to analyze. Only by visualization with AFM, the heterogeneity of those polyplexes was observable. FCS was the only method suitable for measuring polyplex stability in 90% fetal bovine serum. Physico-chemical characteristics of polyplexes are important quality criterions for successful in vivo application and future formulation development. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis by more than one method is of particular importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Troiber
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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54
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Sevimli S, Inci F, Zareie HM, Bulmus V. Well-Defined Cholesterol Polymers with pH-Controlled Membrane Switching Activity. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3064-75. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300846e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatih Inci
- Department of Molecular
Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology Program (MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Hadi M. Zareie
- Department of Electrical-Electronics
Engineering and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, Gediz University, Izmir 35665, Turkey
- Microstructural
Analysis Unit, School of Physics and Advanced Materials, University of Technology, Sydney, Altimo NSW 2007,
Australia
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55
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Guo P, Haque F, Hallahan B, Reif R, Li H. Uniqueness, advantages, challenges, solutions, and perspectives in therapeutics applying RNA nanotechnology. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012. [PMID: 22913595 DOI: 10.1201/b15152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of RNA nanotechnology is rapidly emerging. RNA can be manipulated with the simplicity characteristic of DNA to produce nanoparticles with a diversity of quaternary structures by self-assembly. Additionally RNA is tremendously versatile in its function and some RNA molecules display catalytic activities much like proteins. Thus, RNA has the advantage of both worlds. However, the instability of RNA has made many scientists flinch away from RNA nanotechnology. Other concerns that have deterred the progress of RNA therapeutics include the induction of interferons, stimulation of cytokines, and activation of other immune systems, as well as short pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. This review will provide some solutions and perspectives on the chemical and thermodynamic stability, in vivo half-life and biodistribution, yield and production cost, in vivo toxicity and side effect, specific delivery and targeting, as well as endosomal trapping and escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixuan Guo
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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56
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Miele E, Spinelli GP, Miele E, Di Fabrizio E, Ferretti E, Tomao S, Gulino A. Nanoparticle-based delivery of small interfering RNA: challenges for cancer therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3637-57. [PMID: 22915840 PMCID: PMC3418108 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s23696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades there have been remarkable advances and profound changes in cancer therapy. Many therapeutic strategies learned at the bench, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors, have been used at the bedside, leading to important successes. One of the most important advances in biology has been the discovery that small interfering RNA (siRNA) is able to regulate the expression of genes, by a phenomenon known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is one of the most rapidly growing fields of research in biology and therapeutics. Much research effort has gone into the application of this new discovery in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. However, even though these molecules may have potential and strong utility, some limitations make their clinical application difficult, including delivery problems, side effects due to off-target actions, disturbance of physiological functions of the cellular machinery involved in gene silencing, and induction of the innate immune response. Many researchers have attempted to overcome these limitations and to improve the safety of potential RNAi-based therapeutics. Nanoparticles, which are nanostructured entities with tunable size, shape, and surface, as well as biological behavior, provide an ideal opportunity to modify current treatment regimens in a substantial way. These nanoparticles could be designed to surmount one or more of the barriers encountered by siRNA. Nanoparticle drug formulations afford the chance to improve drug bioavailability, exploiting superior tissue permeability, payload protection, and the “stealth” features of these entities. The main aims of this review are: to explain the siRNA mechanism with regard to potential applications in siRNA-based cancer therapy; to discuss the possible usefulness of nanoparticle-based delivery of certain molecules for overcoming present therapeutic limitations; to review the ongoing relevant clinical research with its pitfalls and promises; and to evaluate critically future perspectives and challenges in siRNA-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Miele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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57
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Attacking the genome: emerging siRNA nanocarriers from concept to clinic. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:427-33. [PMID: 22726555 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the ground breaking discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), an endogenous mechanism for sequence specific regulation of gene expression via short interfering RNAs (siRNA), researchers and pharmaceutical companies alike have devoted immense time and capital into the design of nanocarriers that can mediate safe and effective delivery. After over a decade of research, a PubMed search for 'siRNA delivery' returns over 2500 references, yet only a handful of delivery systems have been successfully translated to the clinic. This low rate of clinical translation can partly be attributed to the complexity of the barriers that need to be overcome in vivo. Advances in identifying some of these barriers have lead to the development of molecular components that can overcome some of these hurdles. The judicious assembly of these components, as seen in stable nucleic-acid-lipid nanoparticles and the cyclodextrin polymer, will be required for the successful clinical translation of nanoparticle-based siRNA therapeutics.
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58
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Ahmed M, Narain R. The effect of molecular weight, compositions and lectin type on the properties of hyperbranched glycopolymers as non-viral gene delivery systems. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3990-4001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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59
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Wojcik F, Mosca S, Hartmann L. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Asymmetrically Branched Sequence-Defined Poly/Oligo(amidoamines). J Org Chem 2012; 77:4226-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202561k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wojcik
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Simone Mosca
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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60
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Wada SI, Hitora Y, Yokoe S, Nakagawa O, Urata H. Cellular uptake of covalent conjugates of oligonucleotide with membrane-modifying peptide, peptaibol. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3219-22. [PMID: 22525495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Using the membrane-modifying peptide, trichorovin-XIIa (TV-XIIa), which is an 11-residual peptaibol isolated from the fungus Trichoderma viride, we synthesized covalent conjugates of 20-mer oligonucleotide with TV-XIIa to examine the potential use of TV-XIIa in cellular delivery. The results indicated that the conjugates were progressively taken up by human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Next, the antisense effects of the conjugates on p53 protein expression were examined. The p53 expression was significantly decreased by ca. 20-50% in the presence of the conjugates upon treatment with the transfection solution at the concentration of 5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-ichi Wada
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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61
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Kadlecova Z, Nallet S, Hacker DL, Baldi L, Klok HA, Wurm FM. Poly(ethyleneimine)-mediated large-scale transient gene expression: influence of molecular weight, polydispersity and N-propionyl groups. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:628-36. [PMID: 22411776 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three synthesis lots of linear poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) are compared to a fully hydrolyzed linear PEI (commercially available as PEI "Max") regarding structure, polyplex formation with plasmid DNA, and transfection of suspension-adapted HEK-293E cells. PEI "Max" binds DNA more efficiently than the other PEIs, but it is the least effective in terms of transient recombinant protein yield. One PEI lot is fractionated by means of SEC. The fractions of high-M(n) PEI are the most efficient for complex formation and transfection. Nevertheless, the highest transient recombinant protein yields are achieved with unfractionated PEI. The results demonstrate that the polydispersity and charge density of linear PEI are important parameters for gene delivery to suspension-adapted HEK-293E cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kadlecova
- Laboratoire des Polymères, Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénieries Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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62
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Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Conjugates with Cyclodextrins as Novel Carriers for DNA, shRNA and siRNA. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:130-48. [PMID: 24300184 PMCID: PMC3834900 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery can be particularly used for the treatment of diseases by the entry of genetic materials mammalian cells either to express new proteins or to suppress the expression of proteins, respectively. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) StarburstTM dendrimers are used as non-viral vectors (carriers) for gene, shRNA and siRNA delivery. Recently, multifunctional PAMAM dendrimers can be used for the wide range of biomedical applications including intracellular delivery of genes and nucleic acid drugs. In this context, this review paper provides the recent findings on PAMAM dendrimer conjugates with cyclodextrins (CyDs) for gene, shRNA and siRNA delivery.
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