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Bourgaux C, Couvreur P. Interactions of anticancer drugs with biomembranes: what can we learn from model membranes? J Control Release 2014; 190:127-38. [PMID: 24859379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of anticancer drugs with cell membranes are of primary importance for drug transport, accumulation and activity. However, these interactions are very difficult to investigate because of the complexity of biological membranes. Lipid model membranes have therefore been built to gain insight into the collective role of lipids in drug-membrane interactions. Membranes can act as a barrier for drug molecules, sequester them or conversely may allow them to freely diffuse, thereby modulating the accumulation of drugs into cells. Lipid membranes also affect the ability of the efflux pump Pgp to bind and efflux anticancer drugs from cells. On the other hand, anticancer drugs can alter the structure and properties of lipid membranes, which are expected to influence the functioning of embedded proteins. The relevance of lipid model membranes to assess interactions between anticancer drugs and biomembranes is evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Bourgaux
- Institut Galien-Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92 296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien-Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92 296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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52
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Emmert D, Campos CR, Ward D, Lu P, Namanja HA, Bohn K, Miller DS, Sharom FJ, Chmielewski J, Hrycyna CA. Reversible dimers of the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine inhibit p-glycoprotein-mediated efflux in vitro with increased binding affinity and in situ at the blood-brain barrier. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:305-17. [PMID: 24483607 DOI: 10.1021/cn4002329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is highly expressed in the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) where it functions to limit the brain penetration of many drugs, including antipsychotic agents used to treat schizophrenia. Therefore, in an effort to inhibit the transporter, we designed dimers of the antipsychotic drug and P-gp substrate quetiapine (QT), linked by variable length tethers. In P-gp overexpressing cells and in human brain capillary endothelial hCMEC/D3 cells, the dimer with the shortest tether length (QT2C2) (1) was the most potent inhibitor showing >80-fold better inhibition of P-gp-mediated transport than monomeric QT. The dimers, which are linked via ester moieties, are designed to revert to the therapeutic monomer once inside the target cells. We demonstrated that the addition of two sterically blocking methyl groups to the linker (QT2C2Me2, 8) increased the half-life of the molecule in plasma 10-fold as compared to the dimer lacking methyl groups (QT2C2, 1), while retaining inhibitory potency for P-gp transport and sensitivity to cellular esterases. Experiments with purified P-gp demonstrated that QT2C2 (1) and QT2C2Me2 (8) interacted with both the H- and R-binding sites of the transporter with binding affinities 20- to 30-fold higher than that of monomeric QT. Using isolated rat brain capillaries, QT2C2Me2 (8) was a more potent inhibitor of P-gp transport than QT. Lastly, we showed that QT2C2Me2 (8) increased the accumulation of the P-gp substrate verapamil in rat brain in situ three times more than QT. Together, these results indicate that the QT dimer QT2C2Me2 (8) strongly inhibited P-gp transport activity in human brain capillary endothelial cells, in rat brain capillaries, and at the BBB in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Emmert
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560
Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher R. Campos
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David Ward
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Peihua Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Hilda A. Namanja
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560
Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kelsey Bohn
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560
Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David S. Miller
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Frances J. Sharom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jean Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560
Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christine A. Hrycyna
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560
Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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53
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Kis O, Walmsley SL, Bendayan R. In Vitro and In Situ Evaluation of pH-Dependence of Atazanavir Intestinal Permeability and Interactions with Acid-Reducing Agents. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2404-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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54
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Sharom FJ. Complex Interplay between the P-Glycoprotein Multidrug Efflux Pump and the Membrane: Its Role in Modulating Protein Function. Front Oncol 2014; 4:41. [PMID: 24624364 PMCID: PMC3939933 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance in cancer is linked to expression of the P-glycoprotein multidrug transporter (Pgp, ABCB1), which exports many structurally diverse compounds from cells. Substrates first partition into the bilayer and then interact with a large flexible binding pocket within the transporter's transmembrane regions. Pgp has been described as a hydrophobic vacuum cleaner or an outwardly directed drug/lipid flippase. Recent X-ray crystal structures have shed some light on the nature of the drug-binding pocket and suggested routes by which substrates can enter it from the membrane. Detergents have profound effects on Pgp function, and several appear to be substrates. Biochemical and biophysical studies in vitro, some using purified reconstituted protein, have explored the effects of the membrane environment. They have demonstrated that Pgp is involved in a complex relationship with its lipid environment, which modulates the behavior of its substrates, as well as various functions of the protein, including ATP hydrolysis, drug binding, and drug transport. Membrane lipid composition and fluidity, phospholipid headgroup and acyl chain length all influence Pgp function. Recent studies focusing on thermodynamics and kinetics have revealed some important principles governing Pgp-lipid and substrate-lipid interactions, and how these affect drug-binding and transport. In some cells, Pgp is associated with cholesterol-rich microdomains, which may modulate its functions. The relationship between Pgp and cholesterol remains an open question; however, it clearly affects several aspects of its function in addition to substrate-membrane partitioning. The action of Pgp modulators appears to depend on their membrane permeability, and membrane fluidizers and surfactants reverse drug resistance, likely via an indirect mechanism. A detailed understanding of how the membrane affects Pgp substrates and Pgp's catalytic cycle may lead to new strategies to combat clinical drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Jane Sharom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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55
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Brantley SJ, Argikar AA, Lin YS, Nagar S, Paine MF. Herb-drug interactions: challenges and opportunities for improved predictions. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:301-17. [PMID: 24335390 PMCID: PMC3935140 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Supported by a usage history that predates written records and the perception that "natural" ensures safety, herbal products have increasingly been incorporated into Western health care. Consumers often self-administer these products concomitantly with conventional medications without informing their health care provider(s). Such herb-drug combinations can produce untoward effects when the herbal product perturbs the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters. Despite increasing recognition of these types of herb-drug interactions, a standard system for interaction prediction and evaluation is nonexistent. Consequently, the mechanisms underlying herb-drug interactions remain an understudied area of pharmacotherapy. Evaluation of herbal product interaction liability is challenging due to variability in herbal product composition, uncertainty of the causative constituents, and often scant knowledge of causative constituent pharmacokinetics. These limitations are confounded further by the varying perspectives concerning herbal product regulation. Systematic evaluation of herbal product drug interaction liability, as is routine for new drugs under development, necessitates identifying individual constituents from herbal products and characterizing the interaction potential of such constituents. Integration of this information into in silico models that estimate the pharmacokinetics of individual constituents should facilitate prospective identification of herb-drug interactions. These concepts are highlighted with the exemplar herbal products milk thistle and resveratrol. Implementation of this methodology should help provide definitive information to both consumers and clinicians about the risk of adding herbal products to conventional pharmacotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Brantley
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (S.J.B.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.A.A., S.N.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Y.S.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.F.P.)
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56
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Brown KL, Conboy JC. Lipid Flip-Flop in Binary Membranes Composed of Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylcholine. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:15041-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409672q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krystal L. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - John C. Conboy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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57
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Peetla C, Vijayaraghavalu S, Labhasetwar V. Biophysics of cell membrane lipids in cancer drug resistance: Implications for drug transport and drug delivery with nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1686-98. [PMID: 24055719 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the biophysics of cell membrane lipids, particularly when cancers develop acquired drug resistance, and how biophysical changes in resistant cell membrane influence drug transport and nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Recent advances in membrane lipid research show the varied roles of lipids in regulating membrane P-glycoprotein function, membrane trafficking, apoptotic pathways, drug transport, and endocytic functions, particularly endocytosis, the primary mechanism of cellular uptake of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Since acquired drug resistance alters lipid biosynthesis, understanding the role of lipids in cell membrane biophysics and its effect on drug transport is critical for developing effective therapeutic and drug delivery approaches to overcome drug resistance. Here we discuss novel strategies for (a) modulating the biophysical properties of membrane lipids of resistant cells to facilitate drug transport and regain endocytic function and (b) developing effective nanoparticles based on their biophysical interactions with membrane lipids to enhance drug delivery and overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Peetla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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58
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A semisynthetic taxane Yg-3-46a effectively evades P-glycoprotein and β-III tubulin mediated tumor drug resistance in vitro. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:214-23. [PMID: 23941826 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor resistance, especially that mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and β-III tubulin, is a major obstacle to the efficacy of most microtubule-targeting anticancer drugs in clinics. A novel semisynthetic taxane, 2-debenzoyl-2-(3-azidobenzyl)-10-propionyldocetaxel (Yg-3-46a) was shown to be highly cytotoxic to breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MCF/ADR which overexpressed P-gp via long term culture with doxorubicin, and cervical cancer cell lines Hela and Hela/βIII which overexpressed βIII-tubulin via stable transfection with TUBB3 gene. siRNA transfection experiments also confirmed that Yg-3-46a can circumvent P-gp and β-III tubulin mediated drug resistance. In addition, its cytotoxicity was lower than that of paclitaxel in the human mammary cell line HBL-100 and the human telomerase-immortalized retinal pigment epithelium cell line (hTERT-RPE1), suggesting a better safety margin for this compound in vivo. It exhibited more potent microtubule polymerization ability than paclitaxel in vitro, and also induced G2/M phase arrest in MCF-7/ADR cells. Moreover, it was found to induce apoptosis in MCF-7/ADR cells through the caspase-dependent death-receptor pathway by enhancing levels of Fas and FasL, and activating caspase-8 and 3. Yg-3-46a was found to be a poorer substrate of P-gp compared to paclitaxel, in both binding and ATPase experiments, which is likely responsible for its ability to circumvent P-gp mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). All of these results indicate that Yg-3-46a is a novel microtubule-stabilizing agent that has the potential to evade drug resistance mediated by P-gp and β-III tubulin overexpression.
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59
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Marcoux J, Wang SC, Politis A, Reading E, Ma J, Biggin PC, Zhou M, Tao H, Zhang Q, Chang G, Morgner N, Robinson CV. Mass spectrometry reveals synergistic effects of nucleotides, lipids, and drugs binding to a multidrug resistance efflux pump. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9704-9. [PMID: 23690617 PMCID: PMC3683783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303888110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a serious barrier to successful treatment of many human diseases, including cancer, wherein chemotherapeutics are exported from target cells by membrane-embedded pumps. The most prevalent of these pumps, the ATP-Binding Cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), consists of two homologous halves each comprising one nucleotide-binding domain and six transmembrane helices. The transmembrane region encapsulates a hydrophobic cavity, accessed by portals in the membrane, that binds cytotoxic compounds as well as lipids and peptides. Here we use mass spectrometry (MS) to probe the intact P-gp small molecule-bound complex in a detergent micelle. Activation in the gas phase leads to formation of ions, largely devoid of detergent, yet retaining drug molecules as well as charged or zwitterionic lipids. Measuring the rates of lipid binding and calculating apparent KD values shows that up to six negatively charged diacylglycerides bind more favorably than zwitterionic lipids. Similar experiments confirm binding of cardiolipins and show that prior binding of the immunosuppressant and antifungal antibiotic cyclosporin A enhances subsequent binding of cardiolipin. Ion mobility MS reveals that P-gp exists in an equilibrium between different states, readily interconverted by ligand binding. Overall these MS results show how concerted small molecule binding leads to synergistic effects on binding affinities and conformations of a multidrug efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jerome Ma
- Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Biggin
- Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Houchao Tao
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Geoffrey Chang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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60
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Gao M, Yamazaki M, Loe DW, Westlake CJ, Grant CE, Cole SP, Deeley RG. Multidrug resistance protein. Identification of regions required for active transport of leukotriene C4. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:10733-10740. [PMID: 9553138 DOI: 10.1002/9781118705308.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein (MRP) is a broad specificity, primary active transporter of organic anion conjugates that confers a multidrug resistance phenotype when transfected into drug-sensitive cells. The protein was the first example of a subgroup of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily whose members have three membrane-spanning domains (MSDs) and two nucleotide binding domains. The role(s) of the third MSD of MRP and its related transporters is not known. To begin to address this question, we examined the ability of various MRP fragments, expressed individually and in combination, to transport the MRP substrate, leukotriene C4 (LTC4). We found that elimination of the entire NH2-terminal MSD or just the first putative transmembrane helix, or substitution of the MSD with the comparable region of the functionally and structurally related transporter, the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT/MRP2), had little effect on protein accumulation in the membrane. However, all three modifications decreased LTC4 transport activity by at least 90%. Transport activity could be reconstituted by co-expression of the NH2-terminal MSD with a fragment corresponding to the remainder of the MRP molecule, but this required both the region encoding the transmembrane helices of the NH2-terminal MSD and the cytoplasmic region linking it to the next MSD. In contrast, a major part of the cytoplasmic region linking the NH2-proximal nucleotide binding domain of the protein to the COOH-proximal MSD was not required for active transport of LTC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gao
- Cancer Research Laboratories, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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