51
|
Selective activation of oxidized PTP1B by the thioredoxin system modulates PDGF-β receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13398-403. [PMID: 23901112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302891110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory reversible oxidation of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is an important regulatory mechanism in growth factor signaling. Studies on PTP oxidation have focused on pathways that increase or decrease reactive oxygen species levels and thereby affect PTP oxidation. The processes involved in reactivation of oxidized PTPs remain largely unknown. Here the role of the thioredoxin (Trx) system in reactivation of oxidized PTPs was analyzed using a combination of in vitro and cell-based assays. Cells lacking the major Trx reductase TrxR1 (Txnrd1(-/-)) displayed increased oxidation of PTP1B, whereas SHP2 oxidation was unchanged. Furthermore, in vivo-oxidized PTP1B was reduced by exogenously added Trx system components, whereas SHP2 oxidation remained unchanged. Trx1 reduced oxidized PTP1B in vitro but failed to reactivate oxidized SHP2. Interestingly, the alternative TrxR1 substrate TRP14 also reactivated oxidized PTP1B, but not SHP2. Txnrd1-depleted cells displayed increased phosphorylation of PDGF-β receptor, and an enhanced mitogenic response, after PDGF-BB stimulation. The TrxR inhibitor auranofin also increased PDGF-β receptor phosphorylation. This effect was not observed in cells specifically lacking PTP1B. Together these results demonstrate that the Trx system, including both Trx1 and TRP14, impacts differentially on the oxidation of individual PTPs, with a preference of PTP1B over SHP2 activation. The studies demonstrate a previously unrecognized pathway for selective redox-regulated control of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling.
Collapse
|
52
|
Lo Conte M, Carroll KS. The redox biochemistry of protein sulfenylation and sulfinylation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26480-8. [PMID: 23861405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.467738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled generation of reactive oxygen species orchestrates numerous physiological signaling events (Finkel, T. (2011) Signal transduction by reactive oxygen species. J. Cell Biol. 194, 7-15). A major cellular target of reactive oxygen species is the thiol side chain (RSH) of Cys, which may assume a wide range of oxidation states (i.e. -2 to +4). Within this context, Cys sulfenic (Cys-SOH) and sulfinic (Cys-SO2H) acids have emerged as important mechanisms for regulation of protein function. Although this area has been under investigation for over a decade, the scope and biological role of sulfenic/sulfinic acid modifications have been recently expanded with the introduction of new tools for monitoring cysteine oxidation in vitro and directly in cells. This minireview discusses selected recent examples of protein sulfenylation and sulfinylation from the literature, highlighting the role of these post-translational modifications in cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Lo Conte
- From the Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Gupta V, Carroll KS. Sulfenic acid chemistry, detection and cellular lifetime. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:847-75. [PMID: 23748139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species-mediated cysteine sulfenic acid modification has emerged as an important regulatory mechanism in cell signaling. The stability of sulfenic acid in proteins is dictated by the local microenvironment and ability of antioxidants to reduce this modification. Several techniques for detecting this cysteine modification have been developed, including direct and in situ methods. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents a historical discussion of sulfenic acid chemistry and highlights key examples of this modification in proteins. A comprehensive survey of available detection techniques with advantages and limitations is discussed. Finally, issues pertaining to rates of sulfenic acid formation, reduction, and chemical trapping methods are also covered. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Early chemical models of sulfenic acid yielded important insights into the unique reactivity of this species. Subsequent pioneering studies led to the characterization of sulfenic acid formation in proteins. In parallel, the discovery of oxidant-mediated cell signaling pathways and pathological oxidative stress has led to significant interest in methods to detect these modifications. Advanced methods allow for direct chemical trapping of protein sulfenic acids directly in cells and tissues. At the same time, many sulfenic acids are short-lived and the reactivity of current probes must be improved to sample these species, while at the same time, preserving their chemical selectivity. Inhibitors with binding scaffolds can be rationally designed to target sulfenic acid modifications in specific proteins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Ever increasing roles for protein sulfenic acids have been uncovered in physiology and pathology. A more complete understanding of sulfenic acid-mediated regulatory mechanisms will continue to require rigorous and new chemical insights. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wagener FADTG, Carels CE, Lundvig DMS. Targeting the redox balance in inflammatory skin conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9126-67. [PMID: 23624605 PMCID: PMC3676777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be both beneficial and deleterious. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS production is tightly regulated, and ROS participate in both pathogen defense and cellular signaling. However, insufficient ROS detoxification or ROS overproduction generates oxidative stress, resulting in cellular damage. Oxidative stress has been linked to various inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is an essential response in the protection against injurious insults and thus important at the onset of wound healing. However, hampered resolution of inflammation can result in a chronic, exaggerated response with additional tissue damage. In the pathogenesis of several inflammatory skin conditions, e.g., sunburn and psoriasis, inflammatory-mediated tissue damage is central. The prolonged release of excess ROS in the skin can aggravate inflammatory injury and promote chronic inflammation. The cellular redox balance is therefore tightly regulated by several (enzymatic) antioxidants and pro-oxidants; however, in case of chronic inflammation, the antioxidant system may be depleted, and prolonged oxidative stress occurs. Due to the central role of ROS in inflammatory pathologies, restoring the redox balance forms an innovative therapeutic target in the development of new strategies for treating inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, the clinical use of antioxidant-related therapies is still in its infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. D. T. G. Wagener
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (F.A.D.T.G.W.); (D.M.S.L.); Tel.: +31-24-3614082 (F.A.D.T.G.W.); Fax: +31-24-3540631 (F.A.D.T.G.W. & D.M.S.L.)
| | | | - Ditte M. S. Lundvig
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (F.A.D.T.G.W.); (D.M.S.L.); Tel.: +31-24-3614082 (F.A.D.T.G.W.); Fax: +31-24-3540631 (F.A.D.T.G.W. & D.M.S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Böhmer F, Szedlacsek S, Tabernero L, Ostman A, den Hertog J. Protein tyrosine phosphatase structure-function relationships in regulation and pathogenesis. FEBS J 2013; 280:413-31. [PMID: 22682070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation on tyrosine residues is tightly controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) at multiple levels: spatio-temporal expression, subcellular localization and post-translational modification. Structural and functional analysis of the PTP domains has provided insight into catalysis and regulatory mechanisms that control the enzymatic activity. Understanding the molecular basis of PTP regulation is of fundamental importance to dissect the pleiotropic effect of these enzymes in both health and disease. Here, we review recent insights into the regulation of receptor-like PTPs by extracellular ligands and into regulation by reversible oxidation that impairs catalysis directly. The physiological roles of PTPs are essential in homeostasis in eukaryotic cells and pertubation of their functional attributes causes different disease states. As an example, we discuss recent findings indicating how inappropriate oxidation of PTPs in cancer cells may contribute to cell transformation. On the other hand, PTPs from many pathogens are key virulence factors and manipulate signalling pathways in the host cells to promote invasion and survival of the microorganisms. This research area has received relatively little attention but has advanced remarkably. We review the structural features of pathogenic PTPs, their similarities and differences with eukaryotic PTPs, and the possible exploitation of this knowledge for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Böhmer
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Truong TH, Carroll KS. Redox regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling through cysteine oxidation. Biochemistry 2012. [PMID: 23186290 DOI: 10.1021/bi301441e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exemplifies the family of receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate numerous cellular processes, including growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Moreover, gene amplification and EGFR mutations have been identified in a number of human malignancies, making this receptor an important target for the development of anticancer drugs. In addition to ligand-dependent activation and concomitant tyrosine phosphorylation, EGFR stimulation results in the localized generation of H(2)O(2) by NADPH-dependent oxidases. In turn, H(2)O(2) functions as a secondary messenger to regulate intracellular signaling cascades, largely through the modification of specific cysteine residues within redox-sensitive protein targets, including Cys797 in the EGFR active site. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie redox regulation of EGFR signaling and how these discoveries may form the basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies for targeting this and other H(2)O(2)-modulated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thu H Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Bachi A, Dalle-Donne I, Scaloni A. Redox Proteomics: Chemical Principles, Methodological Approaches and Biological/Biomedical Promises. Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300073p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bachi
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Chiu J, Dawes IW. Redox control of cell proliferation. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:592-601. [PMID: 22951073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is regulated by multiple signaling pathways and stress surveillance systems to ensure cell division takes place with fidelity. In response to oxidative stress, cells arrest in the cell-cycle and aberrant redox control of proliferation underlies the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Redox sensing of cell-cycle regulation has recently been shown to involve reactive cysteine thiols that function as redox sensors in cell-cycle regulators. By modulating cell-cycle regulators these redox-active thiols ensure cell division is executed at the right redox environment. This review summarizes recent findings on regulation of cell division by the oxidation of cysteines in cell division regulators and the potential of targeting these critical cysteine residues for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Chiu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), act as intracellular second messengers in many signaling pathways. Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are now believed to be important targets of ROS. PTPs contain a conserved catalytic cysteine with an unusually low pK(a). This property allows PTPs to execute nucleophilic attack on substrate phosphotyrosyl residues, but also renders them highly susceptible to oxidation. Reversible oxidation, which inactivates PTPs, is emerging as an important cellular regulatory mechanism and might contribute to human diseases, including cancer. Given their potential toxicity, it seems likely that ROS generation is highly controlled within cells to restrict oxidation to those PTPs that must be inactivated for signaling to proceed. Thus, identifying ROS-inactivated PTPs could be tantamount to finding the PTP(s) that critically regulate a specific signaling pathway. This article provides an overview of the methods currently available to identify and quantify PTP oxidation and outlines future challenges in redox signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Karisch
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Tanasova M, Sturla SJ. Chemistry and biology of acylfulvenes: sesquiterpene-derived antitumor agents. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3578-610. [PMID: 22482429 DOI: 10.1021/cr2001367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tanasova
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Beillerot A, Battaglia E, Bennasroune A, Bagrel D. Protection of CDC25 phosphatases against oxidative stress in breast cancer cells: Evaluation of the implication of the thioredoxin system. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:674-89. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.669039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
62
|
Reactive oxygen species and epidermal growth factor are antagonistic cues controlling SHP-2 dimerization. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1998-2009. [PMID: 22411627 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06674-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase plays key regulatory roles in the modulation of the cell response to growth factors and cytokines. Over the past decade, the integration of genetic, biochemical, and structural data has helped in interpreting the pathological consequences of altered SHP-2 function. Using complementary approaches, we provide evidence here that endogenous SHP-2 can dimerize through the formation of disulfide bonds that may also involve the catalytic cysteine. We show that the fraction of dimeric SHP-2 is modulated by growth factor stimulation and by the cell redox state. Comparison of the phosphatase activities of the monomeric self-inhibited and dimeric forms indicated that the latter is 3-fold less active, thus pointing to the dimerization process as an additional mechanism for controlling SHP-2 activity. Remarkably, dimers formed by different SHP-2 mutants displaying diverse biochemical properties were found to respond differently to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Although this differential behavior cannot be rationalized mechanistically yet, these findings suggest a possible regulatory role of dimerization in SHP-2 function.
Collapse
|
63
|
Wilson M, Hogstrand C, Maret W. Picomolar concentrations of free zinc(II) ions regulate receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase β activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9322-6. [PMID: 22275360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c111.320796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As key enzymes in the regulation of biological phosphorylations, protein-tyrosine phosphatases are central to the control of cellular signaling and metabolism. Zinc(II) ions are known to inhibit these enzymes, but the physiological significance of this inhibition has remained elusive. Employing metal buffering for strict metal control and performing a kinetic analysis, we now demonstrate that zinc(II) ions are reversible inhibitors of the cytoplasmic catalytic domain of the receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase β (also known as vascular endothelial protein-tyrosine phosphatase). The K(i)((Zn)) value is 21 ± 7 pm, 6 orders of magnitude lower than zinc inhibition reported previously for this enzyme. It exceeds the affinity of the most potent synthetic small molecule inhibitors targeting these enzymes. Inhibition is in the range of cellular zinc(II) ion concentrations, suggesting that zinc regulates this enzyme, which is involved in vascular physiology and angiogenesis. Thus, for some enzymes that are not recognized as zinc metalloenzymes, zinc binding inhibits rather than activates as in classical zinc enzymes. Activation then requires removal of the inhibitory zinc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wilson
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Luo M, Zhang J, He H, Su D, Chen Q, Gross ML, Kelley MR, Georgiadis MM. Characterization of the redox activity and disulfide bond formation in apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease. Biochemistry 2012; 51:695-705. [PMID: 22148505 PMCID: PMC3293223 DOI: 10.1021/bi201034z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1) is an unusual nuclear redox factor in which the redox-active cysteines identified to date, C65 and C93, are surface inaccessible residues whose activities may be influenced by partial unfolding of APE1. To assess the role of the five remaining cysteines in APE1's redox activity, double-cysteine mutants were analyzed, excluding C65A, which is redox-inactive as a single mutant. C93A/C99A APE1 was found to be redox-inactive, whereas other double-cysteine mutants retained the same redox activity as that observed for C93A APE1. To determine whether these three cysteines, C65, C93, and C99, were sufficient for redox activity, all other cysteines were substituted with alanine, and this protein was shown to be fully redox-active. Mutants with impaired redox activity failed to stimulate cell proliferation, establishing an important role for APE1's redox activity in cell growth. Disulfide bond formation upon oxidation of APE1 was analyzed by proteolysis of the protein followed by mass spectrometry analysis. Within 5 min of exposure to hydrogen peroxide, a single disulfide bond formed between C65 and C138 followed by the formation of three additional disulfide bonds within 15 min; 10 total disulfide bonds formed within 1 h. A single mixed-disulfide bond involving C99 of APE1 was observed for the reaction of oxidized APE1 with thioredoxin (TRX). Disulfide-bonded APE1 or APE1-TRX species were further characterized by size exclusion chromatography and found to form large complexes. Taken together, our data suggest that APE1 is a unique redox factor with properties distinct from those of other redox factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Luo
- Section of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hongzhen He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dian Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Qiujia Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark R. Kelley
- Section of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Millie M. Georgiadis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Wang L, Cvetkov TL, Chance MR, Moiseenkova-Bell VY. Identification of in vivo disulfide conformation of TRPA1 ion channel. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:6169-76. [PMID: 22207754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.329748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1) is an ion channel expressed in the termini of sensory neurons and is activated in response to a broad array of noxious exogenous and endogenous thiol-reactive compounds, making it a crucial player in chemical nociception. A number of conserved cysteine residues on the N-terminal domain of the channel have been identified as critical for sensing these electrophilic pungent chemicals, and our recent EM structure with modeled domains predicts that these cysteines form a ligand-binding pocket, allowing for the possibility of disulfide bonding between the cysteine residues. Here, we present a comprehensive mass spectrometry investigation of the in vivo disulfide bonding conformation and in vitro reactivity of 30 of the 31 cysteine residues in the TRPA1 ion channel. Four disulfide bonds were detected in the in vivo TRPA1 structure: Cys-666-Cys-622, Cys-666-Cys-463, Cys-622-Cys-609, and Cys-666-Cys-193. All of the cysteines detected were reactive to N-methylmaleimide (NMM) in vitro, with varying degrees of labeling efficiency. Comparison of the ratio of the labeling efficiency at 300 μM versus 2 mM NMM identified a number of cysteine residues that were outliers from the mean labeling ratio, suggesting that protein conformation changes rendered these cysteines either more or less protected from labeling at the higher NMM concentrations. These results indicate that the activation mechanism of TRPA1 may involve N-terminal conformation changes and disulfide bonding between critical cysteine residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University,Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Paulsen CE, Truong TH, Garcia FJ, Homann A, Gupta V, Leonard SE, Carroll KS. Peroxide-dependent sulfenylation of the EGFR catalytic site enhances kinase activity. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 8:57-64. [PMID: 22158416 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein sulfenylation is a post-translational modification of emerging importance in higher eukaryotes. However, investigation of its diverse roles remains challenging, particularly within a native cellular environment. Herein we report the development and application of DYn-2, a new chemoselective probe for detecting sulfenylated proteins in human cells. These studies show that epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated signaling results in H(2)O(2) production and oxidation of downstream proteins. In addition, we demonstrate that DYn-2 has the ability to detect differences in sulfenylation rates within the cell, which are associated with differences in target protein localization. We also show that the direct modification of epidermal growth factor receptor by H(2)O(2) at a critical active site cysteine (Cys797) enhances its tyrosine kinase activity. Collectively, our findings reveal sulfenylation as a global signaling mechanism that is akin to phosphorylation and has regulatory implications for other receptor tyrosine kinases and irreversible inhibitors that target oxidant-sensitive cysteines in proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice E Paulsen
- Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Wu C, Parrott AM, Fu C, Liu T, Marino SM, Gladyshev VN, Jain MR, Baykal AT, Li Q, Oka S, Sadoshima J, Beuve A, Simmons WJ, Li H. Thioredoxin 1-mediated post-translational modifications: reduction, transnitrosylation, denitrosylation, and related proteomics methodologies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2565-604. [PMID: 21453190 PMCID: PMC3176348 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significance of redox post-translational modifications (PTMs) in regulating diverse signal transduction pathways, the enzymatic systems that catalyze reversible and specific oxidative or reductive modifications have yet to be firmly established. Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) is a conserved antioxidant protein that is well known for its disulfide reductase activity. Interestingly, Trx1 is also able to transnitrosylate or denitrosylate (defined as processes to transfer or remove a nitric oxide entity to/from substrates) specific proteins. An intricate redox regulatory mechanism has recently been uncovered that accounts for the ability of Trx1 to catalyze these different redox PTMs. In this review, we will summarize the available evidence in support of Trx1 as a specific disulfide reductase, and denitrosylation and transnitrosylation agent, as well as the biological significance of the diverse array of Trx1-regulated pathways and processes under different physiological contexts. The dramatic progress in redox proteomics techniques has enabled the identification of an increasing number of proteins, including peroxiredoxin 1, whose disulfide bond formation and nitrosylation status are regulated by Trx1. This review will also summarize the advancements of redox proteomics techniques for the identification of the protein targets of Trx1-mediated PTMs. Collectively, these studies have shed light on the mechanisms that regulate Trx1-mediated reduction, transnitrosylation, and denitrosylation of specific target proteins, solidifying the role of Trx1 as a master regulator of redox signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changgong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, 07103, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Karisch R, Fernandez M, Taylor P, Virtanen C, St-Germain JR, Jin LL, Harris IS, Mori J, Mak TW, Senis YA, Östman A, Moran MF, Neel BG. Global proteomic assessment of the classical protein-tyrosine phosphatome and "Redoxome". Cell 2011; 146:826-40. [PMID: 21884940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), along with protein-tyrosine kinases, play key roles in cellular signaling. All Class I PTPs contain an essential active site cysteinyl residue, which executes a nucleophilic attack on substrate phosphotyrosyl residues. The high reactivity of the catalytic cysteine also predisposes PTPs to oxidation by reactive oxygen species, such as H(2)O(2). Reversible PTP oxidation is emerging as an important cellular regulatory mechanism and might contribute to diseases such as cancer. We exploited these unique features of PTP enzymology to develop proteomic methods, broadly applicable to cell and tissue samples, that enable the comprehensive identification and quantification of expressed classical PTPs (PTPome) and the oxidized subset of the PTPome (oxPTPome). We find that mouse and human cells and tissues, including cancer cells, display distinctive PTPomes and oxPTPomes, revealing additional levels of complexity in the regulation of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in normal and malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Karisch
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 2M9, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Zhou H, Singh H, Parsons ZD, Lewis SM, Bhattacharya S, Seiner DR, LaButti JN, Reilly TJ, Tanner JJ, Gates KS. The biological buffer bicarbonate/CO2 potentiates H2O2-mediated inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatases. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15803-5. [PMID: 21913686 DOI: 10.1021/ja2077137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a cell signaling agent that inactivates protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) via oxidation of their catalytic cysteine residue. PTPs are inactivated rapidly during H(2)O(2)-mediated cellular signal transduction processes, but, paradoxically, hydrogen peroxide is a rather sluggish PTP inactivator in vitro. Here we present evidence that the biological buffer bicarbonate/CO(2) potentiates the ability of H(2)O(2) to inactivate PTPs. The results of biochemical experiments and high-resolution crystallographic analysis are consistent with a mechanism involving oxidation of the catalytic cysteine residue by peroxymonocarbonate generated via the reaction of H(2)O(2) with HCO(3)(-)/CO(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Ostman A, Frijhoff J, Sandin A, Böhmer FD. Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases by reversible oxidation. J Biochem 2011; 150:345-56. [PMID: 21856739 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of the catalytic cysteine of protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTP), which leads to their reversible inactivation, has emerged as an important regulatory mechanism linking cellular tyrosine phosphorylation and signalling by reactive-oxygen or -nitrogen species (ROS, RNS). This review focuses on recent findings about the involved pathways, enzymes and biochemical mechanisms. Both the general cellular redox state and extracellular ligand-stimulated ROS production can cause PTP oxidation. Members of the PTP family differ in their intrinsic susceptibility to oxidation, and different types of oxidative modification of the PTP catalytic cysteine can occur. The role of PTP oxidation for physiological signalling processes as well as in different pathologies is described on the basis of well-investigated examples. Criteria to establish the causal involvement of PTP oxidation in a given process are proposed. A better understanding of mechanisms leading to selective PTP oxidation in a cellular context, and finding ways to pharmacologically modulate these pathways are important topics for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Ostman
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Tanner JJ, Parsons ZD, Cummings AH, Zhou H, Gates KS. Redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases: structural and chemical aspects. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:77-97. [PMID: 20919935 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important targets of the H(2)O(2) that is produced during mammalian signal transduction. H(2)O(2)-mediated inactivation of PTPs also may be important in various pathophysiological conditions involving oxidative stress. Here we review the chemical and structural biology of redox-regulated PTPs. Reactions of H(2)O(2) with PTPs convert the catalytic cysteine thiol to a sulfenic acid. In PTPs, the initially generated sulfenic acid residues have the potential to undergo secondary reactions with a neighboring amide nitrogen or cysteine thiol residue to yield a sulfenyl amide or disulfide, respectively. The chemical mechanisms by which formation of sulfenyl amide and disulfide linkages can protect the catalytic cysteine residue against irreversible overoxidation to sulfinic and sulfonic oxidation states are described. Due to the propensity for back-door and distal cysteine residues to engage with the active-site cysteine after oxidative inactivation, differences in the structures of the oxidatively inactivated PTPs may stem, to a large degree, from differences in the number and location of cysteine residues surrounding the active site of the enzymes. PTPs with key cysteine residues in structurally similar locations may be expected to share similar mechanisms of oxidative inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Gruszczyk J, Fleurie A, Olivares-Illana V, Béchet E, Zanella-Cleon I, Moréra S, Meyer P, Pompidor G, Kahn R, Grangeasse C, Nessler S. Structure analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus UDP-N-acetyl-mannosamine dehydrogenase Cap5O involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17112-21. [PMID: 21454499 PMCID: PMC3089555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial UDP-sugar dehydrogenases are part of the biosynthesis pathway of extracellular polysaccharides. These compounds act as important virulence factors by protecting the cell from opsonophagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. In Staphylococcus aureus, the protein Cap5O catalyzes the oxidation of UDP-N-acetyl-mannosamine to UDP-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronic acid. Cap5O is crucial for the production of serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide that prevents the interaction of bacteria with both phagocytic and nonphagocytic eukaryotic cells. However, details of its catalytic mechanism remain unknown. We thus crystallized Cap5O and solved the first structure of an UDP-N-acetyl-mannosamine dehydrogenase. This study revealed that the catalytic cysteine makes a disulfide bond that has never been observed in other structurally characterized members of the NDP-sugar dehydrogenase family. Biochemical and mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that the formation of this disulfide bridge regulates the activity of Cap5O. We also identified two arginine residues essential for Cap5O activity. Previous data suggested that Cap5O is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, so we characterized the phosphorylation site and examined the underlying regulatory mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Gruszczyk
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Aurore Fleurie
- the Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 (CNRS, Université Lyon 1), 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France, and
| | - Vanesa Olivares-Illana
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Emmanuelle Béchet
- the Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 (CNRS, Université Lyon 1), 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France, and
| | - Isabelle Zanella-Cleon
- the Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 (CNRS, Université Lyon 1), 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France, and
| | - Solange Moréra
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Meyer
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Pompidor
- the Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, UMR 5075 (CNRS, CEA, UJF), 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Richard Kahn
- the Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, UMR 5075 (CNRS, CEA, UJF), 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Grangeasse
- the Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 (CNRS, Université Lyon 1), 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France, and
| | - Sylvie Nessler
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Aran M, Ferrero D, Wolosiuk A, Mora-García S, Wolosiuk RA. ATP and Mg2+ promote the reversible oligomerization and aggregation of chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23441-51. [PMID: 21525006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.239434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prxs) are ubiquitous peroxidases with important roles in cellular antioxidant defense and hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling. Post-translational modifications of conserved cysteines cause the transition from low to high molecular weight oligomers, triggering the functional change from peroxidase to molecular chaperone. However, it remains unclear how non-covalent interactions of 2-Cys Prx with metabolites modulate the quaternary structure. Here, we disclose that ATP and Mg(2+) (ATP/Mg) promote the self-polymerization of chloroplast 2-Cys Prx (polypeptide 23.5 kDa) into soluble higher order assemblies (>2 MDa) that proceed to insoluble aggregates beyond 5 mM ATP. Remarkably, the withdrawal of ATP or Mg(2+) brings soluble oligomers and insoluble aggregates back to the native conformation without compromising the associated functions. As confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, ATP/Mg drive the toroid-like decamers (diameter 13 nm) to the formation of large sphere-like particles (diameter ∼30 nm). Circular dichroism studies on ATP-labeled 2-Cys Prx reveal that ATP/Mg enhance the proportion of β-sheets with the concurrent decrease in the content of α-helices. In line with this observation, the formation of insoluble aggregates is strongly prevented by 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, a cosolvent employed to induce α-helical conformations. We further find that the response of self-polymerization to ATP/Mg departs abruptly from that of the associated peroxidase and chaperone activities when two highly conserved residues, Arg(129) and Arg(152), are mutated. Collectively, our data uncover that non-covalent interactions of ATP/Mg with 2-Cys Prx modulate dynamically the quaternary structure, thereby coupling the non-redox chemistry of cell energy with redox transformations at cysteine residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martín Aran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas-Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Depto. Química Biológica-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Klomsiri C, Karplus PA, Poole LB. Cysteine-based redox switches in enzymes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1065-77. [PMID: 20799881 PMCID: PMC3064533 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The enzymes involved in metabolism and signaling are regulated by posttranslational modifications that influence their catalytic activity, rates of turnover, and targeting to subcellular locations. Most prominent among these has been phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, but now a distinct class of modification coming to the fore is a set of versatile redox modifications of key cysteine residues. Here we review the chemical, structural, and regulatory aspects of such redox regulation of enzymes and discuss examples of how these regulatory modifications often work in concert with phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events, making redox dependence an integral part of many cell signaling processes. Included are the emerging roles played by peroxiredoxins, a family of cysteine-based peroxidases that now appear to be major players in both antioxidant defense and cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chananat Klomsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - P. Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Leslie B. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Ishihara Y, Takeuchi K, Ito F, Shimamoto N. Dual regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis by reactive oxygen species: Increases in transcriptional expression and decreases in proteasomal degradation of BimEL. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1007-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
76
|
Bhattacharyya S, Zhou H, Seiner DR, Gates KS. Inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatases by oltipraz and other cancer chemopreventive 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5945-9. [PMID: 20655236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dithiolethiones upregulate the expression of cancer-preventive proteins via modification of thiol residues in the Keap1-Nrf2 transcription factor complex. In addition to Keap1-Nrf2, dithiolethiones have the potential to modify a variety of cysteine-containing proteins in the cell. Such 'off target' reactions could contribute to either side effects or cancer-preventive efficacy. Evidence is presented here that cancer chemopreventive dithiolethiones inactivate protein tyrosine phosphatases via covalent, but thiol-labile, modification of active site residues. This observation may explain a number of previously reported cellular responses to dithiolethiones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Lukosz M, Jakob S, Büchner N, Zschauer TC, Altschmied J, Haendeler J. Nuclear redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:713-42. [PMID: 19737086 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have been described to modulate proteins within the cell, a process called redox regulation. However, the importance of compartment-specific redox regulation has been neglected for a long time. In the early 1980s and 1990s, many in vitro studies introduced the possibility that nuclear redox signaling exists. However, the functional relevance for that has been greatly disregarded. Recently, it has become evident that nuclear redox signaling is indeed one important signaling mechanism regulating a variety of cellular functions. Transcription factors, and even kinases and phosphatases, have been described to be redox regulated in the nucleus. This review describes several of these proteins in closer detail and explains their functions resulting from nuclear localization and redox regulation. Moreover, the redox state of the nucleus and several important nuclear redox regulators [Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), Glutaredoxins (Grxs), Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), and APEX nuclease (multifunctional DNA-repair enzyme) 1 (APEX1)] are introduced more precisely, and their necessity for regulation of transcription factors is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Lukosz
- Molecular Cell & Aging Research, IUF (Institute for Molecular Preventive Medicine), At the University of Duesseldorf gGmbH, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Sivaramakrishnan S, Cummings AH, Gates KS. Protection of a single-cysteine redox switch from oxidative destruction: On the functional role of sulfenyl amide formation in the redox-regulated enzyme PTP1B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:444-7. [PMID: 20015650 PMCID: PMC2886500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Model reactions offer a chemical mechanism by which formation of a sulfenyl amide residue at the active site of the redox-regulated protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B protects the cysteine redox switch in this enzyme against irreversible oxidative destruction. The results suggest that 'overoxidation' of the sulfenyl amide redox switch to the sulfinyl amide in proteins is a chemically reversible event, because the sulfinyl amide can be easily returned to the native cysteine thiol residue via reactions with cellular thiols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea H. Cummings
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Paulsen CE, Carroll KS. Orchestrating redox signaling networks through regulatory cysteine switches. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:47-62. [PMID: 19957967 DOI: 10.1021/cb900258z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) acts as a second messenger that can mediate intracellular signal transduction via chemoselective oxidation of cysteine residues in signaling proteins. This Review presents current mechanistic insights into signal-mediated H(2)O(2) production and highlights recent advances in methods to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cysteine oxidation both in vitro and in cells. Selected examples from the recent literature are used to illustrate the diverse mechanisms by which H(2)O(2) can regulate protein function. The continued development of methods to detect and quantify discrete cysteine oxoforms should further our mechanistic understanding of redox regulation of protein function and may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Chemical Biology Graduate Program
- Life Sciences Institute
- Departmentof Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2216
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Mitochondrial peroxiredoxin involvement in antioxidant defence and redox signalling. Biochem J 2009; 425:313-25. [PMID: 20025614 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prxs (peroxiredoxins) are a family of proteins that are extremely effective at scavenging peroxides. The Prxs exhibit a number of intriguing properties that distinguish them from conventional antioxidants, including a susceptibility to inactivation by hyperoxidation in the presence of excess peroxide and the ability to form complex oligomeric structures. These properties, combined with a high cellular abundance and reactivity with hydrogen peroxide, have led to speculation that the Prxs function as redox sensors that transmit signals as part of the cellular response to oxidative stress. Multicellular organisms express several different Prxs that can be categorized by their subcellular distribution. In mammals, Prx 3 and Prx 5 are targeted to the mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondria are a major source of hydrogen peroxide, and this oxidant is implicated in the damage associated with aging and a number of pathologies. Hydrogen peroxide can also act as a second messenger, and is linked with signalling events in mitochondria, including the induction of apoptosis. A simple kinetic competition analysis estimates that Prx 3 will be the target for up to 90% of hydrogen peroxide generated in the matrix. Therefore, mitochondrial Prxs have the potential to play a major role in mitochondrial redox signalling, but the extent of this role and the mechanisms involved are currently unclear.
Collapse
|
81
|
Price KA, Caragounis A, Paterson BM, Filiz G, Volitakis I, Masters CL, Barnham KJ, Donnelly PS, Crouch PJ, White AR. Sustained Activation of Glial Cell Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor by Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Metal Complexes Is Associated with Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Activity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6606-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9007938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brett M. Paterson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Irene Volitakis
- The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Barnham
- The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony R. White
- The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|