51
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Cheng G, Liu Z, Murton JK, Jablin M, Dubey M, Majewski J, Halbert C, Browning J, Ankner J, Akgun B, Wang C, Esker AR, Sale KL, Simmons BA, Kent MS. Neutron Reflectometry and QCM-D Study of the Interaction of Cellulases with Films of Amorphous Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2216-24. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200305u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California and Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Zelin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jaclyn K. Murton
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California and Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Michael Jablin
- Lujan Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Manish Dubey
- Lujan Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Jaroslaw Majewski
- Lujan Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Candice Halbert
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - James Browning
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - John Ankner
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Bulent Akgun
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Alan R. Esker
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Kenneth L. Sale
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California and Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California and Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California and Albuquerque, New Mexico
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52
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Chandra RP, Au-Yeung K, Chanis C, Roos AA, Mabee W, Chung PA, Ghatora S, Saddler JN. The influence of pretreatment and enzyme loading on the effectiveness of batch and fed-batch hydrolysis of corn stover. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 27:77-85. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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53
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Zhao L, Bulhassan A, Yang G, Ji HF, Xi J. Real-time detection of the morphological change in cellulose by a nanomechanical sensor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:190-4. [PMID: 20653025 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, experimental limitations have prevented researchers from achieving the molecular-level understanding for the initial steps of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, where cellulase breaks down the crystal structure on the surface region of cellulose and exposes cellulose chains for the subsequent hydrolysis by cellulase. Because one of these non-hydrolytic enzymatic steps could be the rate-limiting step for the entire enzymatic hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose by cellulase, being able to analyze and understand these steps is instrumental in uncovering novel leads for improving the efficiency of cellulase. In this communication, we report an innovative application of the microcantilever technique for a real-time assessment of the morphological change of cellulose induced by a treatment of sodium chloride. This sensitive nanomechanical approach to define changes in surface structure of cellulose has the potential to permit a real-time assessment of the effect of the non-hydrolytic activities of cellulase on cellulose and thereby to provide a comprehensive understanding of the initial steps of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhao
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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54
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Santa-Maria M, Jeoh T. Molecular-Scale Investigations of Cellulose Microstructure during Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2000-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100366h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Santa-Maria
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Tina Jeoh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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55
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Quirk A, Lipkowski J, Vandenende C, Cockburn D, Clarke AJ, Dutcher JR, Roscoe SG. Direct visualization of the enzymatic digestion of a single fiber of native cellulose in an aqueous environment by atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:5007-13. [PMID: 20170174 DOI: 10.1021/la9037028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study native cellulose films prepared from a bacterial cellulose source, Acetobacter xylinum, using a novel application of the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. These films allowed high-resolution AFM images of single fibers and their microfibril structure to be obtained. Two types of experiments were performed. First, the fibers were characterized using samples that were dried after LB deposition. Next, novel protocols that allowed us to image single fibers of cellulose in films that were never dried were developed. This procedure allowed us to perform in situ AFM imaging studies of the enzymatic hydrolysis of single cellulose fibers in solution using cellulolytic enzymes. The in situ degradation of cellulose fibers was monitored over a 9 h period using AFM. These studies provided the first direct, real-time images of the enzymatic degradation of a single cellulose fiber. We have demonstrated the tremendous potential of AFM to study the mechanism of the enzymatic digestion of cellulose and to identify the most effective enzymes for the digestion of various cellulose structures or isomorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Quirk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
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56
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Zhang A, Lu F, Sun RC, Ralph J. Isolation of cellulolytic enzyme lignin from wood preswollen/dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide/n-methylimidazole. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3446-3450. [PMID: 20158201 DOI: 10.1021/jf903998d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Attempts were made to enhance polysaccharide digestibility by crude cellulases in the isolation of cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) by dissolution of ball-milled wood in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/N-methylimidazole solvent system as a pretreatment step. Wood regenerated from the DMSO/N-methylimidazole solution was hydrolyzed with crude cellulases for 48 h, removing 73.7 and 66.9% of the original carbohydrate for basswood and loblolly pine, respectively; only 61.7 and 49.2% were hydrolyzed by the crude cellulases without pretreatment. The yields of CEL isolated from regenerated ball-milled wood samples were therefore higher than those directly from ball-milled wood material, presumably via decreasing crystallinity of cellulose. For basswood, the yields of lignin were 45.8 and 36.5% (based on Klason lignin); for loblolly pine, the yields were 35.3 and 30.5%. The isolated lignins were structurally examined using two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence ((1)H-(13)C HSQC) NMR methods, which showed that the main structural characteristics of the lignin fractions obtained using these two methods are similar except for slightly higher amounts of carbohydrates in the solvent dissolution product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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57
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Clé C, Martin C, Field RA, Kuzmič P, Bornemann S. Detection of enzyme-catalyzed polysaccharide synthesis on surfaces. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420903388744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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58
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Hu G, Heitmann JA, Rojas OJ. In Situ Monitoring of Cellulase Activity by Microgravimetry with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:14761-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp907155v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8005, and Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3320, FIN-02015 TKK, Espoo, Finland
| | - John A. Heitmann
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8005, and Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3320, FIN-02015 TKK, Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8005, and Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3320, FIN-02015 TKK, Espoo, Finland
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59
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Aulin C, Ahola S, Josefsson P, Nishino T, Hirose Y, Osterberg M, Wågberg L. Nanoscale cellulose films with different crystallinities and mesostructures--their surface properties and interaction with water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:7675-85. [PMID: 19348478 DOI: 10.1021/la900323n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the degree of molecular ordering and swelling of different nanocellulose model films has been conducted. Crystalline cellulose II surfaces were prepared by spin-coating of the precursor cellulose solutions onto oxidized silicon wafers before regeneration in water or by using the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique. Amorphous cellulose films were also prepared by spin-coating of a precursor cellulose solution onto oxidized silicon wafers. Crystalline cellulose I surfaces were prepared by spin-coating wafers with aqueous suspensions of sulfate-stabilized cellulose I nanocrystals and low-charged microfibrillated cellulose (LC-MFC). In addition, a dispersion of high-charged MFC was used for the buildup of polyelectrolyte multilayers with polyetheyleneimine on silica with the aid of the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. These preparation methods produced smooth thin films on the nanometer scale suitable for X-ray diffraction and swelling measurements. The surface morphology and thickness of the cellulose films were characterized in detail by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometry measurements, respectively. To determine the surface energy of the cellulose surfaces, that is, their ability to engage in different interactions with different materials, they were characterized through contact angle measurements against water, glycerol, and methylene iodide. Small incidence angle X-ray diffraction revealed that the nanocrystal and MFC films exhibited a cellulose I crystal structure and that the films prepared from N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), LiCl/DMAc solutions, using the LS technique, possessed a cellulose II structure. The degree of crystalline ordering was highest in the nanocrystal films (approximately 87%), whereas the MFC, NMMO, and LS films exhibited a degree of crystallinity of about 60%. The N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/LiCl film possessed very low crystalline ordering (<15%). It was also established that the films had different mesostructures, that is, structures around 10 nm, depending on the preparation conditions. The LS and LiCl/DMAc films are smooth without any clear mesostructure, whereas the other films have a clear mesostructure in which the dimensions are dependent on the size of the nanocrystals, fibrillar cellulose, and electrostatic charge of the MFC. The swelling of the films was studied using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. To understand the swelling properties of the films, it was necessary to consider both the difference in crystalline ordering and the difference in mesostructure of the films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Aulin
- Fibre Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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60
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Hu G, Heitmann JA, Rojas OJ. Quantification of Cellulase Activity Using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance Technique. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1872-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802318t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8005
| | - John A. Heitmann
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8005
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8005
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61
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The antimicrobial reagent role on the degradation of model cellulose film. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 327:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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62
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Ahola S, Turon X, Osterberg M, Laine J, Rojas OJ. Enzymatic hydrolysis of native cellulose nanofibrils and other cellulose model films: effect of surface structure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:11592-9. [PMID: 18778090 DOI: 10.1021/la801550j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Model films of native cellulose nanofibrils, which contain both crystalline cellulose I and amorphous domains, were used to investigate the dynamics and activities of cellulase enzymes. The enzyme binding and degradation of nanofibril films were compared with those for other films of cellulose, namely, Langmuir-Schaefer and spin-coated regenerated cellulose, as well as cellulose nanocrystal cast films. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was used to monitor the changes in frequency and energy dissipation during incubation at varying enzyme concentrations and experimental temperatures. Structural and morphological changes of the cellulose films upon incubation with enzymes were evaluated by using atomic force microscopy. The QCM-D results revealed that the rate of enzymatic degradation of the nanofibril films was much faster compared to the other types of cellulosic films. Higher enzyme loads did not dramatically increase the already fast degradation rate. Real-time measurements of the coupled contributions of enzyme binding and hydrolytic reactions were fitted to an empirical model that closely described the cellulase activities. The hydrolytic potential of the cellulase mixture was found to be considerably affected by the nature of the substrates, especially their crystallinity and morphology. The implications of these observations are discussed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahola
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3320, FIN-02015 TKK, Espoo, Finland
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63
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Gierlinger N, Goswami L, Schmidt M, Burgert I, Coutand C, Rogge T, Schwanninger M. In Situ FT-IR Microscopic Study on Enzymatic Treatment of Poplar Wood Cross-Sections. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2194-201. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800300b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), umr Physiologie Intégrative de l’Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), 234 av. du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Boku - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences,
| | - Luna Goswami
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), umr Physiologie Intégrative de l’Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), 234 av. du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Boku - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences,
| | - Martin Schmidt
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), umr Physiologie Intégrative de l’Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), 234 av. du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Boku - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences,
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), umr Physiologie Intégrative de l’Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), 234 av. du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Boku - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences,
| | - Catherine Coutand
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), umr Physiologie Intégrative de l’Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), 234 av. du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Boku - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences,
| | - Tilmann Rogge
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), umr Physiologie Intégrative de l’Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), 234 av. du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Boku - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences,
| | - Manfred Schwanninger
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), umr Physiologie Intégrative de l’Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), 234 av. du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Boku - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences,
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