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Chojnacki JE, Liu K, Saathoff JM, Zhang S. Bivalent ligands incorporating curcumin and diosgenin as multifunctional compounds against Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7324-31. [PMID: 26526742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to combat the multifaceted nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression, a series of multifunctional, bivalent compounds containing curcumin and diosgenin were designed, synthesized, and biologically characterized. Screening results in MC65 neuroblastoma cells established that compound 38 with a spacer length of 17 atoms exhibited the highest protective potency with an EC50 of 111.7 ± 9.0 nM. A reduction in protective activity was observed as spacer length was increased up to 28 atoms and there is a clear structural preference for attachment to the methylene carbon between the two carbonyl moieties of curcumin. Further study suggested that antioxidative ability and inhibitory effects on amyloid-β oligomer (AβO) formation may contribute to the neuroprotective outcomes. Additionally, compound 38 was found to bind directly to Aβ, similar to curcumin, but did not form complexes with the common biometals Cu, Fe, and Zn. Altogether, these results give strong evidence to support the bivalent design strategy in developing novel compounds with multifunctional ability for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E Chojnacki
- School of Pharmacy-Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech I, Suite 205, 800 E. Leigh St., PO Box 980540, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Pharmacy-Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech I, Suite 205, 800 E. Leigh St., PO Box 980540, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - John M Saathoff
- School of Pharmacy-Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech I, Suite 205, 800 E. Leigh St., PO Box 980540, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Shijun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy-Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech I, Suite 205, 800 E. Leigh St., PO Box 980540, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Nieto CI, Cabildo MP, Cornago MP, Sanz D, Claramunt RM, Torralba MC, Torres MR, Elguero J, García JA, López A, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Fluorination Effects on NOS Inhibitory Activity of Pyrazoles Related to Curcumin. Molecules 2015; 20:15643-65. [PMID: 26343623 PMCID: PMC6332466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200915643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new (E)-3(5)-[β-(aryl)-ethenyl]-5(3)-phenyl-1H-pyrazoles bearing fluorine atoms at different positions of the aryl group have been synthesized starting from the corresponding β-diketones. All compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, DSC as well as NMR (1H, 13C, 19F and 15N) spectroscopy in solution and in solid state. Three structures have been solved by X-ray diffraction analysis, confirming the tautomeric forms detected by solid state NMR. The in vitro study of their inhibitory potency and selectivity on the activity of nNOS and eNOS (calcium-calmodulin dependent) as well as iNOS (calcium-calmodulin independent) isoenzymes is presented. A qualitative structure–activity analysis allowed the establishment of a correlation between the presence/absence of different substituents with the inhibition data proving that fluorine groups enhance the biological activity. (E)-3(5)-[β-(3-Fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethenyl]-5(3)-phenyl-1H-pyrazole (13), is the best inhibitor of iNOS, being also more selective towards the other two isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla I. Nieto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (C.I.N.); (M.P.C.); (M.P.C.); (D.S.)
| | - María Pilar Cabildo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (C.I.N.); (M.P.C.); (M.P.C.); (D.S.)
| | - María Pilar Cornago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (C.I.N.); (M.P.C.); (M.P.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Dionisia Sanz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (C.I.N.); (M.P.C.); (M.P.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Rosa M. Claramunt
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (C.I.N.); (M.P.C.); (M.P.C.); (D.S.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (R.M.C.); (M.C.T.); (D.A.C.); Tel.: +34-91-398-73-22 (R.M.C.); Fax: +34-91-398-66-97 (R.M.C.)
| | - María Carmen Torralba
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I and CAI de Difracción de Rayos-X, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (R.M.C.); (M.C.T.); (D.A.C.); Tel.: +34-91-398-73-22 (R.M.C.); Fax: +34-91-398-66-97 (R.M.C.)
| | - María Rosario Torres
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I and CAI de Difracción de Rayos-X, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica “Manuel Lora-Tamayo”, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid 28006, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - José A. García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; E-Mails: (J.A.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Ana López
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; E-Mails: (J.A.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; E-Mails: (J.A.G.); (A.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (R.M.C.); (M.C.T.); (D.A.C.); Tel.: +34-91-398-73-22 (R.M.C.); Fax: +34-91-398-66-97 (R.M.C.)
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Gerenu G, Liu K, Chojnacki JE, Saathoff JM, Martínez-Martín P, Perry G, Zhu X, Lee HG, Zhang S. Curcumin/melatonin hybrid 5-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-oxo-pentanoic acid [2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-amide ameliorates AD-like pathology in the APP/PS1 mouse model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1393-1399. [PMID: 25893520 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In our efforts to develop hybrid compounds of curcumin and melatonin as potential disease-modifying agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a potent lead hybrid compound, Z-CM-I-1, has been recently identified and biologically characterized in vitro. In this work, we report the in vivo effects of Z-CM-I-1 on AD pathologies in an APP/PS1 transgenic AD model. Our studies demonstrated that Z-CM-I-1 significantly decreased the accumulation of Aβ in the hippocampus and cortex regions of the brain and reduced inflammatory responses and oxidative stress after treatment for 12 weeks at 50 mg/kg per dose via oral administration. Furthermore, Z-CM-I-1 significantly improved synaptic dysfunction evidenced by the increased expression of synaptic marker proteins, PSD95 and synaptophysin, indicating its protective effects on synaptic degeneration. Lastly, we demonstrated that Z-CM-I-1 significantly increased the expression level of complexes I, II, and IV of the mitochondria electron transport chain in the brain tissue of APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, these results clearly suggest that Z-CM-I-1 is orally available and exhibits multifunctional properties in vivo on AD pathologies, thus strongly encouraging further development of this lead compound as a potential disease-modifying agent for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Jeremy E. Chojnacki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - John M. Saathoff
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Pablo Martínez-Martín
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, Alzheimer Center Reina Sofía Foundation, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | | | | | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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Abstract
Background: Due to the complex nature of Alzheimer's disease, there is a renewed and growing search for multitarget drugs. Results: Donepezil–ferulic acid hybrids (DFAHs) were prepared by the one-pot Ugi-4CR in low-to-moderate yields. DFAHs are potent antioxidant agents, showing oxygen radical absorbance capacity values in the range 4.80–8.71 trolox equivalents, quite higher compared with those recorded for ferulic acid and melatonin. From the ChEs inhibition studies, we conclude that DFAH 8, bearing an ethylene linker, and DFAH 12, bearing a propylene linker, both substituted with a melatonin motif, are the most potent inhibitors, in the nanomolar range. Conclusion: We have identified DFAH 8 as a very potent antioxidant, and totally selective equineButyrylCholinEsterase (eqBuChE) inhibitor.
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Teiten MH, Dicato M, Diederich M. Hybrid curcumin compounds: a new strategy for cancer treatment. Molecules 2014; 19:20839-63. [PMID: 25514225 PMCID: PMC6271749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial disease that requires treatments able to target multiple intracellular components and signaling pathways. The natural compound, curcumin, was already described as a promising anticancer agent due to its multipotent properties and huge amount of molecular targets in vitro. Its translation to the clinic is, however, limited by its reduced solubility and bioavailability in patients. In order to overcome these pharmacokinetic deficits of curcumin, several strategies, such as the design of synthetic analogs, the combination with specific adjuvants or nano-formulations, have been developed. By taking into account the risk-benefit profile of drug combinations, as well as the knowledge about curcumin's structure-activity relationship, a new concept for the combination of curcumin with scaffolds from different natural products or components has emerged. The concept of a hybrid curcumin molecule is based on the incorporation or combination of curcumin with specific antibodies, adjuvants or other natural products already used or not in conventional chemotherapy, in one single molecule. The high diversity of such conjugations enhances the selectivity and inherent biological activities and properties, as well as the efficacy of the parental compound, with particular emphasis on improving the efficacy of curcumin for future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Teiten
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (LBMCC), Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, Rue Edward Steichen, Luxembourg L-2540, Luxembourg.
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (LBMCC), Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, Rue Edward Steichen, Luxembourg L-2540, Luxembourg.
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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Synthesis and characterization of new bivalent agents as melatonin- and histamine H3-ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16114-33. [PMID: 25222552 PMCID: PMC4200786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an endogenous molecule involved in many pathophysiological processes. In addition to the control of circadian rhythms, its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties have been widely described. Thus far, different bivalent compounds composed by a melatonin molecule linked to another neuroprotective agent were synthesized and tested for their ability to block neurodegenerative processes in vitro and in vivo. To identify a novel class of potential neuroprotective compounds, we prepared a series of bivalent ligands, in which a prototypic melatonergic ligand is connected to an imidazole-based H3 receptor antagonist through a flexible linker. Four imidazolyl-alkyloxy-anilinoethylamide derivatives, characterized by linkers of different length, were synthesized and their binding affinity for human MT1, MT2 and H3 receptor subtypes was evaluated. Among the tested compounds, 14c and 14d, bearing a pentyl and a hexyl linker, respectively, were able to bind to all receptor subtypes at micromolar concentrations and represent the first bivalent melatonergic/histaminergic ligands reported so far. These preliminary results, based on binding affinity evaluation, pave the way for the future development of new dual-acting compounds targeting both melatonin and histamine receptors, which could represent promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies.
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