Development of the Chemistry of Indium in Formal Oxidation States Lower than +3†

Keeping the ball rolling: fullerene-like molecular clusters

The discovery of fullerenes in 1985 opened a new chapter in the chemistry of highly symmetric molecules. Fullerene-like metal clusters, characterized by (multi)shell-like structures, are one rapidly developing class of molecules that share this shape. In addition to creating aesthetically pleasing molecular structures, the ordered arrangement of metal atoms within such frameworks provides the opportunity to develop materials with properties not readily achieved in corresponding mononuclear or lower-nuclearity complexes. In this Account, we survey the great variety of fullerene-like metal-containing clusters with an emphasis on their synthetic and structural chemistry, a first step in the discussion of this fascinating field of cluster chemistry. We group the compounds of interest into three categories based on the atomic composition of the cluster core: those with formal metal-metal bonding, those characterized by ligand participation, and those supported by polyoxometalate building blocks. The number of clusters in the first group, containing metal-metal bonds, is relatively small. However, because of the unique and complex bonding scenarios observed for some of these species, these metalloid clusters present a number of research questions with significant ramifications. Because these cores contain molecular clusters of precious metals at the nanoscale, they offer an opportunity to study chemical properties at size ranges from the molecular to nanoscale and to gain insights into the electronic structures and properties of nanomaterials of similar chemical compositions. Clusters of the second type, whose core structures are facilitated by ligand participation, could aid in the development of functional materials. Of particular interest are the magnetic clusters containing both transition and lanthanide elements. A series of such heterometallic clusters that we prepared demonstrates diverse magnetic properties including antiferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism, and ferromagnetism. Considering the diversity of their composition, their distinct electronic structures, and the disparate coordination behaviors of the different metal elements, these materials suggest abundant opportunities for designing multifunctional materials with varied structures. The third type of clusters that we discuss are based on polyoxometalates, in particular those containing pentagonal units. However, unlike in fullerene chemistry, which does not allow the use of discrete pentagonal building blocks, the metal oxide-based pentagonal units can be used as fundamental building blocks for constructing various Keplerate structures. These structures also have a variety of functions, including intriguing magnetic properties in some cases. Coupled with different linking groups, such pentagonal units can be used for the assembly of a large number of spherical molecules whose properties can be tuned and optimized. Although this Account focuses on the topological aspects of fullerene-like metal clusters, we hope that this topical review will stimulate more efforts in the exploratory synthesis of new fullerene-like clusters. More importantly, we hope that further study of the bonding interactions and properties of these molecules will lead to the development of new functional materials.

An organogallium subfluoride and subhydroxide: three Ga-Ga bonds in single molecules

Treatment of the digallium compound R2Ga-GaR2 1 [R = CH(SiMe3)2] with hydrogen fluoride or water in the presence of 2-aminonicotinic acid afforded the corresponding fluoride or hydroxide, R(X)Ga-Ga(X)R (X = F, OH), by substituent exchange and retainment of the Ga-Ga bonds. Both compounds form trimeric formula units in which three Ga-Ga bonds in a parallel orientation are bridged by six fluoro or hydroxo ligands.

Low-valent indium as a catalyst for the allylation of ketones and N-acylhydrazones

Indium summer: The use of low-valent indium species in organic chemistry was, until quite recently, underdeveloped. Then came reports of indium(I) halides serving as excellent catalysts for the allylation of ketones and N-acylhydrazones with pinacol allylboronates, and more recently of indium(0) being used as a catalyst for the allylation of ketones in water.