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Dolai G, Shill S, Roy S, Mandal B. Atomic Insight on Inhibition of Fibrillization of Dipeptides by Replacement of Phenylalanine with Tryptophan. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37339161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) conjugates destabilize amyloid fibrils responsible for amyloidoses. However, the mechanism of such destabilization is obscure. Herein the self-assembly of four synthesized Trp-containing dipeptides Boc-xxx-Trp-OMe (xxx: Val, Leu, Ile, and Phe) has been investigated and compared with the existing report on their Phe congeners. Two among them are the C-terminal tryptophan analogs of Boc-Val-Phe-OMe (VF, Aβ18-19) and Boc-Phe-Phe-OMe (FF, Aβ19-20), part of the central hydrophobic region of amyloid-β (Aβ1-42). While Boc-Val-Trp-OMe (VW), Boc-Leu-Trp-OMe (LW), Boc-Ile-Trp-OMe (IW), and Boc-Phe-Trp-OMe (FW) displayed a spherical morphology in FESEM and AFM images, the corresponding phenylalanine-containing dipeptides displayed various fibrous structures. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) indicated that peptides VW and IW exhibited structures containing parallel β-sheet, cross-β-structure, sheet-like layer structure, and helical arrangement in the solid state. Interestingly, peptide FW displayed inverse γ-turn conformation (similar to open-turn structure), antiparallel β-sheet structure, columnar structure, supramolecular nanozipper structure, sheet-like layer arrangement, and helical architecture in the solid state. The open-turn conformation and nanozipper structure formation by FW may be the first example of a dipeptide that forms such structures. The minute but consistent differences in molecular packing at the atomic level between Trp and Phe congeners may be responsible for their remarkably different supramolecular structure generation. This molecular-level structural analysis may be helpful for the de novo design of peptide nanostructures and therapeutics. Similar studies by the Debasish Haldar group are reported, but they investigated the inhibition of fibrillization of dipeptides by tyrosine and interactions are expectedly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobinda Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Peptide and Amyloid Research, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sukesh Shill
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Peptide and Amyloid Research, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sayanta Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Peptide and Amyloid Research, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Bhubaneswar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Peptide and Amyloid Research, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Dakhlaoui I, Bernard PJ, Pietrzak D, Simakov A, Maj M, Refouvelet B, Béduneau A, Cornu R, Jozwiak K, Chabchoub F, Iriepa I, Martin H, Marco-Contelles J, Ismaili L. Exploring the Potential of Sulfonamide-Dihydropyridine Hybrids as Multitargeted Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119742. [PMID: 37298693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that has a heavy social and economic impact on all societies and for which there is still no cure. Multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) seem to be a promising therapeutic strategy for finding an effective treatment for this disease. For this purpose, new MTDLs were designed and synthesized in three steps by simple and cost-efficient procedures targeting calcium channel blockade, cholinesterase inhibition, and antioxidant activity. The biological and physicochemical results collected in this study allowed us the identification two sulfonamide-dihydropyridine hybrids showing simultaneous cholinesterase inhibition, calcium channel blockade, antioxidant capacity and Nrf2-ARE activating effect, that deserve to be further investigated for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Dakhlaoui
- Laboratoire LINC UR 481, Pôle de Chimie Médicinale, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Heterocycles, Lipids and Polymers, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, B. P 802, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Paul J Bernard
- Laboratoire LINC UR 481, Pôle de Chimie Médicinale, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Diana Pietrzak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Alexey Simakov
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Maciej Maj
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bernard Refouvelet
- Laboratoire LINC UR 481, Pôle de Chimie Médicinale, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Arnaud Béduneau
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Raphaël Cornu
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Fakher Chabchoub
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Heterocycles, Lipids and Polymers, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, B. P 802, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Isabel Iriepa
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Helene Martin
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lhassane Ismaili
- Laboratoire LINC UR 481, Pôle de Chimie Médicinale, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
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53
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Fang Y, Wang Q, Xiang C, Liu G, Li J. A Novel Aggregation-Induced Emission Fluorescent Probe for Detection of β-Amyloid Based on Pyridinyltriphenylamine and Quinoline-Malononitrile. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:610. [PMID: 37366974 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
β-amyloid is an important pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease. Its abnormal production and aggregation in the patient's brain is an important basis for the early diagnosis and confirmation of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, a novel aggregation-induced emission fluorescent probe, PTPA-QM, was designed and synthesized based on pyridinyltriphenylamine and quinoline-malononitrile. These molecules exhibit a donor-donor-π-acceptor structure with a distorted intramolecular charge transfer feature. PTPA-QM displayed the advantages of good selectivity toward viscosity. The fluorescence intensity of PTPA-QM in 99% glycerol solution was 22-fold higher than that in pure DMSO. PTPA-QM has been confirmed to have excellent membrane permeability and low toxicity. More importantly, PTPA-QM exhibits a high affinity towards β-amyloid in brain sections of 5XFAD mice and classical inflammatory cognitive impairment mice. In conclusion, our work provides a promising tool for the detection of β-amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chenlong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Guijin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Junjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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54
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Du Z, Nam E, Lin Y, Hong M, Molnár T, Kondo I, Ishimori K, Baik MH, Lee YH, Lim MH. Unveiling the impact of oxidation-driven endogenous protein interactions on the dynamics of amyloid-β aggregation and toxicity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5340-5349. [PMID: 37234895 PMCID: PMC10208028 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (Cyt c), a multifunctional protein with a crucial role in controlling cell fate, has been implicated in the amyloid pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the interaction between Cyt c and amyloid-β (Aβ) with the consequent impact on the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ is not known. Here we report that Cyt c can directly bind to Aβ and alter the aggregation and toxicity profiles of Aβ in a manner that is dependent on the presence of a peroxide. When combined with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Cyt c redirects Aβ peptides into less toxic, off-pathway amorphous aggregates, whereas without H2O2, it promotes Aβ fibrillization. The mechanisms behind these effects may involve a combination of the complexation between Cyt c and Aβ, the oxidation of Aβ by Cyt c and H2O2, and the modification of Cyt c by H2O2. Our findings demonstrate a new function of Cyt c as a modulator against Aβ amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Du
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 PR China
| | - Eunju Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) Ochang Chungbuk 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - Mannkyu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Tamás Molnár
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Ikufumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - Koichiro Ishimori
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) Ochang Chungbuk 28119 Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology (UST) Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
- Research Headquarters, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu 41068 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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55
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Nazarova A, Padnya P, Khannanov A, Khabibrakhmanova A, Zelenikhin P, Stoikov I. Towards Protection of Nucleic Acids from Herbicide Attack: Self-Assembly of Betaines Based on Pillar[5]arene with Glyphosate and DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098357. [PMID: 37176066 PMCID: PMC10179701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbicides are one of the main parts of pesticides used today. Due to the high efficiency and widespread use of glyphosate-based herbicides, the search for substances reducing their genotoxicity is an important interdisciplinary task. One possible approach for solving the problem of herbicide toxicity is to use compounds that can protect DNA from damage by glyphosate derivatives. For the first time, a method for developing DNA-protecting measures against glyphosate isopropylamine salt (GIS) damage was presented and realized, based on low-toxicity water-soluble pillar[5]arene derivatives. Two- and three-component systems based on pillar[5]arene derivatives, GIS, and model DNA from salmon sperm, as well as their cytotoxicity, were studied. The synthesized pillar[5]arene derivatives do not interact with GIS, while GIS is able to bind DNA from salmon sperm with lgKa = 4.92. The pillar[5]arene betaine derivative containing fragments of L-phenylalanine and the ester derivative with diglycine fragments bind DNA with lgKa = 5.24 and lgKa = 4.88, respectively. The study of the associates (pillar[5]arene-DNA) with GIS showed that the interaction of GIS with DNA is inhibited only by the betaine pillar[5]arene containing fragments of L-Phe (lgKa = 3.60). This study has shown a possible application of betaine pillar[5]arene derivatives for nucleic acid protection according to its competitive binding with biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Nazarova
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Padnya
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Arthur Khannanov
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Khabibrakhmanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Zelenikhin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety, Nauchny Gorodok-2, 420075 Kazan, Russia
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56
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Wang Z, Shang Y, Luo H, Yang C, Yang Z, Ren C, Liu J. Achieving higher hierarchical structures by cooperative assembly of tripeptides with reverse sequences. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7502-7509. [PMID: 37017562 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical self-assembly based on peptides in nature is a multi-component interaction process, providing a broad platform for various bionanotechnological applications. However, the study of controlling the hierarchical structure transformation via the cooperation rules of different sequences is still rarely reported. Herein, we report a novel strategy of achieving higher hierarchical structures through cooperative self-assembly of hydrophobic tripeptides with reverse sequences. We unexpectedly found that Nap-FVY and its reverse sequence Nap-YVF self-assembled into nanospheres, respectively, while their mixture formed nanofibers, obviously exhibiting a low-to-high hierarchical structure transformation. Further, this phenomenon was demonstrated by the other two collocations. The cooperation of Nap-VYF and Nap-FYV afforded the transformation from nanofibers to twisted nanoribbons, and the cooperation of Nap-VFY and Nap-YFV realized the transformation from nanoribbons to nanotubes. The reason may be that the cooperative systems in the anti-parallel β-sheet conformation created more hydrogen bond interactions and in-register π-π stacking, promoting a more compact molecular arrangement. This work provides a handy approach for controlled hierarchical assembly and the development of various functional bionanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China.
| | - Yuna Shang
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Hongjing Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China.
| | - Cuihong Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China.
| | - Zhimou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Chunhua Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China.
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China.
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57
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Tan Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Tang Y, Lao Z, Wei G. Dissecting how ALS-associated D290V mutation enhances pathogenic aggregation of hnRNPA2 286-291 peptides: Dynamics and conformational ensembles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124659. [PMID: 37119915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of RNA binding proteins, including hnRNPA1/2, TDP-43 and FUS, is heavily implicated in causing or increasing disease risk for a series of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A recent experimental study demonstrated that an ALS-related D290V mutation in the low complexity domain (LCD) of hnRNPA2 can enhance the aggregation propensity of wild type (WT) hnRNPA2286-291 peptide. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, we investigated effects of D290V mutation on aggregation dynamics of hnRNPA2286-291 peptide and the conformational ensemble of hnRNPA2286-291 oligomers by performing all-atom molecular dynamic and replica-exchange molecular dynamic simulations. Our simulations demonstrate that D290V mutation greatly reduces the dynamics of hnRNPA2286-291 peptide and that D290V oligomers possess higher compactness and β-sheet content than WT, indicative of mutation-enhanced aggregation capability. Specifically, D290V mutation strengthens inter-peptide hydrophobic, main-chain hydrogen bonding and side-chain aromatic stacking interactions. Those interactions collectively lead to the enhancement of aggregation capability of hnRNPA2286-291 peptides. Overall, our study provides insights into the dynamics and thermodynamic mechanisms underlying D290V-induced disease-causing aggregation of hnRNPA2286-291, which could contribute to better understanding of the transitions from reversible condensates to irreversible pathogenic aggregates of hnRNPA2 LCD in ALS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tan
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianshi Liu
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Tang
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenghui Lao
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Wei
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
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58
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Duan C, Wang R. Electrostatics-Induced Nucleated Conformational Transition of Protein Aggregation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:158401. [PMID: 37115902 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.158401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide existence of protein aggregation in nature and its intimate connection to many human diseases, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we develop a molecular theory by systematically incorporating the self-consistent field theory for charged macromolecules into the dilute solution thermodynamics. The kinetic pathway is tracked without any restriction on the morphology of the aggregates. We find that protein aggregation at low salt concentrations is via a two-step nucleated process involving a conformational transition from metastable spherical oligomer to elongated fibril. The scaling analysis elucidates the electrostatic origin of the conformational transition: the fibril enters the screening region much earlier than the spherical aggregate. As salt concentration increases, the classical mode of one-step nucleation corresponding to macroscopic liquid-liquid phase separation is recovered. Our results reveal that the screened electrostatic interaction is essential for the existence of the metastable oligomer and its subsequent conformational transition to fibril. The theoretical predictions of the kinetic pathway and the morphology of the aggregates are in good agreement with the experimental observations of real proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Duan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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59
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Qiao L, Shen Y, Li G, Lv G, Li C. Hypochlorous Acid-Activated UCNPs-LMB/VQIVYK Multifunctional Nanosystem for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14040207. [PMID: 37103297 PMCID: PMC10143957 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of nanosystems, which can photooxygenate amyloid-β (Aβ), detect the Tau protein, and inhibit effectively the Tau aggregation, is increasingly important in the diagnosis and therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, UCNPs-LMB/VQIVYK (UCNPs: upconversion nanoparticles, LMB: Leucomethylene blue, and VQIVYK: Biocompatible peptide) is designed as a HOCl-controlled released nanosystem for AD synergistic treatment. Under exposure to high levels of HOCl, the released MB from UCNPs-LMB/VQIVYK will produce singlet oxygen (1O2) under red light to depolymerize Aβ aggregation and reduce cytotoxicity. Meanwhile, UCNPs-LMB/VQIVYK can act as an inhibitor to decrease Tau-induced neurotoxicity. Besides, UCNPs-LMB/VQIVYK can be used for upconversion luminescence (UCL) due to its unexceptionable luminescence properties. This HOCl-responsive nanosystem offers a new therapy for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Qiao
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinarity Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Guanglei Lv
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinarity Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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60
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Leite JP, Figueira F, Mendes RF, Almeida Paz FA, Gales L. Metal-Organic Frameworks as Sensors for Human Amyloid Diseases. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1033-1053. [PMID: 36892002 PMCID: PMC10043940 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are versatile compounds with emergent applications in the fabrication of biosensors for amyloid diseases. They hold great potential in biospecimen protection and unprecedented probing capabilities for optical and redox receptors. In this Review, we summarize the main methodologies employed in the fabrication of MOF-based sensors for amyloid diseases and collect all available data in the literature related to their performance (detection range, limit of detection, recovery, time of analysis, among other parameters). Nowadays, MOF sensors have evolved to a point where they can, in some cases, outperform technologies employed in the detection of several amyloid biomarkers (amyloid β peptide, α-synuclein, insulin, procalcitonin, and prolactin) present in biological fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood. A special emphasis has been given by researchers on Alzheimer's disease monitoring to the detriment of other amyloidosis that are underexploited despite their societal relevance (e.g., Parkinson's disease). There are still important obstacles to overcome in order to selectively detect the various peptide isoforms and soluble amyloid species associated with Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, MOF contrast agents for imaging peptide soluble oligomers in living humans are also scarce (if not nonexistent), and action in this direction is unquestionably required to clarify the contentious link between the amyloidogenic species and the disease, guiding research toward the most promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Leite
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávio Figueira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo F Mendes
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe A Almeida Paz
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Gales
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Tonelli M, Catto M, Sabaté R, Francesconi V, Laurini E, Pricl S, Pisani L, Miniero DV, Liuzzi GM, Gatta E, Relini A, Gavín R, Del Rio JA, Sparatore F, Carotti A. Thioxanthenone-based derivatives as multitarget therapeutic leads for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115169. [PMID: 36753881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A set of twenty-five thioxanthene-9-one and xanthene-9-one derivatives, that were previously shown to inhibit cholinesterases (ChEs) and amyloid β (Aβ40) aggregation, were evaluated for the inhibition of tau protein aggregation. All compounds exhibited a good activity, and eight of them (5-8, 10, 14, 15 and 20) shared comparable low micromolar inhibitory potency versus Aβ40 aggregation and human acetylcholinesterase (AChE), while inhibiting human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) even at submicromolar concentration. Compound 20 showed outstanding biological data, inhibiting tau protein and Aβ40 aggregation with IC50 = 1.8 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Moreover, at 0.1-10 μM it also exhibited neuroprotective activity against tau toxicity induced by okadoic acid in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, that was comparable to that of estradiol and PD38. In preliminary toxicity studies, these interesting results for compound 20 are somewhat conflicting with a narrow safety window. However, compound 10, although endowed with a little lower potency for tau and Aβ aggregation inhibition additionally demonstrated good inhibition of ChEs and rather low cytotoxicity. Compound 4 is also worth of note for its high potency as hBChE inhibitor (IC50 = 7 nM) and for the three order of magnitude selectivity versus hAChE. Molecular modelling studies were performed to explain the different behavior of compounds 4 and 20 towards hBChE. The observed balance of the inhibitory potencies versus the relevant targets indicates the thioxanthene-9-one derivatives as potential MTDLs for AD therapy, provided that the safety window will be improved by further structural variations, currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Leonardo Pisani
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Gatta
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Relini
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Del Rio
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Carotti
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
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62
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Zangiabadi M, Ghosh A, Zhao Y. Nanoparticle Scanners for the Identification of Key Sequences Involved in the Assembly and Disassembly of β-Amyloid Peptides. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4764-4774. [PMID: 36857741 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), implied in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease, is driven by a complex set of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions involving both hydrophobic and polar residues. The key residues responsible for the forward assembling process may be different from those that should be targeted to disassemble already formed aggregates. Molecularly imprinted nanoparticle (MINP) receptors are reported in this work to strongly and selectively bind specific segments of Aβ40. Combined fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy indicate that binding residues 21-30 near the loop region is most effective at inhibiting the aggregation of monomeric Aβ40, but residues 11-20 that include the internal β strand closer to the N-terminal represent the best target for disaggregating already formed aggregates in the polymerization phase. Once the aggregation proceeds to the saturation phase, binding residues 1-10 has the largest effect on the disaggregation, likely because of the accessibility of these amino acids relative to others to the MINP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zangiabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Avijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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Ozaki M, Shimotsuma M, Kuranaga T, Kakeya H, Hirose T. Separation of amyloid β fragment peptides with racemised and isomerised aspartic acid residues using an original chiral resolution labeling reagent. Analyst 2023; 148:1209-1213. [PMID: 36779274 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01885c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed a system to separate and identify racemised and isomerised aspartic acid (Asp) residues in amyloid β (Aβ) by labeling with an original chiral resolution labeling reagent, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-D-leucine-N,N-dimethylethylenediamine-amide (D-FDLDA). The racemised and isomerised Asp residues labeled with D-FDLDA in Aβ fragments generated by digesting with trypsin and endoproteinase Glu-C were separated and identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) under simple gradient conditions. Furthermore, the labeled Aβ fragments did not aggregate and remained stable at least for 1 week at 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ozaki
- Research and Development Department, Purification Section, Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Ishibashi Kaide-cho, Muko-shi, Kyoto 617-0004, Japan.
| | - Motoshi Shimotsuma
- Research and Development Department, Purification Section, Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Ishibashi Kaide-cho, Muko-shi, Kyoto 617-0004, Japan.
| | - Takefumi Kuranaga
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Frontier Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Kakeya
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Frontier Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Tsunehisa Hirose
- Research and Development Department, Purification Section, Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Ishibashi Kaide-cho, Muko-shi, Kyoto 617-0004, Japan.
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64
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Suh JM, Kim M, Yoo J, Han J, Paulina C, Lim MH. Intercommunication between metal ions and amyloidogenic peptides or proteins in protein misfolding disorders. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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65
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Hu X, Meier M, Pruessner J. Challenges and opportunities of diagnostic markers of Alzheimer's disease based on structural magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2925. [PMID: 36795041 PMCID: PMC10013953 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article aimed to carry out a narrative literature review of early diagnostic markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on both micro and macro levels of pathology, indicating the shortcomings of current biomarkers and proposing a novel biomarker of structural integrity that associates the hippocampus and adjacent ventricle together. This could help to reduce the influence of individual variety and improve the accuracy and validity of structural biomarker. METHODS This review was based on presenting comprehensive background of early diagnostic markers of AD. We have compiled those markers into micro level and macro level, and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of them. Eventually the ratio of gray matter volume to ventricle volume was put forward. RESULTS The costly methodologies and related high patient burden of "micro" biomarkers (cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers) hinder the implementation in routine clinical examination. In terms of "macro" biomarkers- hippocampal volume (HV), there is a large variation of it among population, which undermines its validity Considering the gray matter atrophies while the adjacent ventricular volume enlarges, we assume the hippocampal to ventricle ratio (HVR) is a more reliable marker than HV alone the emerging evidence showed hippocampal to ventricle ratio predicts memory functions better than HV alone in elderly sample. CONCLUSIONS The ratio between gray matter structures and adjacent ventricular volumes counts as a promising superior diagnostic marker of early neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hu
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maria Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jens Pruessner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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66
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Jia J, Yi L, Xia Z, Yang M, Qiu D, Zhao Z, Peng Z. Development of [18F]Thiazolylacylaminopyridine-Based Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Ligands for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 88:129263. [PMID: 37004924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) regulates numerous of CNS-specific signaling pathways, and is particularly implicated in various pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A noninvasive method for detecting GSK-3β in AD brains via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging could enhance the understanding of AD pathogenesis and aid in the development of AD therapeutic drugs. In this study, an array of fluorinated thiazolyl acylaminopyridines (FTAAP) targeting GSK-3β were designed and synthesized. These compounds showed moderate to high affinities (IC50 = 6.0 - 426 nM) for GSK-3β in vitro. A potential GSK-3β tracer, [18F]8, was successfully radiolabeled. [18F]8 had unsatisfactory initial brain uptake despite its suitable lipophilicity, molecular size and good stability. Further structural refinement of the lead compound is needed to develop promising [18F]-labeled radiotracers for the detection of GSK-3β in AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Jia
- Department of Radiological Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
| | - Lan Yi
- Department of Radiological Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Zhu Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Meixian Yang
- Department of Radiological Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Dachuan Qiu
- Department of Radiological Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Zhenghuan Zhao
- Department of Radiological Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Zhiping Peng
- Department of Radiological Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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67
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Gray ALH, Norman V, Oluwatoba DS, Prosser RA, Do TD. Potential Protective Function of Aβ 42 Monomer on Tauopathies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:472-483. [PMID: 36693165 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While soluble forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) and Tau work together to drive healthy neurons into a disease state, how their interaction may control the prion-like propagation and neurotoxicity of Tau is not fully understood. The cross-linking via disulfide bond formation is crucial for Tau oligomers to obtain stable conformers and spread between cells. This work thus focuses on how Aβ42 regulates this critical process. By studying the interactions between Aβ42 and TauPHF43, a construct that mimics the Tau R3 isoform, has a similar length to Aβ42, and contains one cysteine (Cys-322), we discovered that fresh Aβ42 could protect Tau against the formation of disulfide cross-linked dimers. We showed that the monomeric and small Aβ oligomers (the "nonamyloidogenic Aβ") efficiently disassembled tau dimers and heparin-induced Tau oligomers to recover Tau monomers. Interestingly, Aβ serves the role of an antioxidant to prevent disulfide bond formation, as supported by the experiments of Aβ with cystine. Furthermore, using cyclosporine A (CycA), a macrocyclic β-sheet disruptor, we demonstrated that targeting amyloidogenic Aβ with CycA does not affect the TauPHF43 disassembly driven by Aβ42. Separately, we assessed the initial toxicity of Aβ42 and TauPHF43 in acute brain slices and found that Aβ42 is more toxic than TauPHF43 or the two peptides combined. Our work highlights a potential protective role of Aβ42 monomers in AD that was previously overlooked while focusing on the mechanism behind Aβ42 aggregation leading to tau dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L H Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Victoria Norman
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Damilola S Oluwatoba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Rebecca A Prosser
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Thanh D Do
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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68
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Ghosh S, Ali R, Verma S. Aβ-oligomers: A potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124231. [PMID: 36996958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The cascade of amyloid formation relates to multiple complex events at the molecular level. Previous research has established amyloid plaque deposition as the leading cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, detected mainly in aged population. The primary components of the plaques are two alloforms of amyloid-beta (Aβ), Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 peptides. Recent studies have provided considerable evidence contrary to the previous claim indicating that amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs) as the main culprit responsible for AD-associated neurotoxicity and pathogenesis. In this review, we have discussed the primary features of AβOs, such as assembly formation, the kinetics of oligomer formation, interactions with various membranes/membrane receptors, the origin of toxicity, and oligomer-specific detection methods. Recently, the discovery of rationally designed antibodies has opened a gateway for using synthesized peptides as a grafting component in the complementarity determining region (CDR) of antibodies. Thus, the Aβ sequence motif or the complementary peptide sequence in the opposite strand of the β-sheet (extracted from the Protein Data Bank: PDB) helps design oligomer-specific inhibitors. The microscopic event responsible for oligomer formation can be targeted, and thus prevention of the overall macroscopic behaviour of the aggregation or the associated toxicity can be achieved. We have carefully reviewed the oligomer formation kinetics and associated parameters. Besides, we have depicted a thorough understanding of how the synthesized peptide inhibitors can impede the early aggregates (oligomers), mature fibrils, monomers, or a mixture of the species. The oligomer-specific inhibitors (peptides or peptide fragments) lack in-depth chemical kinetics and optimization control-based screening. In the present review, we have proposed a hypothesis for effectively screening oligomer-specific inhibitors using the chemical kinetics (determining the kinetic parameters) and optimization control strategy (cost-dependent analysis). Further, it may be possible to implement the structure-kinetic-activity-relationship (SKAR) strategy instead of structure-activity-relationship (SAR) to improve the inhibitor's activity. The controlled optimization of the kinetic parameters and dose usage will be beneficial for narrowing the search window for the inhibitors.
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69
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Yelamanda Rao K, Jeelan Basha S, Monika K, Sreelakshmi M, Sivakumar I, Mallikarjuna G, Yadav RM, Kumar S, Subramanyam R, Damu AG. Synthesis and anti-Alzheimer potential of novel α-amino phosphonate derivatives and probing their molecular interaction mechanism with acetylcholinesterase. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 253:115288. [PMID: 37031527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotropic interference may be a prerequisite for the efficient limitation of the progression of multi-factorial diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Concept of designing the single chemical entity acting on two or more targets of interest has potential advantage in AD therapy. In line with this, rational design and synthesis of frame work of hybrids bearing 2,3-disubstituted quinazolinone, vanillin and α-amino phosphonate scaffolds (5a─v) were carried out. A congeneric set of twenty-two synthetic derivatives (5a─v) were evaluated for their cholinesterase inhibitory, antioxidant, DNA nicking, DNA protection, neuroprotective and Aβ aggregation modulatory activities. Amongst tested activities, the most significant and worth mentioning is that the analogues 5m, 5p and 5u were found to be the most potent, selective, and mixed type inhibitors of EeAChE with IC50 values of 0.296 ± 0.030, 0.289 ± 0.027, and 0.306 ± 0.028 μM, respectively. Further, the biophysical approaches indicated that the compounds 5m, 5p, and 5u have a strong binding affinity towards AChE. Kinetic and Molecular docking studies have revealed that the most active congeners were well oriented in the AChE active site by interacting with both catalytic active site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS). A few parameters derived from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation trajectories emphasized the stability of AChE-5p and 5m complexes throughout the 100 ns simulations, and the local conformational changes of the residues of AChE validate the stability of AChE-5p and 5m complexes. Further, these derivatives significantly impacted ABTS radical scavenging capacities and maximal DNA protection activity. Importantly, Thioflavin T (ThT) assay and FE-SEM study demonstrated compounds 5m, 5p and 5u as effective Aβ1-42 fibril modulators at molecular level by the formation of micro size co-assembled mature structures, thus efficiently abolishing the cytotoxicity of Aβ1-42. Finally, these active compounds are determined to be non-toxic and highly neuroprotective against H2O2-induced cell death in SK-N-SH cell lines. Furthermore, in silico ADMET prediction studies have revealed that the targeted analogues satisfied most of the characteristics of CNS acting drugs. These multi-functional efficacies indicated worthiness of these α-amino phosphonate derivatives being chosen for further pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and behavioral research to test their potential for AD treatment.
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70
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Kalita S, Bergman H, Dubey KD, Shaik S. How Can Static and Oscillating Electric Fields Serve in Decomposing Alzheimer's and Other Senile Plaques? J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3543-3553. [PMID: 36735972 PMCID: PMC9936589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative conditions, which are ascribed to extracellular accumulation of β-amyloid peptides into plaques. This phenomenon seems to typify other related neurodegenerative diseases. The present study uses classical molecular-dynamics simulations to decipher the aggregation-disintegration behavior of β-amyloid peptide plaques in the presence of static and oscillating oriented external electric fields (OEEFs). A long-term disintegration of such plaques is highly desirable since this may improve the prospects of therapeutic treatments of Alzheimer's disease and of other neurodegenerative diseases typified by senile plaques. Our study illustrates the spontaneous aggregation of the β-amyloid, its prevention and breakdown when OEEF is applied, and the fate of the broken aggregate when the OEEF is removed. Notably, we demonstrate that the usage of an oscillating OEEF on β-amyloid aggregates appears to lead to an irreversible disintegration. Insight is provided into the root causes of the various modes of aggregation, as well as into the different fates of OEEF-induced disintegration in oscillating vs static fields. Finally, our simulation results are compared to the well-established TTFields and the Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) therapies, which are currently used options for treatments of Alzheimer's disease and other related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Kalita
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology (Physiology), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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71
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Yi Y, Lim MH. Current understanding of metal-dependent amyloid-β aggregation and toxicity. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:121-131. [PMID: 36794021 PMCID: PMC9906324 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00208f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of effective therapeutics targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been very challenging, which suggests its complicated etiology associated with multiple pathogenic elements. In AD-affected brains, highly concentrated metals, such as copper and zinc, are found in senile plaques mainly composed of Aβ aggregates. These metal ions are coordinated to Aβ and affect its aggregation and toxicity profiles. In this review, we illustrate the current view on molecular insights into the assembly of Aβ peptides in the absence and presence of metal ions as well as the effect of metal ions on their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelim Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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72
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Du Z, Liu C, Liu Z, Song H, Scott P, Du X, Ren J, Qu X. In vivo visualization of enantioselective targeting of amyloid and improvement of cognitive function by clickable chiral metallohelices. Chem Sci 2023; 14:506-513. [PMID: 36741518 PMCID: PMC9847640 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05897a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is closely related to several contributing factors, especially amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. Bioorthogonal reactions provide a general, facile, and robust route for the localization and derivatization of Aβ-targeted agents. Herein, a pair of chiral alkyne-containing metallohelices (ΛA and ΔA) were demonstrated to enantioselectively target and modulate Aβ aggregation, which has been monitored in triple-transgenic AD model mice and proved to improve cognitive function. Compared with its enantiomer ΔA, ΛA performed better in blocking Aβ fibrillation, relieving Aβ-triggered toxicity, and recovering memory deficits in vivo. Moreover, clickable ΛA could act as a functional module for subsequent visualization and versatile modification of amyloid via bioorthogonal reaction. As a proof-of-concept, thioflavin T, tacrine, and magnetic nanoparticles were conjugated with ΛA to realize Aβ photo-oxygenation, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and Aβ clearance, respectively. This proof-of-principle work provided new insights into the biolabeling and bioconjugation of multifunctional metallosupramolecules through click reactions for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Du
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Chun Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 China
| | - Hualong Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Peter Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Xiubo Du
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 China
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73
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Shi H, Sun Y, Yao Z, Bai M. New Insights into the Structural and Binding Properties on Aβ Mature Fibrils Due to Histidine Protonation Behaviors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:218-225. [PMID: 36604946 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histidine tautomeric behaviors have been considered origin factors for controlling the structure and aggregation properties of misfolding peptides. Except for tautomeric behaviors, histidine protonation behaviors definitely have the same capacities due to the net charge changes and the various N/N-H orientations on imidazole rings. However, such phenomena are still unknown. In the current study, Aβ mature fibrils substituted with various protonation states were performed by molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structure and binding properties. Our results show that all kinds of protonation states can increase the ΔG1 stability and decrease ΔG2 and ΔG3 stabilities. A significantly higher averaged β-sheet content was detected in (εεp), (εpp), and (ppp) fibrils in one, two, and three protonation stages, respectively. Impressively, we found that the substituted fibril with specific protonated states can control the N-terminus structural properties. Further analysis confirmed that H6 and H13 are more important than H14 since the H-bond donor and receptor cooperate among C1/C3/C8_H6, C1/C3/C8_H13, and C1/C3/C8_E11. Furthermore, the mechanism of protonation behaviors was discussed. The current study is helpful for understanding the histidine protonation behaviors on one, two, and three protonation stages, which provides new horizons for exploring the origin of protein folding and misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.,Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zeshuai Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Min Bai
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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74
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Zhang T, Chen X, Yuan C, Pang X, Shangguan P, Liu Y, Han L, Sun J, Lam JWY, Liu Y, Wang J, Shi B, Zhong Tang B. Near-Infrared Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens for In Vivo Theranostics of Alzheimer's Disease. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211550. [PMID: 36336656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optimized theranostic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain almost absent from bench to clinic. Current probes and drugs attempting to prevent β-amyloid (Aβ) fibrosis encounter failures due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration challenge and blind intervention time window. Herein, we design a near-infrared (NIR) aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe, DNTPH, via balanced hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity strategy. DNTPH binds selectively to Aβ fibrils with a high signal-to-noise ratio. In vivo imaging revealed its excellent BBB permeability and long-term tracking ability with high-performance AD diagnosis. Remarkably, DNTPH exhibits a strong inhibitory effect on Aβ fibrosis and promotes fibril disassembly, thereby attenuating Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. DNTPH treatment significantly reduced Aβ plaques and rescued learning deficits in AD mice. Thus, DNTPH serves as the first AIE in vivo theranostic agent for real-time NIR imaging of Aβ plaques and AD therapy simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Congmin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaobin Pang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ping Shangguan
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yisheng Liu
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lulu Han
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiefei Wang
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China.,Centre for motor neuron disease, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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75
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Wang J, Jin C, Zhou J, Zhou R, Tian M, Lee HJ, Zhang H. PET molecular imaging for pathophysiological visualization in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:765-783. [PMID: 36372804 PMCID: PMC9852140 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia worldwide. The exact etiology of AD is unclear as yet, and no effective treatments are currently available, making AD a tremendous burden posed on the whole society. As AD is a multifaceted and heterogeneous disease, and most biomarkers are dynamic in the course of AD, a range of biomarkers should be established to evaluate the severity and prognosis. Positron emission tomography (PET) offers a great opportunity to visualize AD from diverse perspectives by using radiolabeled agents involved in various pathophysiological processes; PET imaging technique helps to explore the pathomechanisms of AD comprehensively and find out the most appropriate biomarker in each AD phase, leading to a better evaluation of the disease. In this review, we discuss the application of PET in the course of AD and summarized radiolabeled compounds with favorable imaging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Chentao Jin
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Jinyun Zhou
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Rui Zhou
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Mei Tian
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
| | - Hong Zhang
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XKey Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
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76
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Zhao J, Wang X, He Y, Xu P, Lai L, Chung Y, Pan X. The Role of T Cells in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Crit Rev Immunol 2023; 43:15-23. [PMID: 37943150 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with memory decline and cognitive impairment, which is related to hallmark protein aggregates, amyloid-β (Аβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles; the latter are accumulated with hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. Immune cells play an important role in AD pathogenesis. Although the role of T cells in AD remains controversial, studies have shown that T cell deficiency is associated with increased AD pathology. In contrast, transplantation of T cells reduces AD pathology. T cells can help B cells generate anti-Аβ antibody to neutralize the toxin of Аβ and hyperphosphorylated Tau. T cells also activate macrophages to phagocytose misfolded proteins including Аβ and Tau. Recent data have also shown that AD animals have a damaged thymic microenvironment, especially thymic epithelial cells (TECs), resulting in decreased T cell numbers, which contribute to AD pathology. Therefore, regulation of T cell regeneration, for example by rejuvenating the thymic microenvironment, has the potential to be used in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China; ZhuHai Hengqin ImStem Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New District Huandao Donglu 1889 Building 3, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- ZhuHai Hengqin ImStem Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New District Huandao Donglu 1889 Building 3, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China; ImStem Biotechnology, Inc., 400 Farmington Avenue R1808, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Yusheng He
- ZhuHai Hengqin ImStem Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New District Huandao Donglu 1889 Building 3, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Younggie Chung
- ZhuHai Hengqin ImStem Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New District Huandao Donglu 1889 Building 3, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China; ImStem Biotechnology, Inc., 400 Farmington Avenue R1808, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Xinghua Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
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77
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Kwak J, Woo J, Park S, Lim MH. Rational design of photoactivatable metal complexes to target and modulate amyloid-β peptides. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112053. [PMID: 36347209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates is found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Thus, numerous efforts have been made to develop chemical reagents capable of targeting Aβ peptides and controlling their aggregation. In particular, tunable coordination and photophysical properties of transition metal complexes, with variable oxidation and spin states on the metal centers, can be utilized to probe Aβ aggregates and alter their aggregation profiles. In this review, we illustrate some rational strategies for designing photoactivatable metal complexes as chemical sensors for Aβ peptides or modulators against their aggregation pathways, with some examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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78
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Zhu L, Luo M, Zhang Y, Fang F, Li M, An F, Zhao D, Zhang J. Free radical as a double-edged sword in disease: Deriving strategic opportunities for nanotherapeutics. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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79
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Vekilov PG, Wolynes PG. Time-Resolved In Situ AFM Measurement of Growth Rates of Aβ40 Fibrils. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2551:63-77. [PMID: 36310197 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2597-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We employ time-resolved in situ atomic force microcopy to monitor the growth of individual Aβ40 fibrils and thereby directly measure the fibril growth rates. We describe procedures to express and purify the Aβ peptide and verify its identity, prepare solutions and seeds, quantify the displacements of the growing tips of individual fibrils, and determine their respective growth rates. We discuss approaches to evaluate and minimize the impact of the scanning tip on the monitored processes. We use the distribution of fibril thickness to characterize approximately the fibril structure. The ability to quantify faithfully the growth kinetics of amyloid fibrils empowers exploration of the molecular-level processes of fibril growth that relate to behaviors of amyloid species of laboratory and clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Vekilov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Peter G Wolynes
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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80
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Sun Y, Yao Z, Shi H. Structural properties of Aβ (1-40) peptide in protonation stage of one, two, and three: New insights from the histidine protonation behaviors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1556-1561. [PMID: 36370861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Structural properties and aggregation tendency can be significantly influenced by histidine behaviors (histidine on Nδ-H state is defined as δ, likewise, Nε-H: ε and both Nδ-H and Nε-H: p). In current study, we investigated structural properties of Aβ(1-40) peptide during protonation evolution stage of one, two, and three by total 19 independent replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations using implicit solvent. Our results show that any kind of protonated state will promote β-sheet structure formation in comparison with deprotonated (εεε). With increase in number of protonation, the lowest β-sheet content increased. The highest averaged β-sheet structure content was detected in (δpδ) (46.0 %), (εpp) (36.8 %), and (ppp) (16.0 %) in each protonation stage. With three β-strand structures, (δpδ) shows more stable features and high hydrophobic properties. Further analysis confirmed that H13 and H14 are more important than H6. Specifically, H13 and H14 have a synergistic effect for structural formations by controlling H-bond networks in H13(p) with V39/V40 and H14(p/δ) with G37/G38. Finally, the Pearson correlation coefficient results confirmed that experimental result (ref. 44) is corresponding to our (εpp) system. Our current study will be conducive to understanding the effects of the histidine behaviors, it provides new insights for exploration protein folding and misfolding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zeshuai Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hu Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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81
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Ballesteros-Álvarez J, Nguyen W, Sivapatham R, Rane A, Andersen JK. Urolithin A reduces amyloid-beta load and improves cognitive deficits uncorrelated with plaque burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2022; 45:1095-1113. [PMID: 36576642 PMCID: PMC9886708 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of urolithin A (UA), a metabolite generated from ellagic acid via its metabolism by gut bacteria, as an autophagy activator with potential neuroprotective activity. WT and 3xTg-AD mice were administered long-term intermittent dietary supplementation with UA. UA was found to prevent deficits in spatial memory, cued fear response, and exploratory behavior in this model. It also decreased the Aβ plaque burden in areas of the hippocampus where these protein deposits are prominent in the model. Interestingly, correlation analyses demonstrate that Aβ plaque burden positively correlates with enhanced spatial memory in 3xTg-AD mice on a control diet but not in those supplemented with UA. In contrast, Aβ42 abundance in cortical and hippocampal homogenates negatively correlate with spatial memory in UA-fed mice. Our data suggest that plaque formation may be a protective mechanism against neurodegeneration and cognitive decline and that targeting the generation of proteotoxic Aβ species might be a more successful approach in halting disease progression. UA was also found to extend lifespan in normal aging mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that UA is able to induce autophagy and to increase Aβ clearance in neuronal cell lines. In summary, our studies reveal UA, likely via its actions as a autophagy inducer, is capable of removing Aβ from neurons and its dietary administration prevents the onset of cognitive deficits associated with pathological Aβ deposition in the 3xTg-AD mouse model as well as extending lifespan in normal aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wynnie Nguyen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA USA
| | | | - Anand Rane
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA USA
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82
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Alan E, Kerry Z, Sevin G. Molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease: From therapeutic targets to promising drugs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 37:397-427. [PMID: 36576325 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment so widespread that it interferes with a person's ability to complete daily activities. AD is becoming increasingly common, and it is estimated that the number of patients will reach 152 million by 2050. Current treatment options for AD are symptomatic and have modest benefits. Therefore, considering the human, social, and economic burden of the disease, the development of drugs with the potential to alter disease progression has become a global priority. In this review, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathology of AD were evaluated as therapeutic targets. The main aim of the review is to focus on new knowledge about mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuronal transmission in AD, as well as a range of cellular signaling mechanisms and associated treatments. Important molecular interactions leading to AD were described in amyloid cascade and in tau protein function, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, cAMP-regulatory element-binding protein (CREB), the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT-1), neuroinflammation (glial cells), and synaptic alterations. This review summarizes recent experimental and clinical research in AD pathology and analyzes the potential of therapeutic applications based on molecular disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Alan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Kerry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulnur Sevin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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83
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Mahakud AK, Shaikh J, Rifa Iqbal VV, Gupta A, Tiwari A, Saleem M. Amyloids on Membrane Interfaces: Implications for Neurodegeneration. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:705-722. [PMID: 35670831 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Membrane interfaces are vital for various cellular processes, and their involvement in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease has taken precedence in recent years. The amyloidogenic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases interact with the neuronal membrane through various means, which has implications for both the onset and progression of the disease. The parameters that regulate the interaction between the membrane and the amyloids remain poorly understood. The review focuses on the various aspects of membrane interactions of amyloids, particularly amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and Tau involved in Alzheimer's and α-synuclein involved in Parkinson's disease. The genetic, cell biological, biochemical, and biophysical studies that form the basis for our current understanding of the membrane interactions of Aβ peptides, Tau, and α-synuclein are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaresh Kumar Mahakud
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Jafarulla Shaikh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - V V Rifa Iqbal
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhinav Gupta
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuj Tiwari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Mohammed Saleem
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.
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84
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EF4K bola-amphiphilic peptide nanomembrane: structural, energetic and dynamic properties using molecular dynamics. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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85
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Banerjee S, Baghel D, Iqbal MHU, Ghosh A. Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy Identifies Parallel to Antiparallel β-Sheet Transformation of Aβ Fibrils. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10522-10526. [PMID: 36342244 PMCID: PMC10079140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins leading to the formation of oligomers and eventually into fibrils has been identified as a key pathological signature of Alzheimer's disease. The structure of late-stage aggregates have been studied in depth by conventional structural biology techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray crystallography, and infrared spectroscopy; however, the structure of early-stage aggregates is less known due to their transient nature. As a result, the structural evolution of amyloid aggregates from early oligomers to mature fibrils is still not fully understood. Here, we have applied atomic force microscopy-infrared nanospectroscopy to investigate the aggregation of Aβ 16-22, which spans the amyloidogenic core of the Aβ peptide. Our results demonstrate that Aβ 16-22 involves a structural transition from oligomers with parallel β-sheets to antiparallel fibrils through disordered and possibly helical intermediate fibril structures, contrary to the known aggregation pathway of full-length Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, 1007E Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487
| | - Divya Baghel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, 1007E Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487
| | - Md Hasan ul Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, 1007E Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487
| | - Ayanjeet Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, 1007E Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487
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86
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Khotimchenko YS, Silachev DN, Katanaev VL. Marine Natural Products from the Russian Pacific as Sources of Drugs for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:708. [PMID: 36421986 PMCID: PMC9697637 DOI: 10.3390/md20110708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are growing to become one of humanity's biggest health problems, given the number of individuals affected by them. They cause enough mortalities and severe economic impact to rival cancers and infections. With the current diversity of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases, on the one hand, and scarcity of efficient prevention and treatment strategies, on the other, all possible sources for novel drug discovery must be employed. Marine pharmacology represents a relatively uncharted territory to seek promising compounds, despite the enormous chemodiversity it offers. The current work discusses one vast marine region-the Northwestern or Russian Pacific-as the treasure chest for marine-based drug discovery targeting neurodegenerative diseases. We overview the natural products of neurological properties already discovered from its waters and survey the existing molecular and cellular targets for pharmacological modulation of the disease. We further provide a general assessment of the drug discovery potential of the Russian Pacific in case of its systematic development to tackle neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri S. Khotimchenko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 ul. Sukhanova, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- Department of Functional Biochemistry of Biopolymers, A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 ul. Sukhanova, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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87
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Alves WA, King GM, Guha S. Looking into a crystal ball: printing and patterning self-assembled peptide nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15607-15616. [PMID: 36268821 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03750e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The solution processability of organic semiconductors and conjugated polymers along with the advent of nanomaterials as conducting inks have revolutionized next-generation flexible consumer electronics. Another equally important class of nanomaterials, self-assembled peptides, heralded as next-generation materials for bioelectronics, have a lot of potential in printed technology. In this minireview, we address the self-assembly process in dipeptides, their application in electronics, and recent progress in three-dimensional printing. The prospect of a generalizable path for nanopatterning self-assembled peptides using ice lithography and its challenges are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendel A Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09219-580 Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gavin M King
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Joint with Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Suchismita Guha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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88
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Jiang Y, Zeng Z, Yao J, Guan Y, Jia P, Zhao X, Xu L. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with small-molecule photosensitizers. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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89
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Castelletto V, de Mello L, Arfara F, Iatrou H, Seitsonen J, Hamley IW. Influence of polymer molar mass and mixture stoichiometry on polyelectrolyte complexes of poly(l-arginine) and Poly(l-glutamic acid). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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90
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Pal T, Sahoo S, Prasad Ghanta K, Bandyopadhyay S. Computational Investigation of Conformational Fluctuations of Aβ42 Monomers in Aqueous Ionic Liquid Mixtures. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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91
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Álvarez-Berbel I, Espargaró A, Viayna A, Caballero AB, Busquets MA, Gámez P, Luque FJ, Sabaté R. Three to Tango: Inhibitory Effect of Quercetin and Apigenin on Acetylcholinesterase, Amyloid-β Aggregation and Acetylcholinesterase-Amyloid Interaction. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2342. [PMID: 36365159 PMCID: PMC9699245 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of amyloid-β plaques. Since acetylcholinesterase (AChE) promotes the formation of such plaques, the inhibition of this enzyme could slow down the progression of amyloid-β aggregation, hence being complementary to the palliative treatment of cholinergic decline. Antiaggregation assays performed for apigenin and quercetin, which are polyphenolic compounds that exhibit inhibitory properties against the formation of amyloid plaques, reveal distinct inhibitory effects of these compounds on Aβ40 aggregation in the presence and absence of AChE. Furthermore, the analysis of the amyloid fibers formed in the presence of these flavonoids suggests that the Aβ40 aggregates present different quaternary structures, viz., smaller molecular assemblies are generated. In agreement with a noncompetitive inhibition of AChE, molecular modeling studies indicate that these effects may be due to the binding of apigenin and quercetin at the peripheral binding site of AChE. Since apigenin and quercetin can also reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species, the data achieved suggest that multitarget catechol-type compounds may be used for the simultaneous treatment of various biological hallmarks of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Álvarez-Berbel
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Viayna
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB) and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Caballero
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB) and NanoBIC, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antònia Busquets
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Gámez
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB) and NanoBIC, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB) and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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92
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Gai Z, Li F, Yang X. Electrochemiluinescence monitoring the interaction between human serum albumin and amyloid-β peptide. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 149:108315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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93
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Li C, Dang J, Lv Y, Fang Y, Ma C, Wang Q, Li G. The Isolation and Preparation of Samwinol from Dracocephalum heterophyllum and Prevention on Aβ 25-35-Induced Neuroinflammation in PC-12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911572. [PMID: 36232874 PMCID: PMC9570221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dracocephalum heterophyllum (D. heterophyllum) is a traditional Chinese Tibetan medicine that has been used for the treatment of lymphitis, hepatitis, and bronchitis. However, only a few selected chemical components are currently obtained from D. heterophyllum, which limits its further pharmacological applications. In this study, we have obtained samwinol from D. heterophyllum by medium- and high-pressure liquid chromatography separation for the first time. Thereafter, we investigated the protective actions of samwinol against amyloid beta protein fragment 25-35 (Aβ25-35) induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells and explored its underlying mechanisms of action. The results indicated that samwinol could increase cell viability and inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondria-derived ROS, as assessed by MTT assay, Giemsa staining, and flow cytometry assay. Through Western blot analysis, it was found that samwinol substantially inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK(1/2) and promoted the expression of HO-1 and Nrf2. The data obtained from molecular docking were also consistent with the above conclusions. All of these results showed that samwinol from D. heterophyllum can display significant anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro, which are associated with the suppression of ERK/AKT phosphorylation and the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. In the future, additional in-depth mechanism studies will be carried out to provide more evidence for the potential of samwinol in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhao Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jun Dang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining 810001, China
| | - Yue Lv
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Chengjun Ma
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Qilan Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining 810001, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (G.L.)
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (G.L.)
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94
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Ngwa DN, Agrawal A. Structurally Altered, Not Wild-Type, Pentameric C-Reactive Protein Inhibits Formation of Amyloid-β Fibrils. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1180-1188. [PMID: 35977795 PMCID: PMC9492646 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The structure of wild-type pentameric C-reactive protein (CRP) is stabilized by two calcium ions that are required for the binding of CRP to its ligand phosphocholine. CRP in its structurally altered pentameric conformations also binds to proteins that are denatured and aggregated by immobilization on microtiter plates; however, the identity of the ligand on immobilized proteins remains unknown. We tested the hypotheses that immobilization of proteins generated an amyloid-like structure and that amyloid-like structure was the ligand for structurally altered pentameric CRP. We found that the Abs to amyloid-β peptide 1-42 (Aβ) reacted with immobilized proteins, indicating that some immobilized proteins express an Aβ epitope. Accordingly, four different CRP mutants capable of binding to immobilized proteins were constructed, and their binding to fluid-phase Aβ was determined. All CRP mutants bound to fluid-phase Aβ, suggesting that Aβ is a ligand for structurally altered pentameric CRP. In addition, the interaction between CRP mutants and Aβ prevented the formation of Aβ fibrils. The growth of Aβ fibrils was also halted when CRP mutants were added to growing fibrils. Biochemical analyses of CRP mutants revealed altered topology of the Ca2+-binding site, suggesting a role of this region of CRP in binding to Aβ. Combined with previous reports that structurally altered pentameric CRP is generated in vivo, we conclude that CRP is a dual pattern recognition molecule and an antiamyloidogenic protein. These findings have implications for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases caused by amyloidosis and for the diseases caused by the deposition of otherwise fluid-phase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald N Ngwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Alok Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
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95
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John T, Adler J, Elsner C, Petzold J, Krueger M, Martin LL, Huster D, Risselada HJ, Abel B. Mechanistic insights into the size-dependent effects of nanoparticles on inhibiting and accelerating amyloid fibril formation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:804-818. [PMID: 35569410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of peptides into amyloid fibrils has been linked to ageing-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's and type 2 diabetes. Interfaces, particularly those with large nanostructured surfaces, can affect the kinetics of peptide aggregation, which ranges from complete inhibition to strong acceleration. While a number of physiochemical parameters determine interfacial effects, we focus here on the role of nanoparticle (NP) size and curvature. We used thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assays to demonstrate the size-dependent effects of NPs on amyloid fibril formation for the peptides Aβ40, NNFGAIL, GNNQQNY and VQIYVK. While 5 nm gold NPs (AuNP-5) retarded or inhibited the aggregation of all peptides except NNFGAIL, larger 20 nm gold NPs (AuNP-20) tended to accelerate or not influence peptide aggregation. Differences in the NP effects for the peptides resulted from the different peptide properties (size, tendency to aggregate) and associated surface binding affinities. Additional dynamic light scattering (DLS), electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments with the Aβ40 peptide confirmed size-dependent NP effects on peptide aggregation, and also suggested a structural influence on the formed fibrils. NPs can serve as a surface for the adsorption of peptide monomers and enable nucleation to oligomers and fibril formation. However, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that peptide oligomers were less stable at smaller NPs. High surface curvatures destabilized prefibrillar structures, which provides a possible explanation for inhibitory effects on fibril growth, provided that peptide-NP surface binding was relevant for fibril formation. These mechanistic insights can support the design of future nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten John
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Juliane Adler
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Elsner
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Petzold
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisandra L Martin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Herre Jelger Risselada
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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96
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Siddique YH, Rahul, Ara G, Afzal M, Varshney H, Gaur K, Subhan I, Mantasha I, Shahid M. Beneficial effects of apigenin on the transgenic Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110120. [PMID: 36027948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The available drugs improve the symptoms but do not play role in modifying disease effects. Currently, the treatment strategies focus on inhibiting the production of Aβ-42 aggregates and tau filaments. In this context the natural plant products could act as a potent candidate. Therefore, we decided to study the effect of apigenin on the transgenic Drosophila model of AD i.e., expressing Aβ-42 in the neurons. The AD flies were allowed to feed on the diet having 25, 50, 75 and 100μM of apigenin for 30 days. The exposure of AD flies to apigenin showed a dose dependent significant decrease in the oxidative stress and delay in the loss of climbing ability. Apigenin also inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase. The immunostaining and molecular docking studies suggest that apigenin inhibits the formation of Aβ-42 aggregates. Apigenin is potent in reducing the AD symptoms being mimicked in the transgenic Drosophila model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Rahul
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gulshan Ara
- Women's College, Zoology Section, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Human Genetics and Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Himanshi Varshney
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kajal Gaur
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Iqra Subhan
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - I Mantasha
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - M Shahid
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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97
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Liang X, Wang Y, Song J, Xia D, Li Q, Dong M. Nontoxic silicene photothermal agents with high near-infrared absorption for disassembly of Alzheimer's amyloid‑β fibrils. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 216:112575. [PMID: 35636323 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The disassembly and eliminating the amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates has become an effective way to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, for the first time, the near-infrared (NIR) activated silicene nanosheets (SNSs) have been identified as an effective nontoxic photothermal conversion agent for irreversibly disassembly of the Aβ33-42 aggregates. The SNSs synthesized by a combination of mild oxidation method and liquid exfoliation method possess good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and high near-infrared photothermal conversion capabilities. Under NIR light, the SNSs could disassemble the large and dense Aβ33-42 mature fibrils into short fibrils and even form thin films, leading to the degradation rate of 96.47%. The circular dichroism spectrum, fluorescent spectra, and nanostructure were analyzed to monitor the photothermal degradation of mature Aβ33-42 fibrils for elaborating the mechanism beneath. This study might provide a clue for developing potential therapeutic strategy for AD and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoteng Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Jie Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark.
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98
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Robotic synthesis of peptides containing metal-oxide-based amino acids. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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99
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The role of amyloid β in the pathological mechanism of GNE myopathy. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:6309-6321. [PMID: 35904705 PMCID: PMC9616754 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
GNE myopathy is a hereditary muscle disorder characterized by muscle atrophy and weakness initially involving the lower distal extremities. The treatment of GNE myopathy mainly focuses on a sialic acid deficiency caused by a mutation in the GNE gene, but it has not achieved the expected effect. The main pathological features of GNE myopathy are myofiber atrophy and rimmed vacuoles, including accumulation of amyloid β, which is mainly found in atrophic muscle fibers. Although the role of amyloid β and other misfolded proteins on the nervous system has been widely recognized, the cause and process of the formation of amyloid β in the pathological process of GNE myopathy are unclear. In addition, amyloid β has been reported to be linked to quality control mechanisms of proteins, such as molecular chaperones, the ubiquitin–proteasome system, and the autophagy-lysosome system. Herein, we summarize the possible reasons for amyloid β deposition and illustrate amyloid β-mediated events in the cells and their role in muscle atrophy in GNE myopathy. This review represents an overview of amyloid β and GNE myopathy that could help identify a potential mechanism and thereby a plausible therapeutic for the disease.
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100
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Licitra R, Marchese M, Naef V, Ogi A, Martinelli M, Kiferle C, Fronte B, Santorelli FM. A Review on the Bioactivity of Cannabinoids on Zebrafish Models: Emphasis on Neurodevelopment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081820. [PMID: 36009367 PMCID: PMC9404760 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, the cannabis plant has been used as a source of food, fiber, and medicine. Recently, scientific interest in cannabis has increased considerably, as its bioactive compounds have shown promising potential in the treatment of numerous musculoskeletal and neurological diseases in humans. However, the mechanisms that underlie its possible effects on neurodevelopment and nervous-system functioning remain poorly understood and need to be further investigated. Although the bulk of research on cannabis and cannabinoids is based on in vitro or rodent models, the zebrafish has now emerged as a powerful in vivo model for drug-screening studies and translational research. We here review the available literature on the use of cannabis/cannabinoids in zebrafish, and particularly in zebrafish models of neurological disorders. A critical analysis suggests that zebrafish could serve as an experimental tool for testing the bioactivity of cannabinoids, and they could thus provide important insights into the safety and efficacy of different cannabis-extract-based products. The review showed that zebrafish exhibit similar behaviors to rodents following cannabinoid exposure. The authors stress the importance of analyzing the full spectrum of naturally occurring cannabinoids, rather than just the main ones, THC and CBD, and they offer some pointers on performing behavioral analysis in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Licitra
- Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology—ZebraLab, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (R.L.); (V.N.); (A.O.)
| | - Maria Marchese
- Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology—ZebraLab, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (R.L.); (V.N.); (A.O.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (F.M.S.)
| | - Valentina Naef
- Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology—ZebraLab, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (R.L.); (V.N.); (A.O.)
| | - Asahi Ogi
- Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology—ZebraLab, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (R.L.); (V.N.); (A.O.)
| | - Marco Martinelli
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (C.K.)
| | - Claudia Kiferle
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (C.K.)
| | - Baldassare Fronte
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology—ZebraLab, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (R.L.); (V.N.); (A.O.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (F.M.S.)
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