51
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Immunosuppressive properties of amino acid and peptide derivatives of mycophenolic acid. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112091. [PMID: 32007665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) was coupled with amino acids and biologically active peptides including derivatives of tuftsin to modify its immunosuppressive properties. Both amino acid unit in the case of simple MPA amides and modifications within peptide moiety of MPA - tuftsin conjugates influenced the observed activity. Antiproliferative potential of the obtained conjugates was investigated in vitro and MPA amides with threonine methyl ester and conjugate of MPA with retro-tuftisin occurred to be more selective against PBMC in comparison to parent MPA. Both amino acid and peptide derivatives of MPA acted as inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenaze (IMPDH) inhibitors.
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52
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Xu R, Karrow NA, Shandilya UK, Sun LH, Kitazawa H. In-Vitro Cell Culture for Efficient Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Mitigation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E146. [PMID: 32120954 PMCID: PMC7150844 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that commonly contaminate crops and food by-products and thus, animal feed. Ingestion of mycotoxins can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans, and at subclinical concentrations may affect animal production and adulterate feed and animal by-products. Mycotoxicity mechanisms of action (MOA) are largely unknown, and co-contamination, which is often the case, raises the likelihood of mycotoxin interactions. Mitigation strategies for reducing the risk of mycotoxicity are diverse and may not necessarily provide protection against all mycotoxins. These factors, as well as the species-specific risk of toxicity, collectively make an assessment of exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation very challenging and costly; thus, in-vitro cell culture models provide a useful tool for their initial assessment. Since ingestion is the most common route of mycotoxin exposure, the intestinal epithelial barrier comprised of epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells such as macrophages, represents ground zero where mycotoxins are absorbed, biotransformed, and elicit toxicity. This article aims to review different in-vitro IEC or co-culture models that can be used for assessing mycotoxin exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation, and their suitability and limitations for the safety assessment of animal foods and food by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Lv-hui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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53
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Oppong-Danquah E, Passaretti C, Chianese O, Blümel M, Tasdemir D. Mining the Metabolome and the Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Potential of Sea Foam-Derived Fungi. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020128. [PMID: 32098306 PMCID: PMC7074149 DOI: 10.3390/md18020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea foam harbors a diverse range of fungal spores with biological and ecological relevance in marine environments. Fungi are known as the producers of secondary metabolites that are used in health and agricultural sectors, however the potentials of sea foam-derived fungi have remained unexplored. In this study, organic extracts of six foam-derived fungal isolates belonging to the genera Penicillium, Cladosporium, Emericellopsis and Plectosphaerella were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against plant and human pathogens and anticancer activity. In parallel, an untargeted metabolomics study using UPLC-QToF–MS/MS-based molecular networking (MN) was performed to unlock their chemical inventory. Penicillium strains were identified as the most prolific producers of compounds with an average of 165 parent ions per strain. In total, 49 known mycotoxins and functional metabolites were annotated to specific and ubiquitous parent ions, revealing considerable chemical diversity. This allowed the identification of putative new derivatives, such as a new analog of the antimicrobial tetrapeptide, fungisporin. Regarding bioactivity, the Penicillium sp. isolate 31.68F1B showed a strong and broad-spectrum activity against seven plant and human pathogens, with the phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and the human pathogen Candida albicans being the most susceptible (IC50 values 2.2 and 6.3 µg/mL, respectively). This is the first study mining the metabolome of the sea foam-derived fungi by MS/MS-based molecular networking, and assessing their biological activities against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Oppong-Danquah
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; (E.O.-D.); (C.P.); (O.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Cristina Passaretti
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; (E.O.-D.); (C.P.); (O.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Orazio Chianese
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; (E.O.-D.); (C.P.); (O.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Martina Blümel
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; (E.O.-D.); (C.P.); (O.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; (E.O.-D.); (C.P.); (O.C.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-6004430
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54
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In Vitro Rumen Simulations Show a Reduced Disappearance of Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol and Enniatin B at Conditions of Rumen Acidosis and Lower Microbial Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020101. [PMID: 32033279 PMCID: PMC7076776 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are generally considered to be less susceptible to the effects of mycotoxins than monogastric animals as the rumen microbiota are capable of detoxifying some of these toxins. Despite this potential degradation, mycotoxin-associated subclinical health problems are seen in dairy cows. In this research, the disappearance of several mycotoxins was determined in an in vitro rumen model and the effect of realistic concentrations of those mycotoxins on fermentation was assessed by volatile fatty acid production. In addition, two hypotheses were tested: (1) a lower rumen pH leads to a decreased degradation of mycotoxins and (2) rumen fluid of lactating cows degrade mycotoxins better than rumen fluid of non-lactating cows. Maize silage was spiked with a mixture of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), enniatin B (ENN B), mycophenolic acid (MPA), roquefortine C (ROQ-C) and zearalenone (ZEN). Fresh rumen fluid of two lactating cows (L) and two non-lactating cows (N) was added to a buffer of normal pH (6.8) and low pH (5.8), leading to four combinations (L6.8, L5.8, N6.8, N5.8), which were added to the spiked maize substrate. In this study, mycotoxins had no effect on volatile fatty acid production. However, not all mycotoxins fully disappeared during incubation. ENN B and ROQ-C disappeared only partially, whereas MPA showed almost no disappearance. The disappearance of DON, NIV, and ENN B was hampered when pH was low, especially when the inoculum of non-lactating cows was used. For ZEN, a limited transformation of ZEN to α-ZEL and β-ZEL was observed, but only at pH 6.8. In conclusion, based on the type of mycotoxin and the ruminal conditions, mycotoxins can stay intact in the rumen.
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55
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Anand S, Srivastava P. Optimization Strategies for Purification of Mycophenolic Acid Produced by Penicillium brevicompactum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:867-880. [PMID: 31907779 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03204-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The microbial fermentation of Penicillium brevicompactum produces secondary metabolite mycophenolic acid (MPA), which exhibits antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumor activity. It is also a potent, selective, non-competitive, and reversible inhibitor of the human inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). This study is an attempt to optimize the MPA production through a fermentation process using Penicillium brevicompactum and its further purification process optimization. In the batch fermentation process, the maximum concentration of MPA (1.84 g/L) was attained in a 3.7 L stirred tank reactor. Response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design (CCD) was employed as a statistical tool to investigate the effect of pH, the volume of eluent and flow rate of the mobile phase on MPA purification process. Under optimum conditions, the experimental yield was observed to be 84.12%, which matched well with the predictive yield of 84.42%. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the fermented product was carried out to confirm the presence of mycophenolic acid. The MPA purification was done by using column chromatography technique. The purification of broth involved mycophenolic acid extraction by selecting different solvents on the basis of polarity and the extraction efficiency of solvent. Various solid support materials were used for MPA purification in column chromatography. The MPA recovery through alumina column was observed to be 84.12% under the optimum conditions, which was maximum elution as compared with other support materials. The optimized purification process yielded pure MPA crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Anand
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Srivastava
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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56
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Wang H, Sobral MC, Snyder T, Brudno Y, Gorantla VS, Mooney DJ. Clickable, acid labile immunosuppressive prodrugs forin vivotargeting. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:266-277. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01487j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clickable immunosuppressive prodrugs enablein vivoreplenishment of drugs in biomaterial depots to maintain long-term immunosuppression in tissue/organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- Massachusetts 02138
- USA
| | - Miguel C. Sobral
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- Massachusetts 02138
- USA
| | - Tracy Snyder
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Yevgeny Brudno
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- Massachusetts 02138
- USA
| | - Vijay S. Gorantla
- Surgery
- Ophthalmology and Bioengineering
- Wake Forest School of Medicine
- Winston-Salem
- USA
| | - David J. Mooney
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- Massachusetts 02138
- USA
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57
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Freedman R, Yu R, Sarkis AW, Hedstrom L. A structural determinant of mycophenolic acid resistance in eukaryotic inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenases. Protein Sci 2019; 29:686-694. [PMID: 31675145 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a potent natural product inhibitor of fungal and other eukaryotic inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenases (IMPDHs) originally isolated from spoiled corn silage. MPA is produced by the filamentous fungi Penicillium brevicompactum, which contains two IMPDHs, PbIMPDHA and PbIMPDHB, both of which are MPA-resistant. The MPA binding sites of these enzymes are identical to MPA-sensitive IMPDHs, so the structural determinants of resistance are unknown. Here we show that a single residue, Ser267, accounts for the MPA resistance of PbIMPDHA. Substitution of Ser267 with Ala, the residue most commonly found in this position in eukaryotic IMPDHs, makes PbIMPDHA sensitive to MPA. Conversely, Aspergillus nidulans IMPDH becomes MPA-resistant when the analogous Ala residue is substituted with Ser. These substitutions have little effect on the catalytic cycles of either enzyme, suggesting the fitness costs are negligible despite the strong conservation of Ala at this position. Intriguingly, while only 1% of fungal IMPDHs contain Ser or Thr at position 267, these residues are found in the IMPDHs from several Aspergillus species that grow at the low temperatures also favored by Penicillium. Perhaps Ser/Thr267 is an evolutionary signature of MPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Freedman
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Runhan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander W Sarkis
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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58
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Chen X, Wang L, Zhang J, Jiang T, Hu C, Li D, Zou Y. Immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid biosynthesis employs a new globin-like enzyme for prenyl side chain cleavage. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1253-1258. [PMID: 31867170 PMCID: PMC6900556 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA, 1) and its derivatives are first-line immunosuppressants used in organ transplantation and for treating autoimmune diseases. Despite chemical synthetic achievements, the biosynthetic formation of a seven-carbon carboxylic acid pharmacophore side chain of 1, especially the processes involving the cleavage of the prenyl side chain between DHMP (4) and DMMPA (5), remains unknown. In this work, we identified a membrane-bound prenyltransferase, PgMpaA, that transfers FPP to 4 to yield FDHMP (6). Compound 6 undergoes the first cleavage step via a new globin-like enzyme PgMpaB to form a cryptic intermediate 12. Heterologous expression of PgMpa genes in Aspergillus nidulans demonstrates that the second cleavage step (from 12 to 5) of 1 is a PgMpa cluster-independent process in vivo. Our results, especially the discovery of the broad tolerance of substrates recognized by PgMpaB, set up a strategy for the formation of "pseudo-isopentenyl" natural products using fungal globin-like enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jinmei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changhua Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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59
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Mahmoudjanlou Y, Hoff B, Kück U. Construction of a Codon-Adapted Nourseotricin-Resistance Marker Gene for Efficient Targeted Gene Deletion in the Mycophenolic Acid Producer Penicillium brevicompactum. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:E96. [PMID: 31658687 PMCID: PMC6958462 DOI: 10.3390/jof5040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium brevicompactum is a filamentous ascomycete used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant agent. To extend options for genetic engineering of this fungus, we have tested two resistance markers that have not previously been applied to P. brevicompactum. Although a generally available phleomycin resistance marker (ble) was successfully used in DNA-mediated transformation experiments, we were not able to use a commonly applicable nourseothricin resistance cassette (nat1). To circumvent this failure, we constructed a new nat gene, considering the codon bias for P. brevicompactum. We then used this modified nat gene in subsequent transformation experiments for the targeted disruption of two nuclear genes, MAT1-2-1 and flbA. For MAT1-2-1, we obtained deletion strains with a frequency of about 10%. In the case of flbA, the frequency was about 4%, and this disruption strain also showed reduced conidiospore formation. To confirm the deletion, we used ble to reintroduce the wild-type genes. This step restored the wild-type phenotype in the flbA deletion strain, which had a sporulation defect. The successful transformation system described here substantially extends options for genetically manipulating the biotechnologically relevant fungus P. brevicompactum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgit Hoff
- Allgemeine & Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Allgemeine & Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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60
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Ogawara H. Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Antibiotic-Producing and Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules 2019; 24:E3430. [PMID: 31546630 PMCID: PMC6804068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance poses a tremendous threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is essential to know the mechanism of antibiotic resistance in antibiotic-producing and pathogenic bacteria. This paper deals with this problem from four points of view. First, the antibiotic resistance genes in producers are discussed related to their biosynthesis. Most resistance genes are present within the biosynthetic gene clusters, but some genes such as paromomycin acetyltransferases are located far outside the gene cluster. Second, when the antibiotic resistance genes in pathogens are compared with those in the producers, resistance mechanisms have dependency on antibiotic classes, and, in addition, new types of resistance mechanisms such as Eis aminoglycoside acetyltransferase and self-sacrifice proteins in enediyne antibiotics emerge in pathogens. Third, the relationships of the resistance genes between producers and pathogens are reevaluated at their amino acid sequence as well as nucleotide sequence levels. Pathogenic bacteria possess other resistance mechanisms than those in antibiotic producers. In addition, resistance mechanisms are little different between early stage of antibiotic use and the present time, e.g., β-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Lastly, guanine + cytosine (GC) barrier in gene transfer to pathogenic bacteria is considered. Now, the resistance genes constitute resistome composed of complicated mixture from divergent environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, 33-9, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 522-1, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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61
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Camici M, Garcia-Gil M, Pesi R, Allegrini S, Tozzi MG. Purine-Metabolising Enzymes and Apoptosis in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091354. [PMID: 31547393 PMCID: PMC6769685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes of both de novo and salvage pathways for purine nucleotide synthesis are regulated to meet the demand of nucleic acid precursors during proliferation. Among them, the salvage pathway enzymes seem to play the key role in replenishing the purine pool in dividing and tumour cells that require a greater amount of nucleotides. An imbalance in the purine pools is fundamental not only for preventing cell proliferation, but also, in many cases, to promote apoptosis. It is known that tumour cells harbour several mutations that might lead to defective apoptosis-inducing pathways, and this is probably at the basis of the initial expansion of the population of neoplastic cells. Therefore, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that lead to apoptosis of tumoural cells is key to predicting the possible success of a drug treatment and planning more effective and focused therapies. In this review, we describe how the modulation of enzymes involved in purine metabolism in tumour cells may affect the apoptotic programme. The enzymes discussed are: ectosolic and cytosolic 5'-nucleotidases, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenosine deaminase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, and inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, as well as recently described enzymes particularly expressed in tumour cells, such as deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine triphosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Camici
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biochimica, Via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mercedes Garcia-Gil
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Fisiologia Generale, Via S. Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossana Pesi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biochimica, Via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Allegrini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biochimica, Via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tozzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biochimica, Via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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62
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Kofuji S, Hirayama A, Eberhardt AO, Kawaguchi R, Sugiura Y, Sampetrean O, Ikeda Y, Warren M, Sakamoto N, Kitahara S, Yoshino H, Yamashita D, Sumita K, Wolfe K, Lange L, Ikeda S, Shimada H, Minami N, Malhotra A, Morioka S, Ban Y, Asano M, Flanary VL, Ramkissoon A, Chow LML, Kiyokawa J, Mashimo T, Lucey G, Mareninov S, Ozawa T, Onishi N, Okumura K, Terakawa J, Daikoku T, Wise-Draper T, Majd N, Kofuji K, Sasaki M, Mori M, Kanemura Y, Smith EP, Anastasiou D, Wakimoto H, Holland EC, Yong WH, Horbinski C, Nakano I, DeBerardinis RJ, Bachoo RM, Mischel PS, Yasui W, Suematsu M, Saya H, Soga T, Grummt I, Bierhoff H, Sasaki AT. IMP dehydrogenase-2 drives aberrant nucleolar activity and promotes tumorigenesis in glioblastoma. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1003-1014. [PMID: 31371825 PMCID: PMC6686884 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In many cancers, high proliferation rates correlate with elevation of rRNA and tRNA levels, and nucleolar hypertrophy. However, the underlying mechanisms linking increased nucleolar transcription and tumorigenesis are only minimally understood. Here we show that IMP dehydrogenase-2 (IMPDH2), the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis, is overexpressed in the highly lethal brain cancer glioblastoma. This leads to increased rRNA and tRNA synthesis, stabilization of the nucleolar GTP-binding protein nucleostemin, and enlarged, malformed nucleoli. Pharmacological or genetic inactivation of IMPDH2 in glioblastoma reverses these effects and inhibits cell proliferation, whereas untransformed glia cells are unaffected by similar IMPDH2 perturbations. Impairment of IMPDH2 activity triggers nucleolar stress and growth arrest of glioblastoma cells even in the absence of functional p53. Our results reveal that upregulation of IMPDH2 is a prerequisite for the occurance of aberrant nucleolar function and increased anabolic processes in glioblastoma, which constitutes a primary event in gliomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kofuji
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Alexander Otto Eberhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Risa Kawaguchi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ikeda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mikako Warren
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shuji Kitahara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daisuke Yamashita
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kazutaka Sumita
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kara Wolfe
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Lange
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Satsuki Ikeda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shimada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Noriaki Minami
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akshiv Malhotra
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shin Morioka
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Ban
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Maya Asano
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Victoria L Flanary
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Annmarie Ramkissoon
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lionel M L Chow
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Juri Kiyokawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Mashimo
- Department of Internal Medicine; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; Annette G. Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Greg Lucey
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sergey Mareninov
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tatsuya Ozawa
- Division of Human Biology, Solid Tumor and Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Onishi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Okumura
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jumpei Terakawa
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Trisha Wise-Draper
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nazanin Majd
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kaori Kofuji
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mika Sasaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Masaru Mori
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eric P Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Division of Human Biology, Solid Tumor and Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Children's Medical Center Research Institute; Department of Pediatrics and Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robert M Bachoo
- Department of Internal Medicine; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; Annette G. Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Department of Pathology; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ingrid Grummt
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Bierhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Atsuo T Sasaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center at UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) from filamentous fungi is the first natural product antibiotic to be isolated and crystallized, and a first-line immunosuppressive drug for organ transplantations and autoimmune diseases. However, some key biosynthetic mechanisms of such an old and important molecule have remained unclear. Here, we elucidate the MPA biosynthetic pathway that features both compartmentalized enzymatic steps and unique cooperation between biosynthetic and β-oxidation catabolism machineries based on targeted gene inactivation, feeding experiments in heterologous expression hosts, enzyme functional characterization and kinetic analysis, and microscopic observation of protein subcellular localization. Besides identification of the oxygenase MpaB' as the long-sought key enzyme responsible for the oxidative cleavage of the farnesyl side chain, we reveal the intriguing pattern of compartmentalization for the MPA biosynthetic enzymes, including the cytosolic polyketide synthase MpaC' and O-methyltransferase MpaG', the Golgi apparatus-associated prenyltransferase MpaA', the endoplasmic reticulum-bound oxygenase MpaB' and P450-hydrolase fusion enzyme MpaDE', and the peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydrolase MpaH'. The whole pathway is elegantly comediated by these compartmentalized enzymes, together with the peroxisomal β-oxidation machinery. Beyond characterizing the remaining outstanding steps of the MPA biosynthetic steps, our study highlights the importance of considering subcellular contexts and the broader cellular metabolism in natural product biosynthesis.
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Hammerl R, Frank O, Schmittnägel T, Ehrmann MA, Hofmann T. Functional Metabolome Analysis of Penicillium roqueforti by Means of Differential Off-Line LC-NMR. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5135-5146. [PMID: 30950274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
UPLC-TOF/MS profiling, followed by the recently reported differential off-line LC-NMR (DOLC-NMR) and quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy (qHNMR), led to the differential qualitative analysis and accurate quantitation of l-tryptophan-induced metabolome alterations of Penicillium roqueforti, which is typically used in making blue-mold cheese. Among the 24 metabolites identified, two tetrapeptides, namely, d-Phe-l-Val-d-Val-l-Tyr and d-Phe-l-Val-d-Val-l-Phe, as well as cis-bis(methylthio)silvatin, are reported for the first time as metabolites of P. roqueforti. Antimicrobial activity tests showed strong effects of the catabolic l-tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, anthranilic acid, and 3-indolacetic acid against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with IC50 values between 15.6 and 24.0 μg/mL, while roquefortine C and cis-bis(methylthio)silvatin inhibited the growth of Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis with IC50 values between 30.0 and 62.5 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthias A Ehrmann
- Chair of Technical Microbiology , Technische Universität München , Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 4 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
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66
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Rodríguez-Gómez FJ, Valdelamar MP, Vazquez AE, Del Valle Perez P, Mata R, Miralrio A, Castro M. Mycophenolic acid as a corrosion inhibitor of carbon steel in 3% wt. NaCl solution. An experimental and theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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67
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O'Neill EC, Schorn M, Larson CB, Millán-Aguiñaga N. Targeted antibiotic discovery through biosynthesis-associated resistance determinants: target directed genome mining. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:255-277. [PMID: 30985219 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1590307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Intense competition between microbes in the environment has directed the evolution of antibiotic production in bacteria. Humans have harnessed these natural molecules for medicinal purposes, magnifying them from environmental concentrations to industrial scale. This increased exposure to antibiotics has amplified antibiotic resistance across bacteria, spurring a global antimicrobial crisis and a search for antibiotics with new modes of action. Genetic insights into these antibiotic-producing microbes reveal that they have evolved several resistance strategies to avoid self-toxicity, including product modification, substrate transport and binding, and target duplication or modification. Of these mechanisms, target duplication or modification will be highlighted in this review, as it uniquely links an antibiotic to its mode of action. We will further discuss and propose a strategy to mine microbial genomes for these genes and their associated biosynthetic gene clusters to discover novel antibiotics using target directed genome mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis C O'Neill
- a Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , Oxfordshire , UK
| | - Michelle Schorn
- b Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Charles B Larson
- b Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Natalie Millán-Aguiñaga
- c Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas , Ensenada , Baja California , México
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68
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Halle MB, Lee W, Yudhistira T, Kim M, Churchill DG. Mycophenolic Acid: Biogenesis, Compound Isolation, Biological Activity, and Historical Advances in Total Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh B. Halle
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyun Lee
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Tesla Yudhistira
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Myungseob Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - David G. Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology; KI Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
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69
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Song X, Tu R, Mei X, Wu S, Lan B, Zhang L, Luo X, Liu J, Luo M. A mycophenolic acid derivative from the fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO sof101. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:1206-1212. [PMID: 30760051 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1553881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a group of metabolite derived from several species of Penicillium, which shows potent bioactivity. In this study, a new derivative of MPA compound named penicacid D (1), was isolated from the marine derived fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO sof101, along with seven known compounds (2-8). Their structures were elucidated based on the HR-ESI-MS and NMR data. Moreover, the 1H and 13C NMR data of compound 2 and the 13C NMR data of compound 3 are reported. Compounds 1, 4 and 6 exhibited weak activities against Escherichia coli (clinical isolation number 100385570) and Acinetobacter baumannii (clinical isolation number 100069).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Song
- Chongqing Center For Drug Safety Evaluation, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruxia Tu
- Chongqing Center For Drug Safety Evaluation, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Mei
- Chongqing Center For Drug Safety Evaluation, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Silan Wu
- Chongqing Center For Drug Safety Evaluation, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Lan
- Chongqing Center For Drug Safety Evaluation, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Chongqing Center For Drug Safety Evaluation, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianqin Luo
- Chongqing Center For Drug Safety Evaluation, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianyi Liu
- Chongqing Center For Drug Safety Evaluation, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghe Luo
- Chongqing Center For Drug Safety Evaluation, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
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First-in-class allosteric inhibitors of bacterial IMPDHs. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 167:124-132. [PMID: 30769241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is an essential enzyme in many bacterial pathogens and is considered as a potential drug target for the development of new antibacterial agents. Our recent work has revealed the crucial role of one of the two structural domains (i.e. Bateman domain) in the regulation of the quaternary structure and enzymatic activity of bacterial IMPDHs. Thus, we have screened chemical libraries to search for compounds targeting the Bateman domain and identified first in-class allosteric inhibitors of a bacterial IMPDH. These inhibitors were shown to counteract the activation by the natural positive effector, MgATP, and to block the enzyme in its apo conformation (low affinity for IMP). Our structural studies demonstrate the versatility of the Bateman domain to accommodate totally unrelated chemical scaffolds and pave the way for the development of allosteric inhibitors, an avenue little explored until now.
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71
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Prejs M, Cholewiński G, Trzonkowski P, Kot-Wasik A, Dzierzbicka K. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of new mycophenolic acid conjugates with adenosine derivatives. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:178-185. [PMID: 29607657 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1451521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
New conjugates of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and adenosine derivatives were synthesized and assessed as potential immunosuppressants on Jurkat cell line and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors. As compared to MPA, all compounds were found to be more active against Jurkat cell line. The antiproliferative activities were compared with MPA and adenosine, in both 2',3'-O-isopropylidene protected and free hydroxyl groups possessing forms. The obtained results were also discussed in terms of selectivity index, defined as SI = IC50/EC50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Prejs
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk PL 80-233 , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cholewiński
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk PL 80-233 , Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- b Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk 80-211 , Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- c Department of Analytical Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk 80-233 , Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk PL 80-233 , Poland
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72
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Klotsman M, Sathyan G, Anderson WH, Garden OA, Shivanand P. Mycophenolic acid in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: From humans to dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:127-138. [PMID: 30375004 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA), a noncompetitive, selective and reversible inhibitor of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), is an immunosuppressive agent that has a long history in medicine. Mechanistically, the inhibition of IMPDH leads to the selective and eventual arrest of T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), the first MPA-based product to receive marketing approval over two decades ago, was originally indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in human transplant patients. Given its broad immunosuppressive properties and ability to selectively inhibit lymphocyte division and effector functions, the clinical utility of MPA was subsequently explored in a host of autoimmune diseases. Human clinical studies have shown MPA to be safe and effective and support its off-label administration for immune-mediated diseases such as lupus, myasthenia gravis and atopic dermatitis. MMF became generically available in the United States in 2008, and its clinical utility is increasingly being explored as a treatment option for dogs with immune-mediated diseases. This review summarizes the available literature for MPA pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the current status of MPA as a treatment for client-owned dogs diagnosed with immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne H Anderson
- Okava Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, California.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Oliver A Garden
- Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Pilevar A, Hosseini A, Šekutor M, Hausmann H, Becker J, Turke K, Schreiner PR. Tuning the Reactivity of Peroxo Anhydrides for Aromatic C-H Bond Oxidation. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10070-10079. [PMID: 30063135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenol moieties are key structural motifs in many areas of chemical research from polymers to pharmaceuticals. Herein, we report on the design and use of a structurally demanding cyclic peroxide (spiro[bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,4'-[1,2]dioxolane]-3',5'-dione, P4) for the direct hydroxylation of aromatic substrates. The new peroxide benefits from high thermal stability and can be synthesized from readily available starting materials. The aromatic C-H oxidation using P4 exhibits generally good yields (up to 96%) and appreciable regioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Pilevar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Abolfazl Hosseini
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Marina Šekutor
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Heike Hausmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Kevin Turke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
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74
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Shah CP, Kharkar PS. Discovery of novel human inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (hIMPDH2) inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:286-301. [PMID: 30223117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes an essential step in the de novo biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides, and thus regulates the guanine nucleotide pool required for cell proliferation. Of the two isoforms, human IMPDH type 2 (hIMPDH2) is a validated molecular target for potential immunosuppressive, antiviral and anticancer chemotherapy. In search of newer hIMPDH2 inhibitors as potential anticancer agents, three novel series (A: 5-aminoisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one, B: 3,4-dimethoxyaniline and C: benzo[d]-[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethanamine) were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro and cell-based activities. A total of 37 molecules (29-65) were screened for their in vitro hIMPDH2 inhibition, with particular emphasis on establishing their structure-activity relationship (SAR) trends. Eight compounds (hits, 30, 31, 33-35, 37, 41 and 43) demonstrated significant enzyme inhibition (>70% @ 10 μM); especially the A series molecules were more potent than B series (<70% inhibition @ 10 μM), while C series members were found to be inactive. The hIMPDH2 IC50 values for the hits ranged from 0.36 to 7.38 μM. The hits displaying >80% hIMPDH2 inhibition (30, 33, 35, 41 and 43) were further assessed for their cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines such as MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma), DU145 (prostate carcinoma), U87 MG (glioblastoma astrocytoma) and a normal cell line, NIH-3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblast) using MTT assay. Most of the compounds exhibited higher cellular potency against cancer cell lines and notably lower toxicity towards NIH-3T3 cells compared to mycophenolic acid (MPA), a prototypical hIMPDH2 inhibitor. Two of the series A hits (30 and 35) were evaluated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) assay and found to be better tolerated than MPA. The calculated/predicted molecular and physicochemical properties were satisfactory with reference to drug-likeness. The molecular docking studies clearly demonstrated crucial interactions of the hits with the cofactor-binding site of hIMPDH2, further providing critical information for refining the design strategy. The present study reports the design and discovery of structurally novel hIMPDH2 inhibitors as potential anticancer agents and provides a guide for further research on the development of safe and effective anticancer agents, especially against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan P Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Prashant S Kharkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400 056, India.
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75
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Zhang Q, Yang B, Li F, Liu M, Lin S, Wang J, Xue Y, Zhu H, Sun W, Hu Z, Zhang Y. Mycophenolic Acid Derivatives with Immunosuppressive Activity from the Coral-Derived Fungus Penicillium bialowiezense. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E230. [PMID: 29986508 PMCID: PMC6070797 DOI: 10.3390/md16070230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a potent inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor for immunosuppressive chemotherapy. Most importantly, as the 2-morpholinoethyl ester prodrug of MPA, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a well-known immunosuppressant used to prevent rejection in organ transplantations. Nevertheless, due to its frequently occurred side effects, searching for new therapeutic agents is ongoing. In our current work, by virtue of efficient bioassay-guided fractionation and purification, eleven mycophenolic acid derivatives, including five previously unreported metabolites (3⁻7) and six known compounds (1, 2, and 8⁻11), were obtained from the coral-derived fungus Penicillium bialowiezense. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analyses (including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS data) and comparison of the NMR and other physical data with those reported in the literature in the case of the known compounds. All the isolates 1⁻11 were evaluated for the immunosuppressive activity, and 1⁻3 showed potent IMPDH2 inhibitory potency with IC50 values of 0.84⁻0.95 μM, which were comparable to that of MPA (the positive control), while 4⁻10 showed significant inhibitory potency with IC50 values of 3.27⁻24.68 μM. All the MPA derivatives showed promising immunosuppressive activity, endowing them as potential drug leads for organ transplantations and autoimmune related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Beiye Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Fengli Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Mengting Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Shuang Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Yongbo Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Weiguang Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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76
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Shah CP, Kharkar PS. Newer human inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (hIMPDH2) inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:972-977. [PMID: 29792360 PMCID: PMC6009919 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1474211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (hIMPDH2), being an age-old target, has attracted attention recently for anticancer drug development. Mycophenolic acid (MPA), a well-known immunosuppressant drug, was used a lead structure to design and develop modestly potent and selective analogues. The steep structure–activity relationship (SAR) requirements of the lead molecule left little scope to synthesise newer analogues. Here, newer MPA amides were designed, synthesised and evaluated for hIMPDH2 inhibition and cellular efficacy in breast, prostate and glioblastoma cell lines. Few title compounds exhibited cellular activity profile better than MPA itself. The observed differences in the overall biological profile could be attributed to improved structural and physicochemical properties of the analogues over MPA. This is the first report of the activity of MPA derivatives in glioblastoma, the most aggressive brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan P Shah
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , SPP School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS , Mumbai , India
| | - Prashant S Kharkar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , SPP School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS , Mumbai , India
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77
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Feturi FG, Weinstock M, Zhao W, Zhang W, Schnider JT, Erbas VE, Oksuz S, Plock JA, Rohan L, Spiess AM, Ferreira LM, Solari MG, Venkataramanan R, Gorantla VS. Mycophenolic Acid for Topical Immunosuppression in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation: Optimizing Formulation and Preliminary Evaluation of Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics. Front Surg 2018; 5:20. [PMID: 29868602 PMCID: PMC5954844 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA), is the active form of the ester prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). MMF is an FDA approved immunosuppressive drug that has been successfully used in systemic therapy in combination with other agents for the prevention of acute rejection (AR) following solid organ transplantation (SOT) as well as in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). Systemic use of MMF is associated with gastrointestinal adverse effects. Topical delivery of the prodrug could thus provide graft-targeted immunosuppression while minimizing systemic drug exposure. Our goal was to develop a topical formulation of MPA with optimal in vitro/in vivo characteristics such as release, permeation, and tissue bioavailability to enable safety and efficacy evaluation in clinical VCA. Permeation studies were performed with a solution of MPA (10 mg/ml). In vitro release and permeation studies were performed for different semisolid formulations (Aladerm, Lipoderm, emollient, and VersaBase) of MPA (1% w/w) using a Franz Diffusion Cell System (FDCS). In vivo pharmacokinetic characterization of MPA release from Lipoderm was performed in rats. MPA in solution exhibited a steady state flux (3.8 ± 0.1 µg/cm2/h) and permeability (1.1 × 10−7 ± 3.2 × 10−9 cm/s). MPA in Lipoderm exhibited a steady state flux of 1.12 ± 0.24 µg/cm2/h, and permeability of 6.2 × 10−09 ± 1.3 × 10−9 cm/s across the biomimetic membrane. The cumulative release of MPA from Lipoderm, showed a linear single-phase profile with a R2 of 0.969. In vivo studies with MPA in Lipoderm showed markedly higher local tissue MPA levels and lower systemic MPA exposure as compared to values obtained after intravenous delivery of the same dose of drug (p < 0.05). We successfully developed for the first time, a topical formulation of MPA in Lipoderm with optimal in vitro/in vivo permeability characteristics and no undesirable local or systemic adverse effects in vivo. Our study provides key preliminary groundwork for translational efficacy studies of topical MPA in pre-clinical large animal VCA models and for effectiveness evaluation in patients receiving VCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firuz G Feturi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthias Weinstock
- Disciplina de Cirurgia Plástica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jonas T Schnider
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vasil E Erbas
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medicalpark Gaziantep Hastanesi, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Sinan Oksuz
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Gulhane Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jan A Plock
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Rohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alexander M Spiess
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lydia M Ferreira
- Disciplina de Cirurgia Plástica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario G Solari
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Vijay S Gorantla
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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78
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Bertrand RL, Abdel-Hameed M, Sorensen JL. Lichen Biosynthetic Gene Clusters Part II: Homology Mapping Suggests a Functional Diversity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:732-748. [PMID: 29485282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are renowned for their diverse natural products though little is known of the genetic programming dictating lichen natural product biosynthesis. We sequenced the genome of Cladonia uncialis and profiled its secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. Through a homology searching approach, we can now propose specific functions for gene products as well as the biosynthetic pathways that are encoded in several of these gene clusters. This analysis revealed that the lichen genome encodes the required enzymes for patulin and betaenones A-C biosynthesis, fungal toxins not known to be produced by lichens. Within several gene clusters, some (but not all) genes are genetically similar to genes devoted to secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Fungi. These lichen clusters also contain accessory tailoring genes without such genetic similarity, suggesting that the encoded tailoring enzymes perform distinct chemical transformations. We hypothesize that C. uncialis gene clusters have evolved by shuffling components of ancestral fungal clusters to create new series of chemical steps, leading to the production of hitherto undiscovered derivatives of fungal secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Bertrand
- Department of Chemistry , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba Canada , R3T 2N2
| | - Mona Abdel-Hameed
- Department of Chemistry , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba Canada , R3T 2N2
| | - John L Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba Canada , R3T 2N2
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79
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Glahn-Martínez B, Benito-Peña E, Salis F, Descalzo AB, Orellana G, Moreno-Bondi MC. Sensitive Rapid Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Free Mycophenolic Acid Determination in Human Serum and Plasma. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5459-5465. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Glahn-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Salis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Descalzo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Orellana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Moreno-Bondi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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80
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Schor R, Cox R. Classic fungal natural products in the genomic age: the molecular legacy of Harold Raistrick. Nat Prod Rep 2018. [PMID: 29537034 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1893 to 2017Harold Raistrick was involved in the discovery of many of the most important classes of fungal metabolites during the 20th century. This review focusses on how these discoveries led to developments in isotopic labelling, biomimetic chemistry and the discovery, analysis and exploitation of biosynthetic gene clusters for major classes of fungal metabolites including: alternariol; geodin and metabolites of the emodin pathway; maleidrides; citrinin and the azaphilones; dehydrocurvularin; mycophenolic acid; and the tropolones. Key recent advances in the molecular understanding of these important pathways, including the discovery of biosynthetic gene clusters, the investigation of the molecular and chemical aspects of key biosynthetic steps, and the reengineering of key components of the pathways are reviewed and compared. Finally, discussion of key relationships between metabolites and pathways and the most important recent advances and opportunities for future research directions are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Schor
- Institut für Organische Chemie, BMWZ, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany.
| | - Russell Cox
- Institut für Organische Chemie, BMWZ, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany.
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81
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Siebert A, Cholewiński G, Garwolińska D, Olejnik A, Rachoń J, Chojnacki J. The synthesis and structure of a potential immunosuppressant: N-mycophenoyl malonic acid dimethyl ester. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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82
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Mogire RM, Akala HM, Macharia RW, Juma DW, Cheruiyot AC, Andagalu B, Brown ML, El-Shemy HA, Nyanjom SG. Target-similarity search using Plasmodium falciparum proteome identifies approved drugs with anti-malarial activity and their possible targets. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186364. [PMID: 29088219 PMCID: PMC5663372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria causes about half a million deaths annually, with Plasmodium falciparum being responsible for 90% of all the cases. Recent reports on artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia warrant urgent discovery of novel drugs for the treatment of malaria. However, most bioactive compounds fail to progress to treatments due to safety concerns. Drug repositioning offers an alternative strategy where drugs that have already been approved as safe for other diseases could be used to treat malaria. This study screened approved drugs for antimalarial activity using an in silico chemogenomics approach prior to in vitro verification. All the P. falciparum proteins sequences available in NCBI RefSeq were mined and used to perform a similarity search against DrugBank, TTD and STITCH databases to identify similar putative drug targets. Druggability indices of the potential P. falciparum drug targets were obtained from TDR targets database. Functional amino acid residues of the drug targets were determined using ConSurf server which was used to fine tune the similarity search. This study predicted 133 approved drugs that could target 34 P. falciparum proteins. A literature search done at PubMed and Google Scholar showed 105 out of the 133 drugs to have been previously tested against malaria, with most showing activity. For further validation, drug susceptibility assays using SYBR Green I method were done on a representative group of 10 predicted drugs, eight of which did show activity against P. falciparum 3D7 clone. Seven had IC50 values ranging from 1 μM to 50 μM. This study also suggests drug-target association and hence possible mechanisms of action of drugs that did show antiplasmodial activity. The study results validate the use of proteome-wide target similarity approach in identifying approved drugs with activity against P. falciparum and could be adapted for other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan M. Mogire
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hoseah M. Akala
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)—Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Rosaline W. Macharia
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dennis W. Juma
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)—Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Agnes C. Cheruiyot
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)—Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ben Andagalu
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)—Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Mathew L. Brown
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)—Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Hany A. El-Shemy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Steven G. Nyanjom
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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83
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Gruber-Dorninger C, Novak B, Nagl V, Berthiller F. Emerging Mycotoxins: Beyond Traditionally Determined Food Contaminants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7052-7070. [PMID: 27599910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical techniques can determine a multitude of fungal metabolites contaminating food and feed. In addition to known mycotoxins, for which maximum levels in food are enforced, also currently unregulated, so-called "emerging mycotoxins" were shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the relevance of selected emerging mycotoxins to food and feed safety. Acute and chronic toxicity as well as occurrence data are presented for enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, fusaproliferin, fusaric acid, culmorin, butenolide, sterigmatocystin, emodin, mycophenolic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. By far not all of the detected compounds are toxicologically relevant at their naturally occurring levels and are therefore of little or no health concern to consumers. Still, gaps in knowledge have been identified for several compounds. These gaps should be closed by the scientific community in the coming years to allow a proper risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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84
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From bench (laboratory) to bed (hospital/home): How to explore effective natural and synthetic PAK1-blockers/longevity-promoters for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:229-243. [PMID: 28814374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PAK family kinases are RAC/CDC42-activated kinases that were first found in a soil amoeba 4 decades ago, and 2 decades later, were discovered in mammals as well. Since then at least 6 members of this family have been identified in mammals. One of them called PAK1 has been best studied so far, mainly because it is essential not only for malignant cell growth and metastasis, but also for many other diseases/disorders such as diabetes (type 2), AD (Alzheimer's disease), hypertension, and a variety of inflammatory or infectious diseases, which definitely shorten our lifespan. Moreover, PAK1-deficient mutant of C. elegans lives longer than the wild-type by 60%, clearly indicating that PAK1 is not only an oncogenic but also ageing kinase. Thus, in theory, both anti-oncogenic and longevity-promoting activities are among the "intrinsic" properties or criteria of "clinically useful" PAK1-blockers. There are a variety of PAK1-blocking natural products such as propolis and curcumin which indeed extend the healthy lifespan of small animals such as C. elegans by inducing the autophagy. Recently, we managed to synthesize a series of potent water-soluble and highly cell-permeable triazolyl esters of COOH-bearing PAK1-blockers such as Ketorolac, ARC (artepillin C) and CA (caffeic acid) via "Click Chemistry" that boosts their anti-cancer activity over 500-fold, mainly by increasing their cell-permeability, and one of them called 15K indeed extends the lifespan of C. elegans. In this mini-review we shall discuss both synthetic and natural PAK1-blockers, some of which would be potentially useful for cancer therapy with least side effect (rather promoting the longevity as well).
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85
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Boldescu V, Behnam MAM, Vasilakis N, Klein CD. Broad-spectrum agents for flaviviral infections: dengue, Zika and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:565-586. [PMID: 28473729 PMCID: PMC5925760 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with flaviviruses, such as dengue, West Nile virus and the recently re-emerging Zika virus, are an increasing and probably lasting global risk. This Review summarizes and comments on the opportunities for broad-spectrum agents that are active against multiple flaviviruses. Broad-spectrum activity is particularly desirable to prepare for the next flaviviral epidemic, which could emerge from as-yet unknown or neglected viruses. Potential molecular targets for broad-spectrum antiflaviviral compounds include viral proteins, such as the viral protease or polymerase, and host targets that are exploited by these viruses during entry and replication, including α-glucosidase and proteins involved in nucleoside biosynthesis. Numerous compounds with broad-spectrum antiviral activity have already been identified by target-specific or phenotypic assays. For other compounds, broad-spectrum activity can be anticipated because of their mode of action and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veaceslav Boldescu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Biopharmaceuticals, Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Academiei 3, 2028 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Mira A. M. Behnam
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Dept. of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, 2.138D Keiller Bldg, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555–0609, USA
| | - Christian D. Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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86
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Bavaro SL, Susca A, Frisvad JC, Tufariello M, Chytiri A, Perrone G, Mita G, Logrieco AF, Bleve G. Isolation, Characterization, and Selection of Molds Associated to Fermented Black Table Olives. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1356. [PMID: 28769914 PMCID: PMC5513898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Table olives are one of the most important fermented food in the Mediterranean countries. Apart from lactic acid bacteria and yeasts that mainly conduct the olive fermentation, molds can develop on the brine surface, and can have either deleterious or useful effects on this process. From the food safety point of view, occurring molds could also produce mycotoxins, so, it is important to monitor and control them. In this respect, identification of molds associated to two Italian and two Greek fermented black table olives cultivars, was carried out. Sixty strains were isolated and molecularly identified as Penicillium crustosum (21), P. roqueforti (29), P. paneum (1), P. expansum (6), P. polonicum (2), P. commune (1). A group of 20 selected isolates was subjected to technological (beta-glucosidase, cellulolytic, ligninolytic, pectolytic, and xylanolytic activities; proteolytic enzymes) and safety (biogenic amines and secondary metabolites, including mycotoxins) characterization. Combining both technological (presence of desired and absence of undesired enzymatic activities) and safety aspects (no or low production of biogenic amines and regulated mycotoxins), it was possible to select six strains with biotechnological interest. These are putative candidates for future studies as autochthonous co-starters with yeasts and lactic acid bacteria for black table olive production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona L Bavaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariBari, Italy
| | - Antonia Susca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariBari, Italy
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maria Tufariello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariLecce, Italy
| | - Agathi Chytiri
- Section of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of IoanninaIoannina, Greece
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariBari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mita
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariLecce, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariBari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bleve
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariLecce, Italy
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87
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Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of major Aspergillus and Penicillium mycotoxins in rice wine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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88
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Brevianamides and Mycophenolic Acid Derivatives from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Penicillium brevicompactum DFFSCS025. Mar Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/md15020043 pmid: 282186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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89
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Brevianamides and Mycophenolic Acid Derivatives from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Penicillium brevicompactum DFFSCS025. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15020043. [PMID: 28218640 PMCID: PMC5334623 DOI: 10.3390/md15020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new compounds (1–4), including two brevianamides and two mycochromenic acid derivatives along with six known compounds were isolated from the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium brevicompactum DFFSCS025. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Moreover, the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by quantum chemical calculations of the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compound 9 showed moderate cytotoxicity against human colon cancer HCT116 cell line with IC50 value of 15.6 μM. In addition, 3 and 5 had significant antifouling activity against Bugula neritina larval settlement with EC50 values of 13.7 and 22.6 μM, respectively. The NMR data of 6, 8, and 9 were assigned for the first time.
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90
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Chen L, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang D, Akhberdi O, Wei D, Pan J, Zhu X. Improved pestalotiollide B production by deleting competing polyketide synthase genes in Pestalotiopsis microspora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:237-246. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Pestalotiollide B, an analog of dibenzodioxocinones which are inhibitors of cholesterol ester transfer proteins, is produced by Pestalotiopsis microspora NK17. To increase the production of pestalotiollide B, we attempted to eliminate competing polyketide products by deleting the genes responsible for their biosynthesis. We successfully deleted 41 out of 48 putative polyketide synthases (PKSs) in the genome of NK17. Nine of the 41 PKS deleted strains had significant increased production of pestalotiollide B (P < 0.05). For instance, deletion of pks35, led to an increase of pestalotiollide B by 887%. We inferred that these nine PKSs possibly lead to branch pathways that compete for precursors with pestalotiollide B, or that convert the product. Deletion of some other PKS genes such as pks8 led to a significant decrease of pestalotiollide B, suggesting they are responsible for its biosynthesis. Our data demonstrated that improvement of pestalotiollide B production can be achieved by eliminating competing polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Chen
- grid.216938.7 0000000098787032 State Key Program of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Yingying Li
- grid.216938.7 0000000098787032 State Key Program of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Qian Zhang
- grid.216938.7 0000000098787032 State Key Program of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Dan Wang
- grid.216938.7 0000000098787032 State Key Program of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Oren Akhberdi
- grid.216938.7 0000000098787032 State Key Program of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Dongsheng Wei
- grid.216938.7 0000000098787032 State Key Program of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Jiao Pan
- grid.216938.7 0000000098787032 State Key Program of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- grid.20513.35 0000000417899964 Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing China
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91
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The Fungal Endobiome of Medicinal Plants: A Prospective Source of Bioactive Metabolites. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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92
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93
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Phthalides: Distribution in Nature, Chemical Reactivity, Synthesis, and Biological Activity. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 104 2017; 104:127-246. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45618-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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94
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Kinoshita H, Wongsuntornpoj S, Ihara F, Nihira T. Anti-Rhodotorulaactivity of mycophenolic acid enhanced in the presence of polyene antibiotic nystatin. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 64:144-149. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Kinoshita
- International Center for Biotechnology; Osaka University; Suita Japan
| | - S. Wongsuntornpoj
- International Center for Biotechnology; Osaka University; Suita Japan
| | - F. Ihara
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science; Tsukuba Japan
| | - T. Nihira
- International Center for Biotechnology; Osaka University; Suita Japan
- MU-OU Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
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95
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Abstract
Many Fungi have a well-developed secondary metabolism. The diversity of fungal species and the diversification of biosynthetic gene clusters underscores a nearly limitless potential for metabolic variation and an untapped resource for drug discovery and synthetic biology. Much of the ecological success of the filamentous fungi in colonizing the planet is owed to their ability to deploy their secondary metabolites in concert with their penetrative and absorptive mode of life. Fungal secondary metabolites exhibit biological activities that have been developed into life-saving medicines and agrochemicals. Toxic metabolites, known as mycotoxins, contaminate human and livestock food and indoor environments. Secondary metabolites are determinants of fungal diseases of humans, animals, and plants. Secondary metabolites exhibit a staggering variation in chemical structures and biological activities, yet their biosynthetic pathways share a number of key characteristics. The genes encoding cooperative steps of a biosynthetic pathway tend to be located contiguously on the chromosome in coregulated gene clusters. Advances in genome sequencing, computational tools, and analytical chemistry are enabling the rapid connection of gene clusters with their metabolic products. At least three fungal drug precursors, penicillin K and V, mycophenolic acid, and pleuromutilin, have been produced by synthetic reconstruction and expression of respective gene clusters in heterologous hosts. This review summarizes general aspects of fungal secondary metabolism and recent developments in our understanding of how and why fungi make secondary metabolites, how these molecules are produced, and how their biosynthetic genes are distributed across the Fungi. The breadth of fungal secondary metabolite diversity is highlighted by recent information on the biosynthesis of important fungus-derived metabolites that have contributed to human health and agriculture and that have negatively impacted crops, food distribution, and human environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245
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96
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Gillot G, Jany JL, Dominguez-Santos R, Poirier E, Debaets S, Hidalgo PI, Ullán RV, Coton E, Coton M. Genetic basis for mycophenolic acid production and strain-dependent production variability in Penicillium roqueforti. Food Microbiol 2016; 62:239-250. [PMID: 27889155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a secondary metabolite produced by various Penicillium species including Penicillium roqueforti. The MPA biosynthetic pathway was recently described in Penicillium brevicompactum. In this study, an in silico analysis of the P. roqueforti FM164 genome sequence localized a 23.5-kb putative MPA gene cluster. The cluster contains seven genes putatively coding seven proteins (MpaA, MpaB, MpaC, MpaDE, MpaF, MpaG, MpaH) and is highly similar (i.e. gene synteny, sequence homology) to the P. brevicompactum cluster. To confirm the involvement of this gene cluster in MPA biosynthesis, gene silencing using RNA interference targeting mpaC, encoding a putative polyketide synthase, was performed in a high MPA-producing P. roqueforti strain (F43-1). In the obtained transformants, decreased MPA production (measured by LC-Q-TOF/MS) was correlated to reduced mpaC gene expression by Q-RT-PCR. In parallel, mycotoxin quantification on multiple P. roqueforti strains suggested strain-dependent MPA-production. Thus, the entire MPA cluster was sequenced for P. roqueforti strains with contrasted MPA production and a 174bp deletion in mpaC was observed in low MPA-producers. PCRs directed towards the deleted region among 55 strains showed an excellent correlation with MPA quantification. Our results indicated the clear involvement of mpaC gene as well as surrounding cluster in P. roqueforti MPA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gillot
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jany
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Rebeca Dominguez-Santos
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Avenida Real n°1, Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Poirier
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Stella Debaets
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Pedro I Hidalgo
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Ricardo V Ullán
- mAbxience, Upstream Production, Parque Tecnológico de León, Julia Morros s/n, Armunia, 24009, León, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Monika Coton
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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97
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García-Estrada C, Martín JF. Biosynthetic gene clusters for relevant secondary metabolites produced by Penicillium roqueforti in blue cheeses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8303-13. [PMID: 27554495 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ripening of blue-veined cheeses, such as the French Bleu and Roquefort, the Italian Gorgonzola, the English Stilton, the Danish Danablu or the Spanish Cabrales, Picón Bejes-Tresviso, and Valdeón, requires the growth and enzymatic activity of the mold Penicillium roqueforti, which is responsible for the characteristic texture, blue-green spots, and aroma of these types of cheeses. This filamentous fungus is able to synthesize different secondary metabolites, including andrastins, mycophenolic acid, and several mycotoxins, such as roquefortines C and D, PR-toxin and eremofortins, isofumigaclavines A and B, and festuclavine. This review provides a detailed description of the main secondary metabolites produced by P. roqueforti in blue cheese, giving a special emphasis to roquefortine, PR-toxin and mycophenolic acid, and their biosynthetic gene clusters and pathways. The knowledge of these clusters and secondary metabolism pathways, together with the ability of P. roqueforti to produce beneficial secondary metabolites, is of interest for commercial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan-Francisco Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
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98
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Patel G, Patil MD, Soni S, Khobragade TP, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC. Production of mycophenolic acid by Penicillium brevicompactum-A comparison of two methods of optimization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:77-85. [PMID: 28352543 PMCID: PMC5042303 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medium optimization for MPA production using P. brevicompactum by one-factor-at-a-time and CCD methods. CCD afforded a 40% higher MPA titer than one-factor-at-a-time method. The titer was nearly 6-fold higher compared to un-optimized medium.
Production of mycophenolic acid (MPA) by submerged fermentation using the microfungus Penicillium brevicompactum MTCC 8010 is reported here. Screening experiments were used to identify: the suitable media composition; the optimal initial pH; and the optimal incubation temperature to maximize the production of MPA in batch cultures. The initial concentrations of the selected sources of carbon (glucose), nitrogen (peptone) and the precursors (methionine, glycine) were then optimized by: (1) one-at-a-time variation of factors; and (2) a central composite design (CCD) of experiments, in a 12-day batch culture at an initial pH of 5.0, an incubation temperature of 25 °C, and an agitation speed of 200 rpm. The medium optimized using the one-at-a-time variation yielded a peak MPA titer of 1232 ± 90 mg/L. The medium optimized by the CCD method yielded a 40% higher MPA titer of 1737 ± 55 mg/L. The latter value was nearly 9-fold greater than the titer achieved prior to optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Surbhi Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Taresh P Khobragade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Uttam Chand Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
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Bai H, Lv F, Liu L, Wang S. Supramolecular Antibiotic Switches: A Potential Strategy for Combating Drug Resistance. Chemistry 2016; 22:11114-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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100
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Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors as antimicrobial agents: recent progress and future perspectives. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:1415-29. [PMID: 26230881 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a crucial enzyme required for de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, is an important target for cancer, bacterial, parasitic and viral infections and autoimmune disorders. Several classes of IMPDH inhibitors are known in the literature. The current review succinctly summarizes the progress made in the design and development of IMPDH inhibitors as antimicrobial agents in last five years or so. The focus is on the inhibitor and enzyme structural features responsible for imparting selectivity for the microbial over the host enzyme. Future perspectives clearly outline the inhibitor design opportunities available in this area to address the present challenges of drug resistance and re-emergence of newer and deadly strains of microbes, posing a serious threat to public.
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