51
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Fluorescence of a Histidine-Modified Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) Effectively Quenched by Copper(II) Ions. Part II. Molecular Determinants. J Fluoresc 2015; 25:871-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-015-1567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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52
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Schwabe T, Beerepoot MTP, Olsen JMH, Kongsted J. Analysis of computational models for an accurate study of electronic excitations in GFP. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:2582-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04524f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy of PERI-CC2 is successfully assessed against RVS-CC2 for GFP model clusters and subsequently applied to a whole protein model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schwabe
- Center for Bioinformatics and Physical Chemistry Institute
- D-22148 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Maarten T. P. Beerepoot
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway
- N-9037 Tromsø
- Norway
| | - Jógvan Magnus Haugaard Olsen
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
- Department of Physics
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- DK-5230 Odense
- Denmark
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53
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Vegh RB, Bloch DA, Bommarius AS, Verkhovsky M, Pletnev S, Iwaï H, Bochenkova AV, Solntsev KM. Hidden photoinduced reactivity of the blue fluorescent protein mKalama1. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12472-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00887e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a complete photocycle of the blue fluorescent protein exhibiting two delayed branches coupled to hidden proton transfer events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell B. Vegh
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience
| | - Dmitry A. Bloch
- Research Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics
- Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Helsinki
- Helsinki 00014
- Finland
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience
| | - Michael Verkhovsky
- Research Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics
- Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Helsinki
- Helsinki 00014
- Finland
| | - Sergei Pletnev
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory
- National Cancer Institute
- Argonne
- USA
| | - Hideo Iwaï
- Research Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics
- Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Helsinki
- Helsinki 00014
- Finland
| | | | - Kyril M. Solntsev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
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54
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Sala M, Guérin S, Gatti F. Quantum dynamics of the photostability of pyrazine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:29518-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04605j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new mechanism for the radiationless decay of photoexcited pyrazine to its ground electronic state involving a conical intersection between the dark Au(nπ) state and the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Sala
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303 CNRS
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- F-21078 Dijon
- France
| | - Stéphane Guérin
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303 CNRS
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- F-21078 Dijon
- France
| | - Fabien Gatti
- CTMM
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253 CNRS
- F-34095 Montpellier
- France
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55
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Pepino AJ, Burgos Paci MA, Peláez WJ, Argüello GA. An experimental and theoretical study of the photoisomerization and thermal reversion on 5-arylmethylene-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12927-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04748f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unraveling the photochemical behaviour of the GFP chromophore has attracted widespread attention among scientists. Results for a new chromophore analog are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Pepino
- INFIQC-Dpto. de Fisicoquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- UNC
- Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - M. A. Burgos Paci
- INFIQC-Dpto. de Fisicoquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- UNC
- Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - W. J. Peláez
- INFIQC-Dpto. de Fisicoquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- UNC
- Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - G. A. Argüello
- INFIQC-Dpto. de Fisicoquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- UNC
- Córdoba
- Argentina
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56
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Zhao L, Zhou PW, Li B, Gao AH, Han KL. Non-adiabatic dynamics of isolated green fluorescent protein chromophore anion. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:235101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4903241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Wang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ai-Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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57
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Huang GJ, Lin CJ, Liu YH, Peng SM, Yang JS. o-Amino Analogs of Green Fluorescence Protein Chromophore: Photoisomerization, Photodimerization and Aggregation-induced Emission. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:714-22. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Jhih Huang
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Che-Jen Lin
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
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58
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Greenwood JB, Miles J, Camillis SD, Mulholland P, Zhang L, Parkes MA, Hailes HC, Fielding HH. Resonantly Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Spectrum of the Neutral Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3588-3592. [PMID: 26278614 DOI: 10.1021/jz5019256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The photophysics of the green fluorescent protein is governed by the electronic structure of the chromophore at the heart of its β-barrel protein structure. We present the first two-color, resonance-enhanced, multiphoton ionization spectrum of the isolated neutral chromophore in vacuo with supporting electronic structure calculations. We find the absorption maximum to be 3.65 ± 0.05 eV (340 ± 5 nm), which is blue-shifted by 0.5 eV (55 nm) from the absorption maximum of the protein in its neutral form. Our results show that interactions between the chromophore and the protein have a significant influence on the electronic structure of the neutral chromophore during photoabsorption and provide a benchmark for the rational design of novel chromophores as fluorescent markers or photomanipulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Greenwood
- †Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Maths and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Miles
- †Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Maths and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Simone De Camillis
- †Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Maths and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mulholland
- †Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Maths and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Parkes
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C Hailes
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Helen H Fielding
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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59
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Zhang Q, Chen X, Cui G, Fang WH, Thiel W. Concerted Asynchronous Hula-Twist Photoisomerization in the S65T/H148D Mutant of Green Fluorescent Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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60
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Zhang Q, Chen X, Cui G, Fang WH, Thiel W. Concerted Asynchronous Hula-Twist Photoisomerization in the S65T/H148D Mutant of Green Fluorescent Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8649-53. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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61
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Deng SHM, Kong XY, Zhang G, Yang Y, Zheng WJ, Sun ZR, Zhang DQ, Wang XB. Vibrationally Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the Model GFP Chromophore Anion Revealing the Photoexcited S1 State Being Both Vertically and Adiabatically Bound against the Photodetached D0 Continuum. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2155-2159. [PMID: 26270508 DOI: 10.1021/jz500869b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The first excited state of the model green fluorescence protein (GFP) chromophore anion (S1) and its energy level against the electron-detached neutral radical D0 state are crucial in determining the photophysics and the photoinduced dynamics of GFP. Extensive experimental and theoretical studies, particularly several very recent gas-phase investigations, concluded that S1 is a bound state in the Franck-Condon vertical region with respect to D0. However, what remains unknown and challenging is if S1 is bound adiabatically, primarily due to lack of accurate experimental measurements as well as due to the close proximity in energy for these two states that even sophisticated high-level ab initio calculations cannot reliably predict. Here, we report a negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy study on the model GFP chromophore anion, the deprotonated p-hydroxybenzylidene-2,3-dimethylimidazolinone anion (HBDI(-)) taken under low-temperature conditions with improved energy resolution. Despite the considerable size and low symmetry of the molecule, resolved vibrational structures were obtained with the 0-0 transition being the most intense peak. The adiabatic (ADE) and vertical detachment (VDE) energies therefore are determined both to be 2.73 ± 0.01 eV, indicating that the detached D0 state is 0.16 eV higher in energy than the photon excited S1 state. The accurate ADE and VDE values and the well-resolved photoelectron spectra reported here provide much needed robust benchmarks for future theoretical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H M Deng
- †Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xiang-Yu Kong
- †Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Yan Yang
- †Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- ∥State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- ⊥State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | | | - Zhen-Rong Sun
- ∥State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | | | - Xue-Bin Wang
- †Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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62
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Sala M, Kirkby OM, Guérin S, Fielding HH. New insight into the potential energy landscape and relaxation pathways of photoexcited aniline from CASSCF and XMCQDPT2 electronic structure calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:3122-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54418d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New insight into the nonadiabatic relaxation dynamics of aniline following excitation to its first three singlet excited states, 11ππ*, 11π3s/πσ* and 21ππ*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Sala
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 5209 CNRS
- Université de Bourgogne
- F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - Oliver M. Kirkby
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Stéphane Guérin
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 5209 CNRS
- Université de Bourgogne
- F-21078 Dijon, France
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63
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Petrone A, Caruso P, Tenuta S, Rega N. On the optical absorption of the anionic GFP chromophore in vacuum, solution, and protein. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20536-44. [PMID: 24177429 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52820k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the large number of experimental and theoretical studies, the optical absorption trend of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore in several environments has not been fully understood. We calculated at the same level of time dependent density functional theory the vertical excitation energy of the anionic GFP chromophore in the protein and in ethanol, dioxane, methanol and water solutions. As result, we reproduced for the first time the experimental trend of the absorption peaks with 0.015 eV as the standard deviation of the accuracy. This systematic error allowed us to analyze with confidence the relative weight of several solvation effects on the vertical excitation energy. Experimental trends not correlated with the solvent polarity were therefore explained with a fine balance of different steric and electronic effects on the photophysics of the chromophore. As an indirect and remarkable result, the present analysis confirms that the optical absorption of the chromophore in the gas phase is close to the value of 2.84 eV extrapolated by Dong et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 12038), and, as a consequence, that the protein environment induces a red shift of 0.23 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Petrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario di M. S. Angelo, via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
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64
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Mironov VA, Khrenova MG, Grigorenko BL, Savitsky AP, Nemukhin AV. Thermal isomerization of the chromoprotein asFP595 and its kindling mutant A143G: QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:13507-14. [PMID: 24079704 DOI: 10.1021/jp407406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromoprotein asFP595 and its A143G variant called kindling fluorescent protein (KFP) are among the chronologically first species for which trans-cis chromophore isomerization has been proposed as a driving force of photoswitching. In spite of long-lasting efforts to characterize the route between protein conformations referring to the trans and cis forms of the chromophore, the molecular mechanism of this transformation is still under debate. We report the results of computational studies of the trans-cis isomerization of the anionic and neutral chromophore inside the protein matrices in the ground electronic state for both variants, asFP595 and KFP. Corresponding free energy profiles (potentials of mean force) were evaluated by using molecular dynamics simulations with the quantum mechanical-molecular mechanical (QM/MM) forces. The computed free energy barrier for the cis-trans ground state (thermal) isomerization reaction is about 2 kcal/mol higher in KFP than that in asFP595. These results provide interpretation of experimental studies on thermal relaxation from the light-induced activation of fluorescence of these proteins and correctly show that the A143G mutation in asFP595 noticeably increases the lifetime of the fluorescence species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Mironov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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65
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West CW, Hudson AS, Cobb SL, Verlet JRR. Communication: Autodetachment versus internal conversion from the S1 state of the isolated GFP chromophore anion. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:071104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4819078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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66
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Kang B, Karthikeyan S, Jang DJ, Kim H, Lee JY. Concerted Asynchronous Proton Transfer in H-Bonding Relay Model: An Implication of Green Fluorescent Protein. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.7.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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67
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Nadal-Ferret M, Gelabert R, Moreno M, Lluch JM. How Does the Environment Affect the Absorption Spectrum of the Fluorescent Protein mKeima? J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:1731-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ct301003t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Nadal-Ferret
- Departament
de Química and ‡Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Gelabert
- Departament
de Química and ‡Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Moreno
- Departament
de Química and ‡Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Lluch
- Departament
de Química and ‡Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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68
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Mori T, Martínez TJ. Exploring the Conical Intersection Seam: The Seam Space Nudged Elastic Band Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:1155-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300892t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Mori
- PULSE Institute and
Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
- SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory,
2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd. J. Martínez
- PULSE Institute and
Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
- SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory,
2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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69
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Addison K, Heisler IA, Conyard J, Dixon T, Bulman Page PC, Meech SR. Ultrafast excited state dynamics of the green fluorescent protein chromophore and its kindling fluorescent protein analogue. Faraday Discuss 2013; 163:277-96; discussion 393-432. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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70
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Photo-initiated Dynamics and Spectroscopy of the Deprotonated Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore. PHOTOPHYSICS OF IONIC BIOCHROMOPHORES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40190-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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71
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Bochenkova AV, Andersen LH. Ultrafast dual photoresponse of isolated biological chromophores: link to the photoinduced mode-specific non-adiabatic dynamics in proteins. Faraday Discuss 2013; 163:297-319; discussion 393-432. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd20150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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72
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Olsen S, McKenzie RH. A two-state model of twisted intramolecular charge-transfer in monomethine dyes. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:164319. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4762561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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73
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Imhof P. Computational Study of Absorption Spectra of the Photoconvertible Fluorescent Protein EosFP in Different Protonation States. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:4828-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300706r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Imhof
- Computational Molecular Biophysics, Interdisciplinary
Center for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Speyererstrasse 6, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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74
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Ghosh D, Acharya A, Tiwari SC, Krylov AI. Toward understanding the redox properties of model chromophores from the green fluorescent protein family: an interplay between conjugation, resonance stabilization, and solvent effects. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12398-405. [PMID: 22978512 DOI: 10.1021/jp305022t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The redox properties of model chromophores from the green fluorescent protein family are characterized computationally using density functional theory with a long-range corrected functional, the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method, and implicit solvation models. The analysis of electron-donating abilities of the chromophores reveals an intricate interplay between the size of the chromophore, conjugation, resonance stabilization, presence of heteroatoms, and solvent effects. Our best estimates of the gas-phase vertical/adiabatic detachment energies of the deprotonated (i.e., anionic) model red, green, and blue chromophores are 3.27/3.15, 2.79/2.67, and 2.75/2.35 eV, respectively. Vertical/adiabatic ionization energies of the respective protonated (i.e., neutral) species are 7.64/7.35, 7.38/7.15, and 7.70/7.32 eV, respectively. The standard reduction potentials (E(red)(0)) of the anionic (Chr•/Chr–) and neutral (Chr+•/Chr) model chromophores in acetonitrile are 0.34/1.40 V (red), 0.22/1.24 V (green), and −0.12/1.02 V (blue), suggesting, counterintuitively, that the red chromophore is more difficult to oxidize than the green and blue ones (in both neutral and deprotonated forms). The respective redox potentials in water follow a similar trend but are more positive than the acetonitrile values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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75
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A theoretical investigation of the mechanism of formation of a simplified analog of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from a peptide model. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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76
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Toker Y, Rahbek DB, Klaerke B, Bochenkova AV, Andersen LH. Direct and indirect electron emission from the green fluorescent protein chromophore. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:128101. [PMID: 23005990 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.128101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectra of the deprotonated green fluorescent protein chromophore have been measured in the gas phase at several wavelengths within and beyond the S(0)-S(1) photoabsorption band of the molecule. The vertical detachment energy (VDE) was determined to be 2.68 ± 0.1 eV. The data show that the first electronically excited state is bound in the Franck-Condon region, and that electron emission proceeds through an indirect (resonant) electron-emission channel within the corresponding absorption band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Toker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Denmark
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77
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Minezawa N, Gordon MS. Optimizing conical intersections of solvated molecules: The combined spin-flip density functional theory/effective fragment potential method. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:034116. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4734314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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78
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Absorption and fluorescence spectra of the neutral and anionic green fluorescent protein chromophore: Franck–Condon simulation. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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79
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Kenfack CA, Klymchenko AS, Duportail G, Burger A, Mély Y. Ab initio study of the solvent H-bonding effect on ESIPT reaction and electronic transitions of 3-hydroxychromone derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8910-8. [PMID: 22641242 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40869d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic transitions occurring in 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3-hydroxyflavone (DMAF) and 2-furanyl-3-hydroxychromone (FHC) were investigated using the TDDFT method in aprotic and protic solvents. The solvent effect was incorporated into the calculations via the PCM formalism. The H-bonding between solute and protic solvent was taken into account by considering a molecular complex between these molecules. To examine the effect of the H-bond on the ESIPT reaction, the absorption and emission wavelengths as well as the energies of the different states that intervene during these electronic transitions were calculated in acetonitrile, ethanol and methanol. The calculated positions of the absorption and emission wavelengths in various solvents were in excellent agreement with the experimental spectra, validating our approach. We found that in DMAF, the hydrogen bonding with protic solvents makes the ESIPT reaction energetically unfavourable, which explains the absence of the ESIPT tautomer emission in protic solvents. In contrast, the excited tautomer state of FHC remains energetically favourable in both aprotic and protic solvents. Comparing our calculations with the previously reported time-resolved fluorescence data, the ESIPT reaction of DMAF in aprotic solvents is reversible because the emitting states are energetically close, whereas in FHC, ESIPT is irreversible because the tautomer state is below the corresponding normal state. Therefore, the ESIPT reaction in DMAF is controlled by the relative energies of the excited states (thermodynamic control), while in FHC the ESIPT is controlled probably by the energetic barrier (kinetic control).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril A Kenfack
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 du CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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80
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Quantum chemical comparison of vertical, adiabatic, and 0-0 excitation energies: The PYP and GFP chromophores. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:1892-901. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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81
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Grigorenko BL, Nemukhin AV, Morozov DI, Polyakov IV, Bravaya KB, Krylov AI. Toward Molecular-Level Characterization of Photoinduced Decarboxylation of the Green Fluorescent Protein: Accessibility of the Charge-Transfer States. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:1912-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bella L. Grigorenko
- Department
of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991,
Russia
| | - Alexander V. Nemukhin
- Department
of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991,
Russia
- Institute of Biochemical
Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
119334, Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Morozov
- Department
of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991,
Russia
| | - Igor V. Polyakov
- Department
of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991,
Russia
| | - Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90089-0482, United States
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90089-0482, United States
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82
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Bravaya KB, Grigorenko BL, Nemukhin AV, Krylov AI. Quantum chemistry behind bioimaging: insights from ab initio studies of fluorescent proteins and their chromophores. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:265-75. [PMID: 21882809 DOI: 10.1021/ar2001556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique properties of green fluorescent protein (GFP) have been harnessed in a variety of bioimaging techniques, revolutionizing many areas of the life sciences. Molecular-level understanding of the underlying photophysics provides an advantage in the design of new fluorescent proteins (FPs) with improved properties; however, because of its complexity, many aspects of the GFP photocycle remain unknown. In this Account, we discuss computational studies of FPs and their chromophores that provide qualitative insights into mechanistic details of their photocycle and the structural basis for their optical properties. In a reductionist framework, studies of well-defined model systems (such as isolated chromophores) help to understand their intrinsic properties, while calculations including protein matrix and/or solvent demonstrate, on the atomic level, how these properties are modulated by the environment. An interesting feature of several anionic FP chromophores in the gas phase is their low electron detachment energy. For example, the bright excited ππ* state of the model GFP chromophore (2.6 eV) lies above the electron detachment continuum (2.5 eV). Thus, the excited state is metastable with respect to electron detachment. This autoionizing character needs to be taken into account in interpreting gas-phase measurements and is very difficult to describe computationally. Solvation (and even microsolvation by a single water molecule) stabilizes the anionic states enough such that the resonance excited state becomes bound. However, even in stabilizing environments (such as protein or solution), the anionic chromophores have relatively low oxidation potentials and can act as light-induced electron donors. Protein appears to affect excitation energies very little (<0.1 eV), but alters ionization or electron detachment energies by several electron volts. Solvents (especially polar ones) have a pronounced effect on the chromophore's electronic states; for example, the absorption wavelength changes considerably, the ground-state barrier for cis-trans isomerization is reduced, and fluorescence quantum yield drops dramatically. Calculations reveal that these effects can be explained in terms of electrostatic interactions and polarization, as well as specific interactions such as hydrogen bonding. The availability of efficient computer implementations of predictive electronic structure methods is essential. Important challenges include developing faster codes (to enable better equilibrium sampling and excited-state dynamics modeling), creating algorithms for properties calculations (such as nonlinear optical properties), extending standard excited-state methods to autoionizing (resonance) states, and developing accurate QM/MM schemes. The results of sophisticated first-principle calculations can be interpreted in terms of simpler, qualitative molecular orbital models to explain general trends. In particular, an essential feature of the anionic GFP chromophore is an almost perfect resonance (mesomeric) interaction between two Lewis structures, giving rise to charge delocalization, bond-order scrambling, and, most importantly, allylic frontier molecular orbitals spanning the methine bridge. We demonstrate that a three-center Hückel-like model provides a useful framework for understanding properties of FPs. It can explain changes in absorption wavelength upon protonation or other structural modifications of the chromophore, the magnitude of transition dipole moment, barriers to isomerization, and even non-Condon effects in one- and two-photon absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Bella L. Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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83
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Bravaya KB, Subach OM, Korovina N, Verkhusha VV, Krylov AI. Insight into the common mechanism of the chromophore formation in the red fluorescent proteins: the elusive blue intermediate revealed. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2807-14. [PMID: 22239269 PMCID: PMC3310345 DOI: 10.1021/ja2114568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the chromophore maturation process in fluorescent proteins is important for the design of proteins with improved properties. Here, we present the results of electronic structure calculations identifying the nature of a blue intermediate, a key species in the process of the red chromophore formation in DsRed, TagRFP, fluorescent timers, and PAmCherry. The chromophore of the blue intermediate has a structure in which the π-system of the imidazole ring is extended by the acylimine bond, which can be represented by the model N-[(5-hydroxy-1H-imidazole-2yl)methylidene]acetamide (HIMA) compound. Ab initio and QM/MM calculations of the isolated model and protein-bound (mTagBFP) chromophores identify the anionic form of HIMA as the only structure that has absorption that is consistent with the experiment and is stable in the protein binding pocket. The anion and zwitterion are the only protonation forms of HIMA whose absorption (421 and 414 nm, or 2.95 and 3.00 eV) matches the experimental spectrum of the blue form in DsRed (the absorption maximum is 408 nm or 3.04 eV) and mTagBFP (400 nm or 3.10 eV). The QM/MM optimization of the protein-bound anionic form results in a structure that is close to the X-ray one, whereas the zwitterionic chromophore is unstable in the protein binding pocket and undergoes prompt proton transfer. The computed excitation energy of the protein-bound anionic form of the mTagBFP-like chromophore (3.04 eV) agrees with the experimental absorption spectrum of the protein. The DsRed-like chromophore formation in red fluorescent proteins is revisited on the basis of ab initio results and verified by directed mutagenesis revealing a key role of the amino acid residue 70, which is the second after the chromophore tripeptide, in the formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0482
| | - Oksana M. Subach
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Nadezhda Korovina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0482
| | - Vladislav V. Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0482
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84
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Cui G, Lan Z, Thiel W. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the photophysics and photochemistry of the GFP chromophore. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1662-72. [PMID: 22175658 DOI: 10.1021/ja208496s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In commonly studied GFP chromophore analogues such as 4-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-one (PHBDI), the dominant photoinduced processes are cis-trans isomerization and subsequent S(1) → S(0) decay via a conical intersection characterized by a highly twisted double bond. The recently synthesized 2-hydroxy-substituted isomer (OHBDI) shows an entirely different photochemical behavior experimentally, since it mainly undergoes ultrafast intramolecular excited-state proton transfer, followed by S(1) → S(0) decay and ground-state reverse hydrogen transfer. We have chosen 4-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-one (OHBI) to model the gas-phase photodynamics of such 2-hydroxy-substituted chromophores. We first use various electronic structure methods (DFT, TDDFT, CC2, DFT/MRCI, OM2/MRCI) to explore the S(0) and S(1) potential energy surfaces of OHBI and to locate the relevant minima, transition state, and minimum-energy conical intersection. These static calculations suggest the following decay mechanism: upon photoexcitation to the S(1) state, an ultrafast adiabatic charge-transfer induced excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) occurs that leads to the S(1) minimum-energy structure. Nearby, there is a S(1)/S(0) minimum-energy conical intersection that allows for an efficient nonadiabatic S(1) → S(0) internal conversion, which is followed by a fast ground-state reverse hydrogen transfer (GSHT). This mechanism is verified by semiempirical OM2/MRCI surface-hopping dynamics simulations, in which the successive ESIPT-GSTH processes are observed, but without cis-trans isomerization (which is a minor path experimentally with less than 5% yield). These gas-phase simulations of OHBI give an estimated first-order decay time of 476 fs for the S(1) state, which is larger but of the same order as the experimental values measured for OHBDI in solution: 270 fs in CH(3)CN and 230 fs in CH(2)Cl(2). The differences between the photoinduced processes of the 2- and 4-hydroxy-substituted chromophores are attributed to the presence or absence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the two rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganglong Cui
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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85
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Horke DA, Verlet JRR. Photoelectron spectroscopy of the model GFP chromophore anion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8511-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40880e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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86
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Chuang WT, Hsieh CC, Lai CH, Lai CH, Shih CW, Chen KY, Hung WY, Hsu YH, Chou PT. Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer molecules bearing o-hydroxy analogues of green fluorescent protein chromophore. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8189-202. [PMID: 21942211 DOI: 10.1021/jo2012384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
o-Hydroxy analogues, 1a-g, of the green fluorescent protein chromophore have been synthesized. Their structures and electronic properties were investigated by X-ray single-crystal analyses, electrochemistry, and luminescence properties. In solid and nonpolar solvents 1a-g exist mainly as Z conformers that possess a seven-membered-ring hydrogen bond and undergo excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reactions, resulting in a proton-transfer tautomer emission. Fluorescence upconversion dynamics have revealed a coherent type of ESIPT, followed by a fast vibrational/solvent relaxation (<1 ps) to a twisted (regarding exo-C(5)-C(4)-C(3) bonds) conformation, from which a fast population decay of a few to several tens of picoseconds was resolved in cyclohexane. Accordingly, the proton-transfer tautomer emission intensity is moderate (0.08 in 1e) to weak (∼10(-4) in 1a) in cyclohexane. The stronger intramolecular hydrogen bonding in 1g suppresses the rotation of the aryl-alkene bond, resulting in a high yield of tautomer emission (Φ(f) ≈ 0.2). In the solid state, due to the inhibition of exo-C(5)-C(4)-C(3) rotation, intense tautomer emission with a quantum yield of 0.1-0.9 was obtained for 1a-g. Depending on the electronic donor or acceptor strength of the substituent in either the HOMO or LUMO site, a broad tuning range of the emission from 560 (1g) to 670 nm (1a) has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ti Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
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87
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Granovsky AA. Extended multi-configuration quasi-degenerate perturbation theory: The new approach to multi-state multi-reference perturbation theory. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:214113. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3596699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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88
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Bravaya KB, Khrenova MG, Grigorenko BL, Nemukhin AV, Krylov AI. Effect of Protein Environment on Electronically Excited and Ionized States of the Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8296-303. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Maria G. Khrenova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Bella L. Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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89
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Jonasson G, Teuler JM, Vallverdu G, Mérola F, Ridard J, Lévy B, Demachy I. Excited State Dynamics of the Green Fluorescent Protein on the Nanosecond Time Scale. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:1990-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200150r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Jonasson
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, UMR8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Teuler
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, UMR8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Germain Vallverdu
- Equipe de Chimie-Physique, IPREM, UMR5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l′Adour, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Fabienne Mérola
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, UMR8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jacqueline Ridard
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, UMR8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Lévy
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, UMR8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Demachy
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, UMR8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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90
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Schapiro I, Melaccio F, Laricheva EN, Olivucci M. Using the computer to understand the chemistry of conical intersections. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:867-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00290a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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91
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van Thor JJ. Photoconversion of the Green Fluorescent Protein and Related Proteins. SPRINGER SERIES ON FLUORESCENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/4243_2011_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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